Professional Documents
Culture Documents
บทที่ 3 เลขยกกำลัง
บทที่ 3 เลขยกกำลัง
1. ความหมายของเลขยกกําลัง
บทนิยาม ถา a แทนจํานวนใดๆ และ n แทนจํานวนเต็มบวก
“ a ยกกําลัง n ” หรือ “ a กําลัง n ” เขียนแทนดวย an มีความหมายดังนี้
an a a a ... a
n ตัว
ตัวอยาง
23 อานวา “สองยกกําลังสาม” หรือ “สองกําลังสาม” หรือ “กําลังสามของสอง”
23 แทน 2 2 2
ในทํานองเดียวกัน
( 2)3 อานวา “ลบสองทัง้ หมดยกกําลังสาม”
( 2)3 แทน (–2) (–2) (–2)
การใชเลขยกกําลังเขียนแทนจํานวนที่คณ
ู ตัวเองซ้ํากันหลายๆตัว
เชน 5 5 5 5 เขียนแทนดวย 54
( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) เขียนแทนดวย ( 3)6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
เขียนแทนดวย ( )7
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
24 หมายถึง (2 2 2 2)
อานวา ลบของสองยกกําลังสี่ หรือ ลบของกําลังสี่ของสอง
และ 24 (2 2 2 2) 16
23 = (2 2 2) = –8
ดังนั้น ( 2)3 และ 23 มีคาเทากัน
2. ใหนักเรียนเขียนจํานวนในรูปผลคูณตอไปนี้ในรูปเลขยกกําลัง
(1) 3 3 3 3 3 3
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4) ( 0.5) ( 0.5) ( 0.5) ( 0.5) ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1 1 1 1 1 1
(5)
2 2 2 2 2 2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 2 2 2 2
(6) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7 7 7 7 7
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(7) ( 1.4) ( 1.4) ( 1.4)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(8) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(9)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
a a a a a
(10)
b b b b b
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) 43 = ..............................................................................................
= ..............................................................................................
(3) 34 = ..............................................................................................
= ..............................................................................................
3
1
(7) = ..............................................................................................
2
= ..............................................................................................
4
2
(8) = ..............................................................................................
3
= ..............................................................................................
เพราะวา 24 2 2 2 2 16
( 2)4 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 16
ดังนั้น 24 และ ( 2)4 มีคาเทากัน
3. พิจารณาเลขยกกําลังคาของเลขยกกําลัง แลวตอบคําถามในแตละขอตอไปนี้
(1) ใหนักเรียนหาคาของ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , ... แลวเติมคาบนเสนจํานวนใหถูกตอง
21 =.............................................................................
22 = .............................................................................
23 = .............................................................................
24 = .............................................................................
25 = .............................................................................
21 22 23 24 25
1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
(2) ใหนักเรียนหาคาของ , , , , ... แลวเติมคาบนเสนจํานวนใหถูกตอง
2 2 2 2
1
1
=.............................................................................
2
2
1
= .............................................................................
2
3
1
= .............................................................................
2
4
1
= .............................................................................
2
4 3 2 1
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
0 1
1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
จากคาของ , , , , ... ใหนักเรียนตอบคําถามตอไปนี้
2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1
2.1 คาของ และ แตกตางกันเทาใด
2 2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 3
1 1
2.2 คาของ และ แตกตางกันเทาใด
2 2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
3 4
1 1
2.3 คาของ และ แตกตางกันเทาใด
2 2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
n n 1
1
2.4 คาของ และ 1 แตกตางกันเทาใด
2 2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1
2.5 ถาใหเลขชี้กําลังของเลขยกําลังที่มี เปนฐานเพิ่มขึ้นทีล่ ะ 1 ไปเรื่อยๆ
2
คาของเลขยกกําลังนั้นจะเปนอยางไร
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
n
1
2.6 เมื่อ n มีคาเปนจํานวนเต็มบวกที่มากขึ้นไปเรือ่ ยๆ คาของ จะมีคาใกลเคียงจํานวนใด
2
และจะเปนจํานวนลบไดหรือไม
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) (1.2)n
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) (0.1)n
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
n
2
(4)
3
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2. ใหนักเรียนเขียนจํานวนตอไปนี้ในรูปเลขยกกําลังที่มฐี านเปนจํานวนเฉพาะ
เชน 24 = 2 2 2 3
= 23 31
(1) 36 = ..............................................................................................
= ..............................................................................................
3. ใหนักเรียนเขียนจํานวนตอไปนี้ในรูปเลขยกกําลังที่มเี ลขชี้กําลังมากกวา 1
เชน 16 = 4 4 หรือ 16 = 2 2 2 2 หรือ 16 = (–4) (–4)
= 42 = 24 = ( 4)2
(2) 81 = ..............................................................................................
= ..............................................................................................
64
(9) = ..............................................................................................
125
= ..............................................................................................
8
(10) = ..............................................................................................
27
= ..............................................................................................
(2) 23 32
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) 2 – 42
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4) 23 ( 3)2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(5) ( 5)3 53
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6) ( 2)4 24
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(7) ( 2)5 3
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(8) 5 26
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(9) (7 8)10
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(10) (1 4)3 32
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) (2 3)3
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) 52 32
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4) (5 3)2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(5) 24 23
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6) 32 32
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
35
(7)
33
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
24
(8)
27
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(9) 23 53
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(10) 32 42
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
เพราะวา 81 3 3 3 3 = 34
ดังนั้น x มีคาเทากับ 4
(1) 5x 125
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) 4x 64
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4) ( 3)x 27
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
x
1 1
5. ถา x และ y แทนจํานวนเต็มบวก ที่ทําให และ 3y 81
2 32
แลว x+y เทากับเทาใด
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
4 9 16
คนโบราณจึงเรียกจํานวนเชน 4, 9 และ 16 วา จํานวนสี่เหลี่ยมจัตุรัส (square number)
(1) จงหาจํานวนสีเ่ หลี่ยมจัตุรสั ที่ถัดจากนี้ขึ้นไปอีกสามจํานวน
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) จํานวนสี่เหลี่ยมจัตรุ ัสดังกลาวนี้เขียนแทนดวยเลขยกกําลังไดหรือไม ถาไดเขียนไดเปนอยางไร
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) ถาจํานวนสี่เหลี่ยมจัตุรสั จํานวนหนึ่งเทากับ 121
แตละดานของรูปสี่เหลี่ยมจัตุรสั ที่แสดงจํานวนนี้มีกจี่ ุด
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
7. กลองทรงลูกบาศกมีความยาวดานเปนจํานวนเต็มปริมาตรตางๆดัง แบบรูปตอไปนี้
2.1 การคูณเลขยกกําลังเมื่อเลขชี้กําลังเปนจํานวนเต็มบวก
ใหนักเรียนพิจารณาการคูณกันของเลขยกกําลัง ดังตอไปนี้
23 24 = (2 2 2) (2 2 2 2)
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 27
32 34 = ..................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................
สมบัติการคูณเลขยกกําลัง
เมื่อ a แทนจํานวนใดๆ m และ n เปนจํานวนเต็มบวก
am an am n
หมายเหตุ
ในกรณีที่เลขยกกําลังที่นํามาคูณกันมีฐานตางกัน เราไมสามารถเขียนผลคูณโดยใชเลขชี้กําลังบวกกันได
ดังตัวอยางตอไปนี้
24 32 = (2 2 2 2) (3 3) ( 2)3 52 = ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) (5 5)
= 16 9 = (–8) 25
= 144 = –200
(7) a2 a7
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) ( 2)5( 8)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) 27 34
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4) ( 2)5 4
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6) ( 4)11 44
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(7) 56 ( 5)7
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) 16 25 23
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4) 5 25 ( 5)4
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(5) 72 ( 7)4 73
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(8) ( 4) 46 ( 4)6
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(11) (2a 2 ) a 3
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(12) (a 3 b2 ) a 4
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(13) 2x2 3x 4
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(14) ( 3a 5 )(2a 3 )
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(15) (5x 3 )( 2x 4 )
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(22) (2xy)3 (x 3 y5 )
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2.2 การหารเลขยกกําลังเมื่อเลขชี้กําลังเปนจํานวนเต็มบวก
ใหนักเรียนพิจารณาการหารกันของเลขยกกําลัง ดังตอไปนี้
24 2 2 2 2
=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
= 2 2
2 2
= 22 หรือ 24 2
37
= ..................................................................................................
33
= ..................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................
( 5)6
= ..........................................................................................
2
( 5)
= ..........................................................................................
= ..........................................................................................
(2.5)7
= ..........................................................................................
(2.5)4
= ..........................................................................................
= ..........................................................................................
จากตัวอยางขางตน
am an
เมื่อ a เปนจํานวนใดที่ไมใชศูนย และ m, n เปนจํานวนเต็มบวก ซึ่ง m > n
จะเปนไปตามสมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลัง ดังนี้
จากสมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลังใหนักเรียนพิจารณา 34 34
34 3 3 3 3
ถาใชนิยามของเลขยกกําลังจะได 3 3 3 3
34 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
=1
ถาใชสมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลัง am an am n
จะได 34 34 34 4
30
จากสมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลังใหนักเรียนพิจารณา 32 34
32 3 3
ถาใชนิยามของเลขยกกําลังจะได
34 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 3 3 3 3
=
32
ถาใชสมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลัง am an am n
จะได 32 34 32 4
2
3
2 1
แสดงวา 3 และ ตางก็เปนผลลัพธของ 32 34 ทั้งคู
2
3
2 1
ดังนั้น 3
32
ซึ่งเปนไปตามบทนิยาม ดังนี้
สมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลัง
เมื่อ a เปนจํานวนใดๆ ที่ไมใชศูนย และ m, n เปนจํานวนเต็มบวก
am an am n
3. ถา a แทนจํานวนใดๆ ที่ไมใชศูนย
a0 1
(4) 54 57
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) 27 2 2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) ( 3)5 ( 3) 5
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 5
(4) 2 2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
4 10
(5) 3 3
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1 4
(6) (0.1) (0.1)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
7 4
(7) 5 5
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
10 3
(8) ( 4) ( 4)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
3
(9) 2 26
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(10) ( 5) 1 ( 5)11
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
เพราะวา 4 22
43 22 22 22 22 2 2
26
ดังนั้น 43 25 26 25 26 5
21 2
(1) 82 24
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) 93 36
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) 253 54
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4) ( 2)6 43
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
512 ( 2)8
(3) (4)
52 56 ( 2)2 ( 2)4
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
1
(5) (1.2)12 (1.2) 2 (1.2) (6) ( 3)10 ( 3) 5
( 3)2
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
22 22 32 32 32
(9) (10)
25 33
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
(a 3 b 2
)(a 1
b 3
) x5
(3) (4)
a 2
b 5
(y5 x)(x 3
y 4
)
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
6. ใหนักเรียนหาผลลัพธ ในแตละขอตอไปนี้
ตัวอยาง 24 23 21 3
23 (21 23 ) 23 (21 1) 23 3 23
(1) 35 34
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) 410 49
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1) 253
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) 164
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) 95
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4) 325
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
จากกิจกรรมขางตนใหนักเรียนชวยกันสรุปเกี่ยวกับผลลัพธของเลขยยกกําลัง (a m )n
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1) (3a)3
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) (5 a)4
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) (ab)6
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
4
a
(4)
2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
6
a
(5)
b
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
n
จากกิจกรรมขางตนใหนักเรียนชวยกันสรุปเกี่ยวกับผลลัพธของเลขยยกกําลัง (ab) , a n
b
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2 a 3b)4 a 3 b5
(5) (6)
a 4 b2 (a2b)4
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
4. ถา 7x 1 แลว x คือจํานวนใด
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
5. ถา n แทนจํานวนใด มีจํานวนใดบางที่ทําใหแตละขอตอไปนี้เปนจริง
(1) n2 n
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) n2 n
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
4. อากาศที่ระดับน้ําทะเลจะมีความหนาแนนมากทีส่ ุดมีโมเลกุลของอากาศอัดแนนกันอยูประมาณ
27 1018 โมเลกุลตอปริมาตรอากาศ 1 ลูกบาศกเซนติเมตร อากาศที่อยูเหนือระดับน้ําทะเลขึ้นไปจะมี
ความหนาแนนนอยลวตามระดับความสูง ที่ระดับความสูงประมาณ 240 กิโลเมตรเหนือระดับน้ําทะเลมี
โมเลกุลของอากาศเหลือประมาณ 3 106 โมเลกุลตอปริมาตรของอากาศ 1 ลูกบาศกเซนติเมตร
จงหาวาความหนาแนนของอากาศทีร่ ะดับน้ําทะเลเปนกี่เทาของความหนาแนนของอากาศทีร่ ะดับความสูง
ประมาณ 240 กิโลเมตร
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
3
3. 0.0003 =
10, 000
3
=
104
4
= 3 10
3.14
4. 0.00314 =
1000
3.14
=
103
3
= 3.14 10
6 6
(4) (3.5 10 ) (9 10 )
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
5 5
(5) 2.5 10 (2.499 10 )
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
4. ผลจาการจัดเก็บรายไดของรัฐบาลในป พ.ศ. 2551 เปนเงิน 1.834 1012 บาท และในป พ.ศ. 2550
เปนเงิน 1.704 1012 อยากทราบวารัฐบาลจัดเก็บรายไดในป พ.ศ. 2551 เพิ่มขึ้นจากการจัดเก็บรายได
ในป พ.ศ. 2550 รอยละเทาไร
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
4
7. เสนลวดในสายไฟฟาชนิดหนึ่งมีหนาตัดเปนรูปวงกลม มีรัศมียาว 3.5 10 เมตร
ถาสายไฟฟายาว 5.8 103 เมตร จงหาปริมาตรของลวดเสนนี้
(กําหนดให 3.14 และปริมาตรทรงกระบอก = พื้นที่ฐาน ความสูง)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
4
8. แบคทีเรียตัวหนึ่งยาวประมาณ 3 10 เซนติเมตร
7
ไวรัสมีความยาวเฉลี่ยประมาณ 9.15 10 เซนติเมตร
จงหาวาไวรัสยาวเปนกีเ่ ทาของแบทีเรีย
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................