2022/18/9

Special Topics in
Biology (Bio 6211-3)
Prof. Dr. Hosam M. Safaa
Department of Biology, College of Science,
University of Bisha (UB)

Hosam Safaa 1444H-2022

Lecture: 03

Introduction
to Cytology

Prof. Dr. Hosam M. Safaa

Department of Biology, College of Science,
University of Bisha (UB)

Hosam Safaa 1444H-2022

Prof. Dr. / Hosam Mohammed Safaa (BIO)

Professor of Biology, College of Science – University of Bisha
Professor of Poultry Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture - Cairo University
Consultant for Development and Quality Deanship, Bisha University, KSA
Professional Certified Trainer in Faculty Leaders Development Center (FLDC) and
Training Development Center (TDC) in Cairo and Ain Shams Universities

1) The Executive Director of International Agreements,

as well as Agricultural and Basic Sciences Sector of
the International Relations Office at Cairo University.
2) Holds 2 PhD degrees from Cairo University (2003)
and from Polytechnic University of Madrid-Spain
(2008).
3) Obtained certificates in the field of training and quality
of education from the National Authority of Quality
Assurance and Accreditation Education.
4) Awards the State Prize in Agricultural Sciences twice
(2009 and 2015).
5) Awarded the franchise of the first class from the
president of Arab Republic of Egypt (6th August, 2017).

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General Objective
This lecture aims to develop
participants’ / students’
competencies (knowledge, skills
and positive attitudes) related
to the cytology, cell organelles,
and cell theory.
Hosam Safaa 1444H-2022

By the end of this lecture participants should be

able to:
• Define the term “Cytology”.
• Recognize differences in organisms’ cell size.
• Discuss biological cell organelles.
• Describe the role of cells in organisms.
• Distinguish among different cell organelles.
• Summarize the cell theory.
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

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Definition of Cytology
Cytology is a branch of science that studying

cells and their structure and function.

Cytology (also known also as cytopathology)

involves examining cells from bodily

tissues or fluids to determine a diagnosis.

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Cell Theory
• The microscopes used today are far more complex than
those that Dutch shopkeeper Antony van Leeuwenhoek,
used in the 1600s.
• Skilled in crafting lenses, van Leeuwenhoek observed the
movements of single-celled organisms, which he collectively
termed “animalcules.”
• In the 1665 publica on Micrographia, experimental scien st
Robert Hooke coined the term “cell” for the box-like
structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a
lens.
• In the 1670s, van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and
protozoa.
Hosam Safaa 1444H-2022

Cell Theory
• Later advances in lenses, microscope construction, and
staining techniques enabled other scientists to see some
components inside the cells.
• By the late 1830s, botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist
Theodor Schwann were studying tissues and proposed the
unified cell theory which states that:
– One or more cells comprise all living things,
– the cell is the basic unit of life,
– and new cells arise from existing cells.
• Rudolf Virchow later made important contributions to this
theory.
Hosam Safaa 1444H-2022

Cell Organelles
• Found only inside
eukaryotic cells.
• All the stuff in between
the organelles is cytosol.
• Everything in a cell
except the nucleus is
cytoplasm.
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Cell Organelles
(9)
(1)
(10)

(2) (11)

(12)
(3)
(13)
(4)
(14)
(5)
(15)
(6)

(7) (16)

(8) (18)
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Cell Membrane
• Boundary of the cell.
• Made of a phospholipid bilayer.

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Cell Membrane

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The Cytoplasm
• The cytoplasm is the cell's entire region between
the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope.
• It is comprised of organelles suspended in the
gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various
chemicals.
• Even though the cytoplasm consists of 70 to 80
percent water, it has a semi-solid consistency,
which comes from the proteins within it.
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The Cytoplasm
• However, proteins are not the only organic molecules
in the cytoplasm. Glucose and other simple sugars,
polysaccharides, amino acids, nucleic acids, fatty
acids, and derivatives of glycerol are also there.
• Ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, and many other
elements also dissolve in the cytoplasm.
• Many metabolic reactions, incl uding protei n
synthesis, take place in the cytoplasm.
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The Nucleus

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The Nucleus
• Control center of the cell
• Contains DNA
• Surrounded by a double
membrane
• Usually the easiest
organelle to see under a
microscope
• Usually one per cell

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Nucleus and Nucleolus

• Nucleolus is a structure
found within the nucleus.

• It is a highly dense area of

the nucleus, which
occupies 25% of the total
volume of the nucleus.

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Nucleus and Nucleolus

• Nucleolus is rich in RNA
and nucleus is rich in DNA.

• 3 dis nct regions of the

nucleolus: fibrillar centres,
dense fibrillar component,
and granular component.

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Nucleus and Nucleolus

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The Ribosomes

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The Ribosomes
• Site of protein synthesis.
• Found attached to rough
ER or floating free in
cytosol.
• Produced in a part of
the nucleus called the
That looks familiar…what is
nucleolus. a polypeptide?
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The Mitochondria

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The Mitochondria
• “Powerhouse of the cell”
• Cellular respiration occurs
here to release energy for
the cell to use
• Bound by a double
membrane
• Has its own strand of DNA
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The Cytoskeleton
• Acts as skeleto n and
muscle.
• Provides shape and
structure.
• Helps move organelles
around the cell.
• Made of 3 types of
filaments (microtubules,
actin and intermediate).
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Connected to nuclear
membrane.
• Highway of the cell.
• Rough ER: studded with
r i b o s o m e s ; i t m a ke s
proteins.
• Smooth ER: no
r i b o s o m e s ; i t m a ke s
lipids.
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The Golgi Apparatus

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The Golgi Apparatus

• Looks like a stack of plates.
• Stores, modifies and packages proteins.
• Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by
means of vesicles.

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The Centriole
• Aids in cell division.

• Usually found only in

animal cells.

• Made of microtubules.

Where else have we talked

about microtubules?

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The Vacuoles
• Large central vacuole
usually in plant cells.
• Many smaller vacuoles
in animal cells.
• Storage container for
water, food, enzymes,
What type of microscope may have
wastes, pigments, etc. been used to take this picture?
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The Lysosomes
• Garbage disposal of
the cell.

• Contain digesti ve
enzymes that break
down wastes.

Which organelles do
lysosomes work with?

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The Lysosomes

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Chloroplast
• Found only in plant
cells.
• Contains the green
pigment chlorophyll.
• Site of food (glucose)
production.
• Bound by a double
membrane.
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The Cell Wall

• Found in plant and
bacterial cells.

• Rigid, protective barrier.

• Located outside of the

cell membrane.

• Made of cellulose (fiber).

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Flagella and Cilia

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Flagella and Cilia

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Assignment (4)
What are the main organelles of the cell (Prokaryotic,
Plant, and Animal ones)? And what are their functions?

– Table includes the main differences in word and PDF format.

– Send via email to hosamsafaa@ub.edu.sa
– Deadline: By the end of this week.
– 10 marks for the first correct and complete participation. Then 9.5 marks
for the same top 50%, 9 marks for the same 50-80% participation,
respectively. 8 marks to the rest (on time participants) and 7 to 1 marks
for late participation. ZERO for non-participation.
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Quizzes …. Quizzes
• Which organelle is the control center of the cell?
Nucleus
• Which organelle holds the cell together?
Cell membrane
• Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
• Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
Chloroplasts
• What does E.R. stand for?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Hosam Safaa 1444H-2022

Cellular: 00966 553 600 214 WhatsApp: 00201 223 475 675
Email: hosamsafaa@ub.edu.sa
Hosam Safaa-1441H-2020

Cellular: 00966 553 600 214

WhatsApp: 00201 223 475 675
Email: hosamsafaa@ub.edu.sa
Hosam Safaa-1441H-2020

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