Ejpjr`w`t`h M`s`r Vriajsl

C@VIT@H VJHM@BZCZ@H

K@HKKZ@H EJDZ]ZB@H H\JTL M@H EJH\@N@H@H

Icjb ?

Hurblen`b,  W. Ejp
Ejp
HLN? ;6<66040662

VJTWJV]IT C@B@H VJTWJV]IT LHW]L]ZWL

 Hs. @stutl.N, W.Ejp Nusm`cla`b, W.Ejp.,Hs.,N.Ejp

VTIKT@N W]ZML VTIAJWL HJTW @HKE@]@H RLR

A@EZC]@W EJMIE]JT@H M@H LCNZ EJWJB@]@H

 

ZLH @C@ZMMLH N@E@WW@T 

4640
D@D L

EIHWJV EJDZ]ZB@H H\JTL M@H EJH\@N@H@H

@. Mjalhls
Mjalhlsll Ejdut
Ejdutub`h
ub`h Hyjrl
Hyjrl m`h
m`h Ejy`n
Ejy`n`h`h
`h`h
K`hkku`h r`s` hy`n`h `m`c`b pjr`s``h sjsjir`hk njr`s` eur`hk hy`n`h m`h
sjnpur
sjnpurh`
h` m`c`n
m`c`n eihmlsl
eihmlsl alsle,
alsle, psleis
psleisplr
plrltu
ltu`c,
`c, clhkeuh
clhkeuhk`h
k`h,, dum
dum`y`
`y` m`h sisl`c
sisl`chy`
hy`
(Ejcl`
(Ejcl`tt mee.,
mee., 460:).
460:). K`hkku`
K`hkku`h
h r`s`
r`s` hy`n`h
hy`n`h njrup`e
njrup`e`h
`h su`tu
su`tu k`hkku`
k`hkku`h
h mln`h`
mln`h`
 pjr`s``h eur`hk sjh`hk, eur`hk cjk`, m`h eur`hk sjnpurh` m`c`n mlnjhsl alsle,
 psleisplrltu`c, clhkeuhk`h sjrt` sisl`c p`m` mlrl
m lrl y`hk dl`s`hy` njnpuhy`l kjo`c` m`h
t`hm` nlhir njhkjcub nu`c (VVHL, 4601).

Njhurut (E`sl`tl
Njhurut (E`sl`tl & Tisn`c`w`t
Tisn`c`w`tl,
l, 4601) ejhy`n`h`h njstl mlp`hm`hk
mlp`hm`hk sjg`r`
sjg`r`
biclstle y`hk njhg`eup jnp`t `spje y`ltu?
0. Alsle,
Alsle, djrbuduhk`h
djrbuduhk`h mjhk`h
mjhk`h sjhs`sl
sjhs`sl tudub.
tudub.
4. Wisl`c,
Wisl`c, djrbuduhk`h mjhk`h buduhk`h lhtjrpjrsih
lhtjrpjrsih`c,
`c, ejcu`rk`,
ejcu`rk`, m`h sisl`c.
sisl`c.
7. Vsleisplrl
Vsleisplrltu`c,
tu`c, djrbuduhk`h
djrbuduhk`h mjhk`h ejw`sp`m``h
ejw`sp`m``h lhtjrh`c
lhtjrh`c m`c`n mlrl sjhmlrl y`hk
njclputl b`rk` mlrl, sjesu`clt`s, m`h n`eh` ejblmup`h).
=. Clhkeuhk`h,
Clhkeuhk`h, djrbuduhk`h
djrbuduhk`h mjhk`h c`t`r djc`e`hk
djc`e`hk pjhk`c`n`h jestjrh`c
jestjrh`c n`husl`
n`husl`
sjpjrtl g`b`y`, duhyl, tjnpjr`tur, w`rh`, m`h uhsur `c`nl`b c`lhhy`.
 Hyjrl njrup`e`h su`tu eihmlsl y`hk cjdlb m`rl sjejm`r sjhs`sl tuhkk`c y`hk
mlsjd`de`h icjb stlnucus tjrtjhtu. Hyjrl njrup`e`h eihmlsl djrup` pjr`s``h tlm`e 
njhyjh`hke`h djrsla`t s`hk`t sudyjetla e`rjh` pjr`s``h hyjrl djrdjm` p`m` sjtl`p
ir`hk m`c`n b`c se`c` `t`u tlhke`t`hhy`, m`h b`hy` ir`hk tjrsjdutc`b y`hk m`p`t
njhojc`se`h `t`u njhkjv`cu`sl r`s` hyjrl y`hk ml`c`nlhy` (E`sl`tl & Tisn`c`w`tl,
4601).
Wjg`r` unun hyjrl mldjm`e`h njho`ml 4 y`ltu? hyjrl `eut m`h hyjrl erihls. Hyjrl
`eut njrup`e`h hyjrl y`hk tlnduc sjg`r` njhm`m`e m`h gjp`t njhkblc`hk, y`hk
tlm`e njcjdlbl 1 duc`h m`h mlt`hm`l `m`hy` pjhlhke`t`h tjk`hk`h itit. Wjm`hke`h,

hyjrl erihls `m`c`b hyjrl y`hk tlnduc sjg`r` pjrc`b`h-c`b`h, dl`s`hy` djrc`hksuhk
 

m`c`n w`etu y`hk gueup c`n`, y`ltu cjdlb m`rl 1 duc`h. Dlc` mltlho`u m`rl sla`t
tjro
tjro`m
`mlh
lhy`,
y`, hyjrl
hyjrl mld`k
mld`kll njho
njho`m
`mll hy
hyjr
jrll tj
tjrt
rtus
usue
ue m`
m`h
h hyjrl
hyjrl tj
tjrd
rd`e
`e`r
`r (E
(E`s
`sl`
l`tl
tl &
Tisn`c`w`tl, 4601).
@m`puc` djdjr`p` njtimj y`hk mlkuh`e`h uhtue njhkueur se`c` hyjrl, y`ltu ?
0. [ihk D`ejr V`lh T`tlhk Wg`cj
Mlku
Mlkuh`
h`e`
e`h
h p`m`
p`m` p`sl
p`sljh
jh mjw`
mjw`ss` m`h
m`h `h`e
`h`e 87 t`buh
`buh y`hk
y`hk tlm`e
m`e m`p`
m`p`tt
njhkk`nd`re`h lhtjhslt`s hyjrlhy` mjhk`h `hke`.

Wu
Wund
ndjr
jr ? bttps?//hjuwrltjsm.irk/4602/60/02/l-ajjc-yiur-p`lh-tbj-sigl`c-tr`hsnlsslih-
ia-p`lh-lh-nlgj/  
ia-p`lh-lh-nlgj/
Ejtjr`hk`h ?
6 ? ]lm`e hyjrl
0-4 ? Wjmlelt hyjrl
7-= ? Wjmlelt cjdlb hyjrl
:-1 ? Cjdlb hyjrl
;-2 ? W`hk`t hyjrl
<-06 ? Hyjrl s`hk`t bjd`t
4.  A`gj, Cjks, @gtlvlty, Gry `hm Gihsic`dlclty (AC@GG)
Gihsic`dlclty (AC@GG) sg`cj
  A`gj, Cjks, @gtlvlty, Gry `hm Gihsic`dlcl
Gihsic`dlclty
ty  (AC@G
(AC@GG)
G) sg`cj `m`c`b
`m`c`b lhtrunjh
lhtrunjh
 pjhke`ol`h hyjrl y`hk d`le mlkuh`e`h p`m` `h`e usl` 4-; t`buh. We`c` lhl tjrmlrl m`rl
: pjhlc`l`h mjhk`h seir tit`c 6 (tlm`e hyjrl) m`h 06 (hyjrl bjd`t) (Altrl` Lr`w`h,
460<).
 

 Hi E`tjkirl Weir ]it`c

6 0 4
0  A`gj (w
 A`gj  (w``o`b) ]lm`e `m
`m` ]jre`m`hk Wjrlhk
jesprjsl njrlhkls/njh`rle  njhkkjrt`e`h
ebusus, mlrl m`ku m`h
sjhyun njhk`tupe`h
r`b`hk
4  Cjk  (e`el) Hirn`c, Kjccls`b, tjk`
Kj k`h
hk Njhjhmhm``hk,
rlcjes e`el tjrtjeue,
njcjhkeuhke`
h puhkkuhk
7  @gltlvlty Djrd`rlhk Njhkkjcl`t, tlm`e  E`eu `t`u
(`etlvlt`s) tjh`hk,  dls` ml`n, e`eu njhkbjht`e 
 pislsl njhkjr`hk
hirn`c,
num`b

= Gry 
Gry   djrkjr`e 
]lm`e Njrlhtlb ]jrus
(njh`hkls) njh`hkls njrjhkje, njh`hkls,
e`m`hk-e`m`hk  djrtjrl`e,
njhkjcub sjrlhk
njhkjcub
: Gihs`dlclty Tlcjes M`p`t Wuclt mlduoue
(eihst`dlclty) mltjh`hke`h
mjhk`h sjhtub`h,
 pjcue`h,
 duoue`h, m`p`t
ml`clbe`h
]it`c seir 
Wundjr ? bttps?//kustlhjrz.gin/pjhlc`l`h-tlhke`t-hyjrl-mjhk`h-njtimj-ac`gg-sg`cj-
 p`sljh-`h`e/
Lhtjrprjt`sl ?
6 ? rlcjes m`h hy`n`h
0-7 ? hyjrl rlhk`h/ejtlm`ehy`n`h`h rlhk`h
=-1 ? hyjrl sjm`hk
;-06 ? hyjrl bjd`t/ejtlm`ehy`n`h`h djr`t
7.  Hunjrlg T`tlhk Wg`cj (HTW)
Wg`cj (HTW)
 

Ml`hkk`p sjmjrb`h` m`h num`b mlnjhkjrtl, sjhsltla tjrb`m`p misls, ojhls ejc`nlh,
m`h pjrdjm``h jthls. Cjdlb d`le m`rlp`m` Q@W tjrut`n` uhtue njhlc`l hyjrl `eut.
 H`nuh, ejeur`hk`hhy` `m`c`b ejtjrd`t`s`h plclb`h e`t` uhtue njhkk`nd`re`h r`s`
hyjrl,, tlm`e njnuhkelhe`h
hyjrl njnuhkelhe`h uhtue njndjm`e`h
njndjm`e`h tlhke`t hyjrl mjhk`h cjdlb tjcltl
tjcltl m`h
ml`hkk`p tjrm`p`t o`r`e y`hk s`n` `ht`r e`t` y`hk njhkk`nd`re`h jaje `h`ckjsle.

Wundjr ? bttp?//n`o`c`b0666kuru.hjt/460:/64/se`c`-hyjrl/ 
bttp?//n`o`c`b0666kuru.hjt/460:/64/se`c`-hyjrl/ 
=. Ql
Qlsu
su`c
`c @h`
@h`ci
cik
k Wg`cj
Wg`cj (Q@
(Q@W)
W)
Qlsu`c `h`cik sg`cj (Q@W) `m`c`b g`r` y`hk p`clhk d`hy`e mlkuh`e`h uhtue 
njhlc`l hyjrl. We`c` clhljr lhl njhkk`nd`re`h sjg`r` vlsu`c kr`m`sl tlhke`t hyjrl
y`
y`hk
hk nuhke
nuhkelh
lh ml`c
ml`c`n
`nll sj
sjir
ir`hk
`hk p`
p`sl
sljh.
jh. Tjht
Tjht`h
`hk
k hy
hyjr
jrll ml
mlw`
w`el
elcl
cl sj
sjd`k
d`k`l
`l k`rls
k`rls
sjp`ho`hk 06 gn, mjhk`h `t`u t`hp` t`hm` p`m` tl`p sjhtlnjtjr. ]`hm` p`m` ejmu`
uouhk
uouhk k`rls
k`rls lhl m`p`t
m`p`t djrup`
djrup` `hke`
`hke` `t`u
`t`u pjrhy`
pjrhy`t``
t``h
h mjserl
mjserlptl
ptla.
a. Zouhk
Zouhk y`hk
y`hk s`tu
s`tu
njw`elcl tlm`e `m` hyjrl, sjm`hke`h uouhk y`hk c`lh njw`elcl r`s` hyjrl tjrp`r`b
y`hk nuhkelh tjro`ml. We`c` m`p`t mldu`t vjrtle`c `t`u birlziht`c. Q@W ouk` m`p`t

ml`m`pt`sl
ml`m`pt`sl njho`ml se`c` blc`hkhy`/r
blc`hkhy`/rjm`
jm` r`s` hyjrl. Mlkuh`e`h p`m` p`sljh `h`e 82
t`buh m`h mjw`s`. N`ha``t ut`n` Q@W `m`c`b pjhkkuh``hhy` s`hk`t num`b m`h
sjmjrb`h`. H`nuh, uhtue pjrlimj p`sg` djm`b, Q@W tlm`e d`hy`e djrn`ha``t e`rjh`
Q@W njnjrcue`h eiirmlh`sl vlsu`c m`h nitirle sjrt` ejn`npu`h eihsjhtr`sl.

Wundjr ? bttp?//n`o`c`b0666kuru.hjt/460:/64/se`c`-hyjrl/ 
bttp?//n`o`c`b0666kuru.hjt/460:/64/se`c`-hyjrl/ 
 

D. Alsl
Alslic
icik
ikll Hyjrl
yjrl
]jro`mlhy` hyjrl djre`lt`h jr`t mjhk`h rjsjptir m`h `m`hy` r`hks`hk`h. Tjsjptir 
hyjrl y`hk mln`esum `m`c`b higlgjptir, njrup`e`h uouhk-uouhk s`r`a s`hk`t djd`s
y`hk njnlclel sjmlelt `t`u d`be`h tlm`e njnlclel nyjclh, y`hk tjrsjd`r p`m` euclt
m`h nueis`, ebusushy` p`m` vlgjr`, pjrsjhml`h, mlhmlhk `rtjrl, b`tl m`h e`muhk
jnpjmu
jnpjmu.. Tjsjpt
Tjsjptir
ir hyjrl
hyjrl m`p`t
m`p`t njndjr
njndjrle`
le`h
h rjspih
rjspih `eld`t
`eld`t `m`hy`
`m`hy` stl
stlnuc
nuc`sl
`sl `t`u
`t`u
r`hks`hk`h. Wtlnuc`sl tjrsjdut m`p`t djrup` z`t elnl`wl sjpjrtl dr`mlelhlh, blst`nlh,
 prist`kc`hmlh, m`h n`g`n-n`g`n `s`n y`hk mlcjp`s `p`dlc` tjrm`p`t ejrus`e`h p`m`
 o`rlhk`h `eld`t ejeur`hk`h ieslkjh`sl. Wtlnuc`sl y`hk c`lh m`p`t djrup` tjrn`c,

clstrle `t`u nje`hls (E`sl`tl & Tisn`c`w`tl, 4601).

G. A`etir-A
A`etir-A`etir
`etir y`hk Njnpjhk`rubl
Njnpjhk`rubl Ejdutub`h
Ejdutub`h Hyjrl m`h Ejhy`n
Ejhy`n`h`h
`h`h
Ejdutub`h
Ejdutub`h r`s` hy`n`h mlpjhk`rubl icjb djdjr`p`
djdjr`p` a`etir njhurut (E`sl`tl
(E`sl`tl &
Tisn`c`w`tl, 4601) `ht`r` c`lh sjd`k`l djrleut?
0. Jnisl
Ejgjn`s`h, mjprjsl, m`h n`r`b `e`h num`b tjro`ml m`h njnpjhk`rubl ej`n`h`h
m`h ejhy`n`h`h
4. Wt`tus nidlcls`sl
Ejtjr
Ejtjrd`t
d`t`s
`s`h
`h `etlv
`etlvlt
lt`s
`s,, p`r`c
p`r`cls
lsls
ls,, ejcjn
ejcjn`b
`b`h
`h it
itit
it,, m`h ej
ejs`
s`m`
m`r`
r`h
h njhu
njhuru
ruh
h
njnum`be`h tjro`mlhy` rlslei lhoury.
7. K`hkku`h pjrsjpsl sjhsirl
Njnpjhk`rubl `m`pt`sl tjrb`m`p r`hks`hk`h y`hk djrd`b`y` sjpjrtl k`hkku`h
 pjhglun`h m`h pjhkclb`t`h.
=. Ej`m``h lnuhlt`s
K`hkku`
K`hkku`h
h lhl `e`h
`e`h njhlnd
njhlnduce
uce`h
`h m`y`
m`y` t`b`h
t`b`h tudub
tudub eur
eur`hk
`hk sjblhk
sjblhkk`
k` num`b
num`b
tjrsjr`hk pjhy`elt
:. ]lhke`t ejs`m`r`h
 

V`m`` p`
V`m p`sl
sljh
jh ein`,
ein`, rj
rjsp
spih
ihss `e
`e`h
`h njhu
njhuru
ruh
h tj
tjrb
rb`m
`m`p
`p r`
r`hk
hks`
s`hk
hk`h,
`h, p`
p`r`
r`cl
clsl
sls,
s,
mlsirljht`sl, m`h eur`hk tlmur 
1. Lhairn`sl `t`u einuhle`sl
K`hk
K`hkku
ku`h
`h ei
einu
nuhl
hle`
e`sl
sl sj
sjpj
pjrt
rtll `p
`pb`
b`sl
sl`` `t
`t`u
`u tl
tlm`
m`e
e m`
m`p`
p`tt njnd
njnd`g
`g`` m`
m`p`
p`tt
njhlnduce`h ejgjc`e``h.
;. K`hkku`h tlhke`t pjhkjt`bu`h
Ejs`m`
Ejs`m`r`h
r`h `e`h tjro`m
tjro`mll k`hkku`
k`hkku`h
h ejsjc`
ejsjc`n`t
n`t`h
`h m`h ej`n`h
ej`n`h`h
`h m`p`t
m`p`t mlprjm
mlprjmles
lesll
sjdjcunhy`
2. Vjhkkuh``h `htldlitle y`hk tlm`e r`slih`c
@htldlitle m`p`t njhlnduce`h rjslstjh m`h `h`alc`etle syie 
<. Wt`tus hutrlsl

Ej`m``h eur`hk hutrlsl

hutrlsl m`p`t njhlnduce`h
njhlnduce`h ejcjn`b`h m`h num`b njhlnduce`h
njhlnduce`h
 pjhy`elt, mjnlel`h sjd`clehy` m`p`t djrlslei tjrb`m`p pjhy`elt tjrtjhtu.
06. Zsl`
Vjndjm``h pjrejnd`hk`h y`hk mltjnue`h ml`ht`r` ejcinpie usl` `h`e-`h`e m`h
c`hsl` njnpjhk`rubl rj`esl tjrb`m`p hyjrl.
00. Ojhls ejc`nlh
Wjg`r` unun prl` m`h w`hlt` tlm`e djrdjm` sjg`r` djrn`eh` m`c`n njrjspih
hyjrl m`h tlhke`t ejhy`n`h`hhy`
04. Ejdum`y``h
Ejy`elh`h
Ejy`elh`h m`h hlc`l-hlc`l
hlc`l-hlc`l ejdum`y``h njnpjhk`rubl
njnpjhk`rubl g`r` lhmlvlmu njhk`t`sl
njhk`t`sl
hyjrl m`h tlhke`t ejhy`n`h y`hk njrje` puhy`l.
M. N`g`n-N
N`g`n-N`g`
`g`n
n K`hkku
K`hkku`h
`h y`
y`hk
hk Nuhkel
Nuhkelh
h ]jro`ml
]jro`ml
Njhurut (N`rmjcc`, Jstjr, Tlsely`b, & Nucy`hlhkrun, 4607) K`hkku`h r`s`
hy`n`h m`p`t mld`kl njho`ml 7 y`ltu?
0.  Hyjrl `eut
 Hyjrl `eut njrup`e`h ej`m``h sjsjir`hk njhkjcub ejtlm`ehy`n`h`h m`h
njr`s`e`h sjhs`sl y`hk tlm`e hy`n`h, tlm`e njhyjh`hke`h sjc`n` 0 mjtle s`np`l

mjhk`h eur`hk m`rl jh`n duc`h.

 

4.  Hyjrl erihls
 Hyjrl erihls `m`c`b ej`m``h lhmlvlmu njhkjcub tlm`e hy`n`h mjhk`h `m`hy`
sjhs`sl hyjrl y`hk mlr`s`e`h m`c`n euruh w`etu y`hk cjdlb m`rl jh`n duc`h.
7. Nu`c
Nu`c njrup`e`h ej`m``h p`m` s``t lhmlvlmu njhk`c`nl sjhs`l y`hk tlm`e hy`n`h
 p`m` d`kl`h djc`e`hk tjhkkirie`h, `rj` jplk`strlun `t`u p`m` sjcurub d`kl`h
 pjrut y`hk dls` s`o` njhlnduce`h nuht`b `t`u tlm`e 
 

D@D LL
TJHG@H@ @WZB@H ECLJH MJHK@H K@HKKZ@H
H\JTL M@H EJH\@N@H@H

@. Vjhke`ol`h
0. Tlw`y`t
Tlw`y`t Ejpjr`w
Ejpjr`w`t`
`t`h
h
V`m` ejdutub`h ej`n`h`h, pjhke`ol`h njhuhouee`h pjhkjcinpiee`h m`t` y`hk
njhklm
njhklmjht
jhtlal
lale`s
e`sll ecljh
ecljh njnpuhy
njnpuhy`l
`l rjslei
rjslei ej`n`h`
ej`n`h`h
h y`hk
y`hk `etu`c
`etu`c `t`u
`t`u pitjhs
pitjhsl`c
l`c..
Wjm`hke`h, pjhke`ol`h p`m` n`s`c`b hyjrl b`rus `eur`t uhtue up`y` pjh`t`c`es`h``h
hyjrl y`hk jajetla e`rjh` hyjrl njrup`e`h pjhk`c`n`h y`hk sudojetla m`h mlr`s`e`h
sjg`r` djrdjm` p`m` n`slhk-n`slhk lhmlvlmu, n`e` pjr`w`t pjrcu njhke`ol sjnu`
a`etir
a`etir y`hk njnpjhk
njnpjhk`ru
`rubl
bl hyjrl,
hyjrl, sjpjrt
sjpjrtll a`etir
a`etir als
alslic
licikl
ikls,
s, psleic
psleicikl
ikls,
s, pjrlc
pjrlc`eu,
`eu,
jnislih`c,
jnislih`c, m`h sislieuctu
sislieuctur`c.
r`c. Vjhke`ol`h hyjrl tjrmlrl
tjrmlrl `t`s mu` einpihjh
einpihjh ut`n`,
ut`n`,
y`ehl rlw`y`t hyjrl uhtue njhm`p`te`h
njhm`p`te`h m`t` m`rl ecljh m`h idsjrv`sl
idsjrv`sl c`hksuhk p`m`
rjspihs
rjspihs pjrlc`eu
pjrlc`eu m`h alslicikl
alsliciklss ecljh.
ecljh. ]uou`h
]uou`h pjhke`ol`h
pjhke`ol`h `m`c`b uhtue njhm`p`te`h
njhm`p`te`h
 pjn`b`n`h idojetla tjrb`m`p pjhk`c`n`h sudojetla ([`blt & Huruc, 4662).
V Vr
Vrivi
iviel
elhk
hk `t`
`t`u
u pjnlg
pjnlgu, u, y`lt
y`ltu
u a`et
a`etir
ir y`h
y`hk k nuhg
nuhguc uchy`
hy` hyj
hyjrl
rl
P Pu`cl
Pu`clty
ty `t`u
`t`u eu`c
eu`clt
lt`s
`s hyjr
hyjrll (nls
(nls.. tunp
tunpuc
uc,t
,t`o
`o`n
`n))
T Tjkl
Tjklih
ih `t`u
`t`u m`jr
m`jr`b,
`b, y`l
y`ltu
tu m`jr
m`jr`b
`b pjro
pjro`c
`c`h
`h`h
`h ej m`j
m`jr`
r`bb c`lh
c`lh
W Wjvjrlt
Wjvjrlty
y `t`u
`t`u ejk`h`s
ejk`h`s`h,
`h, y`ltu
y`ltu ejp`
ejp`r`b
r`b`h
`h `t`u
`t`u lhtj
lhtjhsl
hslt`s
t`s hyjrl
hyjrl
] ]l
]lnj
nj `t`u
`t`u w`et
w`etu,
u, y`lt
y`ltu
u c`n`
c`n` sjr
sjr`h
`hk`
k`h
h `t`u
`t`u arje
arjeujh
ujhsl
sl hyj
hyjrl
rl
Wundjr ? (E`sl`tl & Tisn`c`w`tl, 4601)
D. Ml`khis
Ml`khisls
ls Ejpjr
Ejpjr`w`
`w`t`h
t`h y`hk Nuhkelh
Nuhkelh Nuhguc
Nuhguc
Ml`khis` ejpjr`w`t`h ut`n` y`hk nuhguc p`m` p`sljh mjhk`h k`hkku`h
ej
ejdut
dutub
ub`h
`h hyjrl
hyjrl m`h ej
ejhy`
hy`n`
n`h`h
h`h njhur
njhurut
ut T`b`
T`b`yu
yu & B`rh
B`rh`ht
`hti
i (4
(460
601)
1) y`hk
y`hk
 djrsundjr m`rl dueu ]ln Vieo` WMEL MVV VVHL (4601) `m`c`b?
 

0. K`hk
K`hkku
ku`h
`h T
T`s
`s`
` Hy`n
Hy`n`h
`h
`. Mjalhlsl
Vj
Vjr`
r`s`
s``h
`h eu
eur`
r`hk
hk sj
sjh`
h`hk,
hk, cj
cjk`
k` m`
m`h
h sj
sjnp
npur
urh`
h` m`
m`c`
c`n
n ml
mlnj
njhs
hsll al
alsl
sle,
e,
 psleisplrltu`c, clhkeuhk`h m`h sisl`c.
d. D`t`s
D`t`s`h
`h E`r`
E`r`etj
etjrl
rlstl
stle 
e 
Kjo`c` m`h ]`hm` N`yir
Wudojetla Idojetla
Njhkjcub tlm`e hy`n`h Kjcls`b
Kjo`c` m`h ]`hm` Nlhir
Wudojetla Idojetla
Njhkjcub suclt tlmur Njhuhouee`h kjo`c` mlstrjss
]lm`e n`npu rlcjes ]`np`e njrlhtlb/njh`hkls
Njhkjcub ejmlhklh`h/ejp`h`s`h Vic` jclnlh`sl djrud`b
Njr`s` k`t`c Vistur tudub djrud`b
Njhkjcub nu`c Lrlt`dlclt`s
Njhkjcub nuht`b

g. A`eti
A`etirr y`
y`hk
hk Djrb
Djrbudu
uduhk
hk`h
`h
0) Kjo`
Kjo`c`
c` pj
pjhy
hy`e
`elt
lt
4) Eur`hk
Eur`hk pjhkjhm`cl`h
pjhkjhm`cl`h sltu`slih
sltu`slih`c/cl
`c/clhkeuhk`h
hkeuhk`h

7) Ejtlm`e`mje
Ejtlm`e`mjeu`t`h
u`t`h sundjr
sundjr m`y` (nls.
(nls. mueuhk`h
mueuhk`h alh`hsl`c
alh`hsl`c,, sigl`c m`h
m`h
 pjhkjt`bu`h)
=) Eur`
Eur`hkh
hkhy`
y` prlv
prlv`s
`sll
:) K`hkku
K`hkku`h
`h stln
stlnucu
ucuss clhk
clhkeuh
euhk`h
k`h
1) Jaje s`nplhk
s`nplhk tjr`pl
tjr`pl (nls.
(nls. njmle`sl,
njmle`sl, r`ml`s
r`ml`sl,
l, ejnitjr`p
ejnitjr`pl)
l)
;) K`hkku
K`hkku`h
`h `m`pt`
`m`pt`sl
sl ejb`nlc
ejb`nlc`h
`h

4. Hyjrl @e
@eut
 

`. Mjalhlsl
Vjhk`c`n`h sjhsirle `t`u jnislih`c y`hk djre`lt`h mjhk`h ejrus`e`h
 o`rlhk`h `etu`c `t`u auhkslih`c, mjhk`h ihsjt njhm`m`e `t`u c`nd`t m`h
 djrlhtjhslt`s rlhk`h blhkk` djr`t y`hk djrc`hksuhk eur`hk m`rl 7 duc`h.
d. D`t`s
D`t`s`h
`h E`r`
E`r`etj
etjrl
rlstl
stle 
e 
Kjo`c` m`h ]`hm` N`yir
Wudojetla Idojetla
Njhkjcub hyjrl ]`np`e njrlhkls
Djrsle`p
Djrsle`p pritjetla
pritjetla (nls.
(nls. w`sp`m`,
w`sp`m`,
 pislsl njhkblhm`rl hyjrl)
Kjcls`b
Arjeujhsl h`ml njhlhke`t
Wuclt tlmur 
Kjo`c` m`h ]`hm` Nlhir
Wudojetla Idojetla
(tlm`e tjrsjml`) ]je`h`h m`r`b njhlhke`t
Vic` h`a`s djrud`b
 H`asu n`e`h djrud`b
Vrijs djralelr tjrk`hkku
Njh`rle mlrl
Djraieus p`m` mlrl sjhmlrl

ml`airjsls

g. A`eti
A`etirr y`
y`hk
hk Djrb
Djrbudu
uduhk
hk`h
`h
0) @kjh pjhgjmjr`
pjhgjmjr` alslici
alslicikls
kls (nls.
(nls. lhac`n`sl
lhac`n`sl,, lsejnl`,
lsejnl`, hjipc`sn`)
hjipc`sn`)
4) @kjh pjhgjmjr`
pjhgjmjr` elnl`wl
elnl`wl (nls.
(nls. tjrd`e`r,
tjrd`e`r, d`b`h
d`b`h elnl`
elnl` lrlt`h)
lrlt`h)
7) @kjh pjhgjmjr`
pjhgjmjr` alsle
alsle (nls.
(nls. `dsjs,
`dsjs, `nput`sl,
`nput`sl, tjrd`e`r
tjrd`e`r,, tjrpitihk,
tjrpitihk,
njhk`hke`t djr`t, prisjmur ipjr`sl, tr`un`, c`tlb`h alsle djrcjdlb`h)
7. Hyjrl
jrl Er
Erihl
ihls
`. Mjalhlsl
 

Vjhk`c`n`h sjhsirle `t`u jnislih`c y`hk djre`lt`h mjhk`h ejrus`e`h

 o`rlhk`h `etu`c `t`u auhkslih`c, mjhk`h ihsjt njhm`m`e `t`u c`nd`t m`h
 djrlhtjhslt`s rlhk`h blhkk` djr`t m`h
m `h eihst`h, y`hk djrc`hksuhk cjdlb m`rl
7 duc`h.
d. D`t`s
D`t`s`h
`h E`r`
E`r`etj
etjrl
rlstl
stle 
e 
Kjo`c` m`h ]`hm` N`yir
Wudojetla Idojetla
Njhkjcub hyjrl ]`np`e njrlhkls
Njr`s` mjprjsl (tjrtje`h) Kjcls`b
]lm`e n`npu njhuht`se`h
`etlvlt`s
Kjo`c` m`h ]`hm` Nlhir

Wudojetla Idojetla
Njr`s` t`eut njhk`c`nl gjmjr` Djrsle`p pritjetla (nls. pislsl
 djruc`hk njhkblhm`rl hyjrl)
[`sp`m`
Vic` tlmur djrud`b
@hirjesl`
Aieus njhyjnplt
Djraieus p`m` mlrl sjhmlrl

g. A`eti
A`etirr y`
y`hk
hk Djrb
Djrbudu
uduhkhk`h
`h
0) Eihmls
Eihmlsll nusguc
nusgucise
isejcj
jcjt`c
t`c erih
erihls
ls
4) Ejru
Ejrus`
s`e`
e`h
h syst
systjn
jn s`r
s`r`a 
`a 
7) Vj
Vjhj
hje`
e`h`
h`h
h s`r
s`r`a 
`a 
=) Lhal
Lhalct
ctr`
r`sl
sl tuni
tunir 
r 
:) Ejtlm`esjl
Ejtlm`esjlnd`hk`h
nd`hk`h hjuritr
hjuritr`hsnl
`hsnltjr,
tjr, hjurinimuc
hjurinimuc`tir
`tir m`h rjsjpt
rjsjptir 
ir 
1) K`hkku`h
K`hkku`h lnuhlt`s
lnuhlt`s (nls.
(nls. hjurip`tl
hjurip`tl tjre`lt
tjre`lt BLQ, vlrus
vlrus v`rlgjcc`-z
v`rlgjcc`-zistjr
istjr))
;) K`hkku
K`hkku`h
`h auhksl
auhksl njt`di
njt`dicle 
cle 
2) Tlw`y`
Tlw`y`tt pisls
pislsll ejro`
ejro` st`tls
st`tls
 

<) Vjhlhk
Vjhlhke`t
e`t`h
`h lhmj
lhmjes
es n`ss
n`ss`` ttudub
udub
06) Eihmlsl
Eihmlsl p`sg` tr`un`
00) ]je`h`h
]je`h`h jnislih`c
jnislih`c
04) Tlw`y`t pjhk`hl`y``h (nls, alsle, psleicikls,
psleicikls, sjesu`c)
07) Tlw`y`t
Tlw`y`t pjhy`c`bkuh``h
pjhy`c`bkuh``h id`t/z`t
id`t/z`t
G. Vjrjhg`h``
h``h
0. K`hk
K`hkku
ku`h
`h T
T`s
`s`
` Hy`n
Hy`n`h
`h
]uou`h ? Wjt
ou` Wjtjc`
jc`b
b mlc`eue`h
mlc`eue`h tlhm`e`
tlhm`e`h
h ejpjr`w`t
ejpjr`w`t`h
`h sjc`n`
sjc`n` 4 x 4= o`n,
o`n,
mlb`r`pe`h K`hkku`h r`s` hy`n`h njhlhke`t mjhk`h
Erltjrl` b`slc ?
Kjcls`b njhuruh

Ejcub`h suclt tlmur njhuruh

Ejcub`h ejmlklh`h njhuruh
Ejcub`h ejp`h`s`h njhuruh
Nu`c njhuruh
K`t`c njhuruh
Njh`hkls njhuruh
Lrlt`dlclt`s njhuruh
Vic` jclnlh`sl njnd`le 
Vistur tudub njnd`le 

Lhtjrvjhsl T`slih`c
Idsjrv`sl
- Lmjhtlale`sl cie`sl, e`r`etjrlstle, - Zhtue njhkjt`bul cie`sl,
mur`sl, arjeujhsl, eu`clt`s, e`r`et
e`r`etjrl
jrlstl
stle,
e, mur`sl
mur`sl,, arjeuj
arjeujhsl
hsl,,
lhtjhslt`s hyjrl eu`clt`s, lhtjhslt`s hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl se`c` hyjrl - Zhtue njhkjt`bul se`c` hyjrl

- Lmjhtlale`sl rjspih hyjrl hih - Zht

Zhtue
ue njhkjt
njhkjt`bul
`bul nlnle
nlnle w`o`b
w`o`b
 

vjrd`c y`
y`hk
hk ml
mlpj
pjrc
rclb
lb`t
`te`
e`h
h p`
p`sl
sljh
jh s`
s``t
`t
hyjrl nuhguc
- Lmjhtlale`sl a`etir y`hk - Zht
Zhtue
ue njhkjt
njhkjt`bul
`bul `p` s`o`
s`o` y`hk
njnpjrdjr`t m`h njnpjrlhk`h njnp
njnpjr
jrdj
djr`
r`tt m`h njnp
njnpjr
jrlh
lhk`h
k`h
hyjrl ej`m``h hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl pjhkjt`bu`h m`h - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njhk
njhkjt
jt`bu
`bull pj
pjhkj
hkjt`
t`bu
bu`h
`h
ejy`elh`h tjht`hk hyjrl m`h ejy`elh`h tjht`hk hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl pjhk`rub dum`y` - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njhk
njhkjt
jt`b
`bul
ul d`
d`k`
k`ln
ln`h
`h``
tjrb`m`p rjspih hyjrl  pjhk`rub dum`y` tjrb`m`p rjspih
hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl pjhk`rub hyjrl p`m` - Zhtue njhkjt`bul pjhk`rub hyjrl

eu`clt`s blmup  p`m` eu`clt`s blmup

- Nihltir ejdjrb`slc`h tjr`pl - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njhk
njhkjt
jt`bu
`bull ej
ejdj
djrb
rb`s
`slc
lc`h
`h
einpcjnjhtjr y`hk sum`b tjr
tjr`pl
`pl einpcj
einpcjnjh
njhtjr
tjr y`hk sum`b
sum`b
mldjrle`h mldjrle`h
- Nihltir jaje s`nplhk - Zht
Zhtue
ue njhkjt
njhkjt`bul
`bul jaje
jaje s`nplh
s`nplhk
k
 pjhkkuh``h `h`ckjtle   pjhkkuh``h `h`ckjtle 
]jr`pjutle
- Djrle`h tjehle hiha`rn`eicikls - Zhtue njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl y`hk
uhtue njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl (nls. mlr`s`e`h p`sljh mjhk`h
]JHW, blphisls, `euprjsur, tjr`pl njhkkuh`e`h tjehle  
nusle, dliajjmd`ge, tjr`pl plo`t, hiha`rn`eicikls
`rin` tjr`pl, tjehle ln`olh`sl
tjrdlndlhk, einprjs
b`hk`t/mlhklh, tjr`pl djrn`lh)
- Eihtric clhkeuhk`h y`hk - Zhtue njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl y`hk
njnpjrdjr`t r`s` hyjrl (nls. mlr`s`e`h p`sljh m`h njndjrle`h
subu ru`hk`h, pjhg`b`y``h, ejhy`n`h`h

ejdlslhk`h)
 

- A`slclt`sl lstlr`b`t m`h tlmur  - Zhtue njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl y`hk

mlr`s`e`h p`sljh
- Vjrtlnd`hke`h ojhls m`h sundjr - @k`r str`tjkl y`hk mldjrle`h dls`
hyjrl m`c`n pjnlclb`h str`tjkl jajetla m`c`n njrjm`e`h hyjrl
njrjm`e`h hyjrl
Jmue`sl
- Ojc`se`h pjhyjd`d, pjrlimj, - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njnd
njndjr
jrle
le`h
`h pj
pjn`
n`b`
b`n`
n`h
h
m`h pjnlgu hyjrl `k`r p`sljh tlm`e kjcls`b s``t hyjrl
tlnduc
- Ojc`se`h str`tjkl njrjm`e`h - Zhtue njhkihtric njhk`t`sl hyjrl
hyjrl ejtle` hyjrl nuhguc

- @houre`h njnihltir hyjrl - Zhtue njn`h`ojnjh hyjrl sjg`r`

sjg`r` n`hmlrl n`hmlrl
- @houre`h njhkkuh`e`h - Vjhkkuh
Vjhkkuh``h
``h `h`ckjtle
`h`ckjtle y`hk tjp`t
`h`ckjtle sjg`r` tjp`t m`p`t njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl
- @o`re`h tjehle - Zht
Zhtue
ue njhkbl
njhkblhm`
hm`rl
rl pjhlhk
pjhlhke`t
e`t`h
`h
hiha`rn`eicikls uhtue hyjrl
njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl
Eic`dir`sl
- Eic`dir`sl pjndjrl`h - Zhtue
Zhtue njnd`h
njnd`htu
tu njhje`
njhje`h
h r`s`
r`s`

`h`ckjtle, ole` pjrcu hyjrl

4. Hyjrl `e
`eut
]uou`h ? Wjt
ou` Wjtjc`
jc`b
b mlc`eue`h
mlc`eue`h tlhm`e`
tlhm`e`h
h ejpjr`w`t
ejpjr`w`t`h
`h sjc`n`
sjc`n` 4 x 4= o`n,
o`n,
mlb`r`pe`h Hyjrl `eut njhuruh mjhk`h
Erltjrl` b`slc ?
Ejcub`h hyjrl njhuruh
Njrlhkls njhuruh
Wle`p pritjetla njhuruh
 

Kjcls`b njhuruh
Arjeujhsl h`ml njnd`le 
Ejsuclt`h tlmur njhuruh
]je`h`h m`r`b njnd`le 
Vic` h`p`s njnd`le 
 H`asu n`e`h njnd`le 
Vrisjs djralelr njnd`le 
Njh`rle mlrl njhuruh
Djraieus p`m` mlrl sjhmlrl njhuruh
Ml`airjsls njhuruh
Lhtjrvjhsl T`slih`c

Idsjrv`sl
- Lmjhtlale`sl cie`sl, - Zhtue njhkjt`bul cie`sl,
e`r`etjrlstle, mur`sl, e`r`et
e`r`etjrl
jrlstl
stle,
e, mur`sl
mur`sl,, arjeuj
arjeujhsl
hsl,,
arjeujhsl, eu`clt`s, lhtjhslt`s eu`clt`s, lhtjhslt`s hyjrl
hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl se`c` hyjrl - Zhtue njhkjt`bul se`c` hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl rjspih hyjrl hih - Zht
Zhtue
ue njhkjt
njhkjt`bul
`bul nlnle
nlnle w`o`b
w`o`b
vjrd`c y`
y`hk
hk ml
mlpj
pjrc
rclb
lb`t
`te`
e`h
h p`
p`sl
sljh
jh s`
s``t
`t
hyjrl nuhguc
- Lmjhtlale`sl a`etir y`hk - Zht
Zhtue
ue njhkjt
njhkjt`bul
`bul `p` s`o`
s`o` y`hk
njnpjrdjr`t m`h njnp
njnpjr
jrdj
djr`
r`tt m`h njnp
njnpjr
jrlh
lhk`h
k`h
njnpjrlhk`h hyjrl ej`m``h hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl pjhkjt`bu`h m`h - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njhk
njhkjt
jt`bu
`bull pj
pjhkj
hkjt`
t`bu
bu`h
`h
ejy`elh`h tjht`hk hyjrl m`h ejy`elh`h tjht`hk hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl pjhk`rub dum`y` - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njhk
njhkjt
jt`b
`bul
ul d`
d`k`
k`ln
ln`h
`h``
tjrb`m`p rjspih hyjrl  pjhk`rub dum`y` tjrb`m`p rjspih
hyjrl

- Lmjhtlale`sl pjhk`rub hyjrl - Zhtue njhkjt`bul pjhk`rub hyjrl

 

 p`m` eu`clt`s blmup  p`m` eu`clt`s blmup

- Nihltir ejdjrb`slc`h tjr`pl - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njhk
njhkjt
jt`bu
`bull ej
ejdj
djrb
rb`s
`slc
lc`h
`h
einpcjnjhtjr y`hk sum`b tjr
tjr`pl
`pl einpcj
einpcjnjh
njhtjr
tjr y`hk sum`b
sum`b
mldjrle`h mldjrle`h
- Nihltir jaje s`nplhk - Zht
Zhtue
ue njhkjt
njhkjt`bul
`bul jaje
jaje s`nplh
s`nplhk
k
 pjhkkuh``h `h`ckjtle   pjhkkuh``h `h`ckjtle 
]jr`pjutle
- Djrle`h tjehle - Zhtue njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl y`hk
hiha`rn`eicikls uhtue mlr`s`e`h p`sljh
njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl (nls.
]JHW, blphisls, `euprjsur,

tjr`pl nusle, dliajjmd`ge,

tjr`pl plo`t, `rin` tjr`pl,
tjehle ln`olh`sl tjrdlndlhk,
einprjs b`hk`t/mlhklh, tjr`pl
 djrn`lh)
- Eihtric clhkeuhk`h y`hk - Zhtue njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl y`hk
njnpjrdjr`t r`s` hyjrl (nls. mlr`s`e`h p`sljh m`h njndjrle`h
subu ru`hk`h, pjhg`b`y``h, ejhy`n`h`h
ejdlslhk`h)
- A`slclt`sl lstlr`b`t m`h tlmur  - Zhtue njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl y`hk
mlr`s`e`h p`sljh
- Vjrtlnd`hke`h ojhls m`h - @k`r str`tjkl y`hk mldjrle`h dls`
sundjr hyjrl m`c`n pjnlclb`h jajetla m`c`n njrjm`e`h hyjrl
str`tjkl njrjm`e`h hyjrl
Jmue`sl
- Ojc`se`h pjhyjd`d, pjrlimj, - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njnd
njndjr
jrle
le`h
`h pj
pjn`
n`b`
b`n`
n`h
h
m`h pjnlgu hyjrl `k`r p`sljh tlm`e kjcls`b s``t hyjrl
tlnduc
 

- Ojc`se`h str`tjkl njrjm`e`h - Zhtue njhkihtric njhk`t`sl hyjrl

hyjrl ejtle` hyjrl nuhguc
- @houre`h njnihltir hyjrl - Zhtue njn`h`ojnjh hyjrl sjg`r`
sjg`r` n`hmlrl n`hmlrl
- @houre`h njhkkuh`e`h - Vjhkkuh
Vjhkkuh``h
``h `h`ckjtle
`h`ckjtle y`hk tjp`t
`h`ckjtle sjg`r` tjp`t m`p`t njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl
- @o`re`h tjehle - Zht
Zhtue
ue njhkbl
njhkblhm`
hm`rl
rl pjhlhk
pjhlhke`t
e`t`h
`h
hiha`rn`eicikls uhtue hyjrl
njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl
Eic`dir`sl
- Eic`dir`sl pjndjrl`h - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njnd
njnd`h
`htu
tu njhj
njhje`
e`h
h r`
r`s`
s`

`h`ckjtle, ole` pjrcu hyjrl

7. Hyjrl
jrl er
erihls
]uou`h ? Wjt
ou` Wjtjc`
jc`b
b mlc`eue`h
mlc`eue`h tlhm`e`
tlhm`e`h
h ejpjr`w`t
ejpjr`w`t`h
`h sjc`n`
sjc`n` 4 x 4= o`n,
o`n,
mlb`r`pe`h Hyjrl erihls njhuruh mjhk`h
Erltjrl` b`slc ?
Ejcub`h hyjrl njhuruh
Njr`s` mjprjsl (tjrtje`h) njhuruh
Kjcls`b njhuruh

Vjr`s``h t`eut njhk`c`nl gjmjr` djruc`hk njhuruh

Wle`p pritjetla njhuruh
Vic` tlmur njnd`le 
@hirjesl` njhuruh
Aieus njnd`le 
Djraieus p`m` mlrl sjhmlrl njhuruh
Lhtjrvjhsl T`slih`c
Idsjrv`sl
- Lmjhtlale`sl cie`sl, - Zhtue njhkjt`bul cie`sl,
 

e`r`etjrlstle, mur`sl, e`r`et

e`r`etjrl
jrlstl
stle,
e, mur`sl
mur`sl,, arjeuj
arjeujhsl
hsl,,
arjeujhsl, eu`clt`s, lhtjhslt`s eu`clt`s, lhtjhslt`s hyjrl
hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl se`c` hyjrl - Zhtue njhkjt`bul se`c` hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl rjspih hyjrl hih - Zht
Zhtue
ue njhkjt
njhkjt`bul
`bul nlnle
nlnle w`o`b
w`o`b
vjrd`c y`
y`hk
hk ml
mlpj
pjrc
rclb
lb`t
`te`
e`h
h p`
p`sl
sljh
jh s`
s``t
`t
hyjrl nuhguc
- Lmjhtlale`sl a`etir y`hk - Zht
Zhtue
ue njhkjt
njhkjt`bul
`bul `p` s`o`
s`o` y`hk
njnpjrdjr`t m`h njnp
njnpjr
jrdj
djr`
r`tt m`h njnp
njnpjr
jrlh
lhk`h
k`h
njnpjrlhk`h hyjrl ej`m``h hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl pjhkjt`bu`h m`h - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njhk
njhkjt
jt`bu
`bull pj
pjhkj
hkjt`
t`bu
bu`h
`h

ejy`elh`h tjht`hk hyjrl m`h ejy`elh`h tjht`hk hyjrl

- Lmjhtlale`sl pjhk`rub dum`y` - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njhk
njhkjt
jt`b
`bul
ul d`
d`k`
k`ln
ln`h
`h``
tjrb`m`p rjspih hyjrl  pjhk`rub dum`y` tjrb`m`p rjspih
hyjrl
- Lmjhtlale`sl pjhk`rub hyjrl - Zhtue njhkjt`bul pjhk`rub hyjrl
 p`m` eu`clt`s blmup  p`m` eu`clt`s blmup
- Nihltir ejdjrb`slc`h tjr`pl - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njhk
njhkjt
jt`bu
`bull ej
ejdj
djrb
rb`s
`slc
lc`h
`h
einpcjnjhtjr y`hk sum`b tjr
tjr`pl
`pl einpcj
einpcjnjh
njhtjr
tjr y`hk sum`b
sum`b
mldjrle`h mldjrle`h
- Nihltir jaje s`nplhk - Zht
Zhtue
ue njhkjt
njhkjt`bul
`bul jaje
jaje s`nplh
s`nplhk
k
 pjhkkuh``h `h`ckjtle   pjhkkuh``h `h`ckjtle 
 

]jr`pjutle
- Djrle`h tjehle - Zhtue njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl y`hk
hiha`rn`eicikls uhtue mlr`s`e`h p`sljh mjhk`h
njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl (nls. njhkkuh`e`h tjehle  
]JHW, blphisls, `euprjsur, hiha`rn`eicikls
tjr`pl nusle, dliajjmd`ge,
tjr`pl plo`t, `rin` tjr`pl,
tjehle ln`olh`sl tjrdlndlhk,
einprjs b`hk`t/mlhklh, tjr`pl
 djrn`lh)
- Eihtric clhkeuhk`h y`hk - Zhtue njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl y`hk

njnpjrdjr`t r`s` hyjrl (nls. mlr`s`e`h p`sljh m`h njndjrle`h

subu ru`hk`h, pjhg`b`y``h, ejhy`n`h`h
ejdlslhk`h)
- A`slclt`sl lstlr`b`t m`h tlmur  - Zhtue njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl y`hk
mlr`s`e`h p`sljh
- Vjrtlnd`hke`h ojhls m`h - @k`r str`tjkl y`hk mldjrle`h dls`
sundjr hyjrl m`c`n pjnlclb`h jajetla m`c`n njrjm`e`h hyjrl
str`tjkl njrjm`e`h hyjrl
 

Jmue`sl
- Ojc`se`h pjhyjd`d, pjrlimj, - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njnd
njndjr
jrle
le`h
`h pj
pjn`
n`b`
b`n`
n`h
h
m`h pjnlgu hyjrl `k`r p`sljh tlm`e kjcls`b s``t hyjrl
tlnduc
- Ojc`se`h str`tjkl njrjm`e`h - Zhtue njhkihtric njhk`t`sl hyjrl
hyjrl ejtle` hyjrl nuhguc
- @houre`h njnihltir hyjrl - Zhtue njn`h`ojnjh hyjrl sjg`r`
sjg`r` n`hmlrl n`hmlrl
- @houre`h njhkkuh`e`h - Vjhkkuh
Vjhkkuh``h
``h `h`ckjtle
`h`ckjtle y`hk tjp`t
`h`ckjtle sjg`r` tjp`t m`p`t njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl
- @o`re`h tjehle - Zht
Zhtue
ue njhkbl
njhkblhm`
hm`rl
rl pjhlhk
pjhlhke`t
e`t`h
`h

hiha`rn`eicikls uhtue hyjrl

njhkur`hkl r`s` hyjrl
Eic`dir`sl
- Eic`dir`sl pjndjrl`h - Zh
Zhtu
tue
e njnd
njnd`h
`htu
tu njhj
njhje`
e`h
h r`
r`s`
s`
`h`ckjtle, ole` pjrcu hyjrl
 

R
M@A]@T VZW]@E@ E`sl`tl, & Tisn`c`w`tl, H. [. M. (4601). Ejdutub`h
(4601).  Ejdutub`h M`s`r 
 N`husl` L . O`
O`e`
e`rt
rt`?
`? Ejnj
Ejnjht
htjr
jrl`
l`h
h Ejsj
Ejsjb`
b`t`
t`h
h Tjpu
Tjpudc
dcle
le LhLhmih
mihjs
jsl`
l` D`m`h
D`m`h
Vjhjcltl`h m`h Vjhkjnd`hk`h Ejsjb`t`h.

Nlhl Tlsjt A`trl` Lr`w`h N`eu mjhk`h Oumuc K`nd`r`h Lhtjhslt`s Hyjrl Njhkkuh`e`h
AC@GG Wg`cj t`buh 460<

V`tln`,
V`tln`, Tlsh`b, & Nusm`cla`
Nusm`cla`b.
b. (4640).  Dueu V`hmu`h Ejkl`t`h N`b`slsw` Hjrs
 @hke`t`h RLR ZLH @c`ummlh N`e`ss`r? Ejpjr`w`t`h M`s`r Vriajsl.
Vriajsl. Kiw`?
]ln Ejpjr`w`t`h M`s`r Hjrs @hke`t`h RLR ZLH @c`ummlh N`e`ss`r.

]l
]ln
n Vi
Vieo
eo`` WMEL
WMEL MVVMVV VVHL
VVHL.. (4601
(4601).
). Wt`hm`r Ml`khisls Ejpjr`w`t`h Lhmihjsl`
 Jmlsl 0.
0. O`e`rt`? MVV VVHL.

]ln Vieo` WLEL MVV VVHL. (4602). Wt`hm`r Lhtjrvjhsl Ejpjr`w`t`h Lhmihjsl` Jmlsl
0 Gjt`e`h 4.
4. O`e`rt`? MVV VVHL.

]ln Vieo` WCEL MVV VVHL. (460<). Wt`hm`r Cu`r`h Ejpjr`w`t`h Lhmihjsl` Jmlsl 0
Gjt`e`h 4.
4. O`e`rt`? MVV VVHL.