CO QAH + MELC LW

HANDOUT No. 5
Course Outline & Quality Assured
Handouts paired with MELC- in Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences
Based Learner’s Worksheet (DISS)

MELC: Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas: Psychoanalysis,
rational theory, Institutionalism, Feminist Theory, Hermeneutical Phenomenology, and Human Environment
systems

Semester: 2nd Week No. 3 Day: 1-4 0

LESSON: BASIC CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE IDEAS

We are done with the theories of social science that give emphasis related to what our actual society
is. Now we will tackle the concepts and principles of the different thinkers as they are to give light to the
functions of the individual within the society.

PSYCHOANALYSIS refers to the psychological theory or therapy which treat mental disorders by
investigating the interaction of the conscious and unconscious mind that brings fears and conflict of the
individual within the society.

Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist and is known as the Father of

Psychoanalysis. His theory states that the behavior and personality are driven by
past events or experiences which are mostly not accessible to an individual’s
consciousness.
In psychoanalysis, methods are used to guide individuals in understanding
the self. This is called psychotherapy as the originating event or circumstances
that hinders to live a healthy life which brought them in the world of
consciousness. Psychotherapist is mostly interpretative where patient’s problem
https://www.google.com/search?
q=sigmund+freud&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH908PH908&t
would allow him/her to directly share thoughts. And this sharing technique is used
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as a free
association technique that an individual may freely say the words patterned with a thing, person, or an
experience. Inner conversation shows to reveal the inner self which directly pinpoint the problem of the
individual. Somewhat, Freudian’s slip or slip of the tongue can be the evidence when somebody say
words unintentionally as opposed to his/her actions.
Carl Jung(1875-1961), a Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist. Left the
Freud’s traditional analysis and founded the analytic psychology. He based his
theory on his on-going life experiences from his childhood to adult survived by
applying concepts of extrovert (motivated by outside self-factors) and introvert
(motivated by inner necessity).
https://www.google.com/search?
q=carl+jung&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjapI6z

Jacques Lacan(1901-1981), a French

psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Developed to incorporate more psychological
theories which have helped him built a psychoanalytic theory. The center of his
theory is based on language. As Freud’s concept refers to the consciousness
where he uses language to find truths, Lacan claims that language has the
structure and function of the unconscious itself. It is highlighted in the mirror
stage. Eventually this mirroring relates to the Freudian’s development of the id,
https://

ego, and superego. Accordingly, the child is in the mirroring stage if she/he
www.google.co

sees herself in the mirror for the first time and establishes with the image she/he
sees. This mirror could be theoretical although she/he sees herself/himself there, it is still incomplete.
What makes everything complete is the struggle that makes her/him move around. Moving represents
her/his completeness. However, this struggling child reveals the ideal ego that is seen between the
image and her/her struggles. Therefore, Lacan is always be reminding among the actual self and what it
imagines to be that lead to conflict.
Eric Fromm(1918-1990), a German sociologist, psychologist, and
psychoanalyst. He expanded the types of psychoanalysis which he called
humanistic psychoanalysis. His theory assumes that humans have lost their
ties with nature and are now left with no instinct(senses) capable to adapt to
the chaotic world. He called this rationalization as a human dilemma. This lies
in the problem of how the humans reunite with nature and to the prehistoric
relationship with nature.
He unhesitantly states that the unhealthy mind is
one which has chosen the negative components https://www.google.com/search?

of human need. q=eric+fromm&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiwi9aw4sTtAh

Louis Althusser(1918-1990), a French Marxist philosopher. Adapted his

theory of what Marx termed as ideology. For him, ideology is a reflection or
misinterpretation of our already imaginary understanding of the world. His
philosophy is when an individual is turned into a subject and a member of
society through ideology.
 https://www.google.com/search?
q=louis+althusser&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjmo

RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY is understanding and leading the way to an ideal social and economic
behavior thru good choice. Cost-benefit analysis is always performed in every given situation and is
considered as instinctual(senseful) response of every human. Cost is something disadvantageous to or
what is lost by an individual, while benefit is that is that which is gained by or advantageous to the
individual after making the choice.
Sample questions.
1. Will this benefit me?
2. How much it will cost me?
Story.
Pandemic is not a simple phenomenon. Safra has been a working student since grade 10 and he
was not aware of the protocol of this covid19 because their place was not infected then. One time,
rumors of their locality in town were locally transmitted as news grew bigger and bigger. Safra has
three part time jobs first as a field runner in a store, tutoring, and a tembol driver. However, he
should have to allow himself to chose only one part-time job to continue his living. If he chose to
being the tembol driver, it becomes his first level of cost-level analysis, and so on. His choice
depended on the rightful decision he must take, and it was called the principle rational choice that
plays an important role in his decision-making. In this, his decision is guided by the preferences
(high choice) which are dictated by his wants and needs. Addingly, rewards and punishments are
the key determinants in decision-making.
Willian Stanley Jevons(1835-1882), an English economist. First to
advance the theory of marginal utility which determines the application of
the consumer behavior. He implies ‘utility’ as value (related in supply and
demand).
He expounds to identify the concept called equation of change, which
says that to get value, the ratio(percentage) of marginal utility must be equal
to the price of commodity(service/products).
https://www.google.com/search?

Gary Becker(1930-2014), an American

q=william+stanley+jevons&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE

economist. Expanded to study economics to the realm of sociology.

Human behavior then is a subject to economic analysis that individuals
act to maximize their own welfare(well-being), thereby spending
uneconomically beyond their financial gains.

https://www.google.com/search?
q=gary+becker&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi7g92-
5MTtAhUEKqY

INSTITUTIONALISM aims to study the approach that emphasizes the role of institutions. It is an
approach to understand and analyze how actions, thoughts, and meanings that penetrate social
consciousness deeply enough to push in into the society. Institutionalism then provide social legitimacy
and survival through isomorphism(equal form). Institutions arise, change, and persist due to regulative,
normative, and cognitive(mental) function. Regulative function refers to retained rules and laws.
Normative function explains social obligation that change can happen by external factors. While cognitive
function operates with the compliment of others. In fact, human interactions within the society are defined
by both formal and informal rulers.
David Mitrany(1888-1975), a Roman-born British Scholar and a
political theorist. He is considered as the father of functionalism.
Functionalism(related to territorialism) is the foundation from which states get
their power of authority from territory. State’s authority lies in functions and
needs, and the ability to provide those needs. Technological advancements
make the territory more powerful as the expertise found in the needs of the
people and the state itself.
https://www.google.com/search?
q=david+mitrany&tbm=isch&ved=
2ahUKEwig38f55MTtAhUG

Jean Monnet(1888-1979), a French political economist and diplomat.

He sees how the needs of the state are to be achieved through the
principle(somewhat belief) of supranationality. He argues that territory is the
source of authority, rather he uses this argument to erase borderlines among
territories.
https://www.google.com/search?
q=jean+monnet&tbm=isch&ved=2ahU

Stephen Krasner(1942), an American professor of internal relations.

He argues that the American government and non-government
organizations should prioritize the stabilization of the weaker states so
that it will be protected and address to enter in the market democracy.
That the power of the president is to control, manipulate and create
policies as opposed to bureaucratic governance.
FEMINISM aspires to understand the nature of gender inequality. The
primary concern to this is to address the oppression of women in
society and the patriarchal structure of most societies(those who are
only!).
Traditional patriarchy is the most basic social organization in
history. To show, the father is the head, and the mother is only
subordinates from the father, especially in decisions. Also, in the past,
women do not have a power to vote as it applies patriarchal system.
The struggle of advocacy why women want a fight of freedom is to be
equal at all cost.
Feminism divides two concepts as gender ideology and gender
inequality. The previous is the social belief that supports gender
inequality, while the latter is the actualization or realization of gender https://www.google.com/search?
q=women+empowerment+quotes&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjtzICg6MTtAhWSL6

ideology.
Mary Wollstonecraft, Nancy Croft, Adrienne Rich, Judith Butler, Patricia Hill Collins, and Ayn Rand
are activists who fight for women’s rights.

HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY is a kind of study to bring to light and reflect upon the lived or
inhabited meaning of our basic experience. Phenomenology as developed by Husserl is an inquiry on
how the human mind can grasp the true nature of things experienced in the world. It suggests that
prejudgments, prejudices, and biases must be first removed to get the true nature of things. This theory
is applied in the research study where it may be described as qualitative. The findings and conclusions of
the research would then become new influences for the researcher after undergoing reflection and
interpretation.
Edmund Husserl(1859-1938), a German philosopher and
is referred as the father of phenomenology. His study is to gain
an understanding of the everyday experiences and of how
consciousness can get these concepts. The method is described
into two types. The natural attitude as pre-conceived or before-
knowledge experiences, and phenomenological attitude as
suspending the natural attitude. This explains that the past must
be removed, as to suspend, in the accordance of the flow of the
life you are in. Example of a student who wears patched clothes
in going to school. Ultimately, this event is not permanent. The
experiences of this student may vary accordingly in the eyes of
https://www.google.com/search?
the observer’s behavior if he tries not to reduce the actual life that
may change to the life of a student. Which means, the true nature
q=edmund+husserl&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjR9Jf46MTtAhVRAaYKHY_8A4kQ2-c

occurs. As to what some-related thinkers aim is, to show care.

HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS characterize the two-way interactions between human and natural
systems. It expresses the evolution of the human factors on how they treated environmental systems.
More likely, these systems include government policies, industrial waste management, agriculture,
urbanization, culture, and tradition. Environment systems also
maintains the biodiversity of the Earth, global weather systems,
landscapes, and animal and plant life, among other.
Impact. In the last 100 years alone, more than 1000 animal and
plant species have gone as consequences of human activities. As
overpopulation, overgazing, overcropping, deforestation,
desertification, and pollution have created tremendous impact on the
environment, among the effects are global warming and climate
change. To stop this, we should adapt the sense of place for it has a
sense of belongingness and identity which is to develop the https://www.google.com/search?
q=environment+destruction&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjMi5XW6cTtAhVvzYsBHbLK

reunification of the environment systems. CakQ2-

To some thinkers, the main issue is found in the mindset of everybody that protection and care to
the environment must be crafted well.
As to overview, these concepts and principles are the tool for investigation and communication as
to mediate cases or issues found within the society. That is why, every individual should perform societal
duties that give important roles and help to the society grow in all levels.

Reference
(follow Chicago Manual of Style)

Abulencia, Arthur S. et.al. (2017) Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences, Reader, DepEd, pp. 77.

Alejandria-Gonzales, Maria Carinnes P. (2016), Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences, Diwa Learning
 Systems Inc., pp 127-169.
Britannica Dictionary @ Google