Experiment No 07

Title:

To find mechanical properties of material using tensometer.

Objective:

 To know about elongation in specimen.

 To know about stress elongation in the material.
 To learn industrial application of this experiment

Apparatus:

 Tensometer
 Specimen
 Graph paper
 Area calculator apparatus

Figure: tensometer apparatus

Theory:

Introduction

In this experiment, we know about the mechanical properties of material. How elongation occur
in materials. What changes occur when the material put in tensometer. The behavior of material
to be noted.
Mechanical testing

[1]Mechanical test is used to perform the deformation or breakage of materials. The materials
that are used for mechanical testing is special kind of materials that are used for mechanical
testing. Stress and strain of this material is known. If we know the initial values than we
calculate, the values that obtained after performing test.

Tension testing

[2]Tension testing is basically used for calculate the static properties of material. It is direct
tensile load, which depicts all properties of material. In this test, if the more load applied than its
tensile limit than there will be a chance of breakage of material.

Hardness testing

[3]In this test, we will find the hardness of material. Checking the properties of materials. Check
the material rather it is ductile or brittle. Stress and strain curve will be drawn for the ductile and
brittle material to describe its properties.

Stress-strain diagram for ductile material

Figure : Stress-strain diagram for ductile material

Tensometer

[4]Tensometer is used to find out the elongation and percentage elongation in the material.

Application of tensile testing

Tensile testing used in different manufacturing industries. Few of them given below

 Rubber industry
  Metal industry

 Rubber industry
The elasticity of rubber can be found in this industry. When the material is stretched from
both ends and direction is opposite, so that tension is produced in this material. From this, we
measure the force that rubber can bear without deformation.
 Metal industry
Metal has high hardness and elasticity than rubber. If we have to find the elastic in metal than
some considerable amount of tension is applied to that material. Tensile test finds the
elasticity in the material.

Procedure:

 Set the tensometer apparatus at initial position.

 Put the specimen in the area measuring device and set it at zero reading as reference.
 Now the specimen is put into tensometer and experiment was performed.
 The force is applied by the rotation of wheel at the start of the tensometer and the
graph is plotted which is attached at the drum portion of tensometer.
 When the specimen is cut into two pieces, tensometer should be stopped and the
specimen is ejected from the jaws.
 Then the percentage reduction in area and percentage elongation is noted from the
area measuring device.

Observations and calculation:

Properties Steel brass

Effective length 1.6cm 1.5cm

Internal diameter 0.6cm 0.5cm

Load/UTS 690kg 290kg

Rupture point 660kg 250kg

Percentage Elongation 14% 6%

Area reduction 25% 5%

 Figure : Stress-strain curve for brittle material

Figure : Stress-strain curve for steel material

Results:

The UTS point of steel specimen is 690kg. after which the material raptured where area
reduction is 25% and strain (∑y) is 14%

The UTS point of brass specimen is 290kg. after which the material raptured where area
reduction is 5% and strain (∑y) is 6%
Precautions:

 Use the apparatus carefully.

 If any jerks exist in the apparatus than experimental values are not accurate so avoid the
jerks during use of apparatus.

References:

[1] https://www.element.com/nucleus/2016/what-is-mechanical-testing

[2] https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-tensile-testing

[3] https://www.struers.com/en/Knowledge/Hardness-testing

[4] https://ardmel.com/how-a-tensometer-works/