Lab report 5

Experiment No.5

1. Title:

To determine the Modulus of Elasticity of steel and brass specimen

2. Objective:
 To draw the stress-strain curve of the material
 To determine the UTS and Rupture point of the given material

3. Apparatus:
 Tensometer
 Reduction area guage
 Vernier caliper
 Graph paper
 Elongation guage

4. Apparatus Diagram:

Figure 1 Tensometer apparatus

5. Theory:

Stress:

[1] “The force exerted on the unit area of a substance is known as stress.”

A body deforms due to stress. Stress units can be used to quantify how much force a substance
has experienced. It is the value of load that is applied on a body. The material deforms elastically
when the deforming force is applied. There will be an opposing force generated inside the
material in order to restore the original shape of the material. This restoring force will have the
same magnitude as the applied deforming force but it will be in the opposite direction. Stress is
the measurement of that restorative force per unit area of the material.

Formula:

σ=F/A

It is a scalar quantity. It is denoted by “σ”.

Units of stress are pascal and N/m2

Strain:

“Strain is the measure of the deformation of the body when stress is applied to it”

Formula:

ε= ΔL / Lo

Engineering stress:

[3] It is the applied load divided by the original cross-sectional area of a material. It is also
known as nominal stress.

Engineering strain:

It is the amount that a material deforms per unit length in a tensile test. It is also known as
nominal strain.
True Stress (σt):

True stress is the stress determined by the instantaneous load acting on the instantaneous cross-
sectional area.

True strain:

It equals the natural log of the quotient of current length over the original length.

Young’s modulus of elasticity:

[2] The mechanical property of a material to withstand the compression or the elongation with
respect to its length. It is also called the stress-strain relationship.

It is denoted as E or Y

Formula:

Fracture behavior:

Fracture behavior is considered under two main material behavior which are called Ductile and
Brittle materials.

Ductile material:

Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn or plastically deformed without fracture.

Brittle material:

This is a property of a material that breaks when stress is applied, but it has a small tendency to
bend before breaking.
 Figure 2 stress-strain relationship under uniaxial loading [3]

Comparison between Steel and Brass:

Brass is a tensile metal, and has a great ability to bend. It is used to make bearings, valves and
moving parts, because it does not break easily. Steel, on the other hand is difficult to cast, and
quite difficult to work with in small machines. Brass ability with machines is much higher than
steel, as steel has only 40% to 50% efficiency with machines.

6. Procedure:
1. By using elongation gauge, the specimen is placed in it and set to zero.
2. By using reduction area gauge, the area of the specimen is measured.
3. The specimen is adjusted in the jaws and now load is applied on it.
4. Now we will move the scroll wheel according to the movement of mercury.
5. According to the movement of mercury, we will pinch the needle on the graph paper.
6. The load is applied until the specimen break.
7. Now again using elongation gauge, measure the length of the specimen.
8. By using the reduction area gauge, measure the deformed area of the specimen.

7. Observations and calculations:

Properties Steel brass

Effective length 1.6cm 1.5cm
Internal diameter 0.6cm 0.5cm
Load/UTS 690kg 290kg
Rupture point 660kg 250kg
Percentage Elongation 14% 6%
Area reduction 25% 5%
8. Graph:

Figure 3 Stress-strain curve for brittle material

Figure 4 Stress-strain curve for steel material

9. Result and comments:

 Zero error of the system
 Human error
 Movement of the scroll wheel
 Error in pinching the graph paper.
10. Conclusion:
By performing this experiment it is concluded that the steel is not a ductile material but it can
bear a large amount of load and breaks at a certain point. On the other hand brass is a ductile
material but it can’t bear a large amount of load. As shown in the graph, steel can bear a large
amount of stress but brass can’t bear a large amount of stress but its area of reduction is less it
means that it is more ductile.

11. References:
[1] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/stress-definition-types-formula-examples/

[2] https://byjus.com/physics/bulk-modulus-of-elasticity-definition-formula/

[3] https://yasincapar.com/engineering-stress-strain-vs-true-stress-strain/