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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
Misamis Street, Bago-Bantay, Quezon City

UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

(USLeM)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Module 2

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Grades 11 LEARNING AREA

DEVELOPMENT & EDITORIAL TEAM:

Writers: Amie Candelaria

Illustrators:
Layout Artists:
Content Editors:
Language Editors:
Management Team:
Regional Director: Malcolm S. Garma
SDS: Margarito B. Materum
CLMD Chief: Genia V. Santos
CID Chief: Ellery G. Quintia
Regional EPS (Math): Bernadeth C. Daran
Regional LR Supervisor: Dennis M. Mendoza
SDO EPS (Math): Mirasol I. Rongavilla
SDO LR: Daisy L. Mataac
Regional Librarian:
Librarian II:

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LESSON 1: Mean of Discrete Random Variables

EXPECTATIONS:
After exploring this supplementary learning material, you should be able to:
• illustrate the mean of a discrete random variable;
• calculate the mean of a discrete random variable;
• interpret the mean of a discrete random variable; and
• solve problems on expected values.

PRETEST
Directions: Determine the correct answer for each item. Write only the letter of your
choice.
1. The manager of AB company always check the box delivered to them before signing
to the acceptance form. Let 𝑋 be the number of defective items found in every box.
The table below shows a probability distribution of 𝑋.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 0.65 0.15 0.10 0.09 0.01
Find the mean of X.
A. 0.56 B. 0.66 C. 0.37 D. 0.72

2. Let 𝑋 be the number of boys in a family with four children. The probability distribution
is presented below.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 1 4 6 4 1
16 16 16 16 16
What is the expected value of 𝑋?
11 12
A. 4 B. 5 1 D. 2
C.
3. Find the missing probability and calculate the mean.
X 10 20 30 40 50
P (x) 0.20 0.16 0.35 0.13 ?
A. 0.17; 𝜇= 28.9 B. 0.16; 𝜇 = 29.8 C. 0.16; 𝜇 = 28.9 D. 0.17; 𝜇 = 29.8

4. Teacher Aron illustrate his topic in Statistics through experimental method. He rolled
five pieces of paper and numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 then placed in a box. Suppose
one of his students were asked to pick one, record the number written in a paper,
then return the paper in the box and will pick another piece again. If this task is done
repeatedly, what is the mean of the numbers on the pieces of paper?
A. 2.5 B. 3 C. 3.5 D. 1.5

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5. Mike and John are playing with a die. Mike is rolling it while John is guessing the
number of dots or pips that appear once the die stops rolling. They agreed that John
has to pay Mike Php 30 if he guesses the correct number of dots, whereas Mike has
to pay John Php 500 if he guesses such correctly. What is the expected value of the
game?
A. Php160 B. Php 146.78 C. Php 120 D. Php 53.33

LOOKING BACK
The importance of probability distribution is to help us to calculates various
probabilities connected with the different values expected in the random variables, and
the summary measures of a random variables, and this summary includes the mean.
This section explains how the mean of probability distributions is computed and
interpreted.

Activity 1
Directions: Give all the possible values of each random variables.
1. A: Number of odd number outcomes in a roll of a die.
2. B: Scores of a Grade 11 student in a 5 - item quiz.
3. C: Height (in cm) of a child that does not exceed 98 cm.
4. Find your final grade in Statistics class at the end of the quarter if you obtained the
following data:
Weight Raw Score Weight*RS Weighted Score
Written Exam 30% 85 (0.30)85
Performance Task 45% 90 (.045)90
Quarter Exam 25% 88 (0.25)88
Final Grade:

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Mean is one of the most important probabilistic concepts in statistics. The mean
of the discrete random variable X, denoted by 𝑋̅ and 𝜇, it is the weighted average of all
possible values of X. It does not have to be a value of discrete random variable cab
assume.
𝐸(X) = 𝜇 = Σ𝑥𝑃(𝑥)
• E(X) = is the mean of the outcomes x
• 𝜇 is the mean
• Σ𝑥𝑃(𝑥) is the sum of each random variable value x multiplied by its own
probability P(x)
Example 1
Let X be the number of cakes sold in a certain store during valentine’s day, along
with its corresponding probabilities is given in the table below. Solve the mean of X.

X 10 15 20 25 30 35
P(X) 0.05 0.10 0.24 0.35 0.14 0.12

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Solution:
Step 1: Identify all Step 2: Determine the Step 3: Multiply each
possible outcomes. probability of each outcome value with its
possible outcome. respective probability.
Number of Cakes Probability 𝐏(𝐗) 𝐗 ∙ 𝐏(𝐗)
Sold (𝐗)
10 0.05 0.5
15 0.10 1.5
20 0.24 4.8
25 0.35 8.75
30 0.14 4.20
35 0.12 4.20
Step 4: Find the sum of the products.
∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = 23.95
Step 5: Interpret the result.
The value obtained is called the mean of the random variable X or the mean of the
probability distribution of X. The mean tells us that the average number cakes sold by a
certain store during valentine’s day is 23.95. Since we are referring to a number of
cakes, thus, the mean is approximately 24 cakes.
Note: The mean of random variable X is also referred to as the expected value, denoted
by 𝜇𝑋 = 𝐸[𝑋].

Example 2
Calculate the mean of a discrete random variable. Below is the probability for the
artist visits nearby beauty clinic in a one-month period.
𝑿 0 1 3 5 7
3 3 2 1 1
𝑷(𝑿)
10 10 10 10 10
Solution:
Following the steps above, the answers are as follows:
𝑿 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
3
0 0
10
3 3
1
10 10
2 6
3
10 10
1 5
5
10 10
1 7
7
10 10
21
∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = = 2.10
10

Therefore, the mean of the distribution is 2.10.

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Example 3
Let X be the number of children in a certain family and their corresponding
probabilities. Compute for the expected value.
Number of children 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Probability 24.5% 32.8% 10.2% 7.5% 8.75% 7.25% 9%
Solution:
We can find the mean of the given probability distribution by multiplying X to its
corresponding P(X) in decimal or fraction and adding the products. We therefore have:
𝑿 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑷(𝑿) 0.2450 0.3280 0.1020 0.0750 0.0875 0.0725 0.0900 𝐸[𝑋] = ∑ 𝑋 ·
𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 0.2450 0.6560 0.3060 0.3000 0.4375 0.4350 0.6300 𝑃(𝑋) = 3.0095
Interpretation:
The computed mean is 3.0095, we only consider an approximated value of 3 since
we refer to a person. Hence, the average size is 3 for each family.

Example 4
The doctor is interested in the number of times a patient’s coughing wakes them
after taking a medicine. For a random sample of 40 patients, the following information
was obtained.
Solution:
Let X = the number of times a patient’s coughing wakes them after taking a
medicine.
X P(X) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
1 9 9
40 40
2 3 3
40 20
3 15 9
40 8
4 7 7
40 10
5 6 3
40 4
59
∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = = 2.95
20
Therefore, the mean of the distribution is 2. 95.

Example 5
In a game of tossing two coins, you will receive Php50 it two tails appear;
otherwise, you pay Php15. Is this game fair? Why?
Solution:
Let 𝑋 be the random variable for the gain in this game. The probability
distribution is shown below.
X 50 -15
1 3
P(X=x)
4 4

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The table shows that a gain of Php50 (denoted by 50) is a winning amount when
exactly two tails appear in tossing two coins, while a loss of Php15 (denoted by -15)
when getting at most 1 tail. The expected value is:
2
𝐸[𝑋] = ∑ 𝑋𝑖 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋𝑖) = 𝑋1 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋1) + 𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋2)
𝑖=1
1 3
= 50 ( ) + (−15)( )
4 4
= 1.25
Thus, this game is not fair because the expected value of the gain is 1.25 and not
zero. (Note that the game is fair if the expected value of the gain or loss equal to zero). It
means that if you play this game several times, the average gain is Php1.25

Activity 2
1. Let 𝑋 be the number of typographical errors found per page in certain books. The
table below shows a probability distribution of 𝑋.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 0.65 0.15 0.10 0.09 0.01
Find the mean of X.

2. Calculate the mean of the number of friends who are an anime fans (X) with the
1 1 1
probability distribution given the values 3, 5, 7, 9 and 𝑃(3) = , 𝑃(5) = , 𝑃(7) = ,
8 2 8
and 𝑃(9) = 1 . Solve for 𝜇 .
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CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

A. Assume that X is the discrete random variable with the probability shown on table
below. The 𝜇 .
1.
𝐗 𝐏(𝐗) 𝐗 ∙ 𝐏(𝐗)
1 0.20
2 0.25
3 0.15
4 0.10
5 0.30

B. Solve the following problems.

1. Below is probability distribution of the number of condominiums sold per month. X

is the number of units sold. Calculate the 𝜇.

X 2 3 4 5

2 3 1 1
P(x) 7 7 7 7

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2. Find the missing probability and calculate the mean.

X 5 10 15 20 25
P (x) 3 1 ? 3 2
10 10 10 10

3. Student A has a synchronous 4-days a week. He attends classes 4 days a week 85%
of the time, 3 days 7% of the time, 2 days 5% of the time and 1 day 3% of the time,
and a week is randomly chosen. Let X = the number of days Student A attends his
asynchronous class per week. Solve the mean.

REMEMBER
The mean of the discrete random variable X, denoted by 𝑋̅ and 𝜇, it is the
weighted average of expected outcome. It does not have to be a value of discrete random
variable cab assume. The formula used to compute for the mean of the discrete random
variable is:
𝐸(X) = 𝜇 = Σ𝑥𝑃(𝑥)
• E(X) = is the mean of the outcomes x
• 𝜇 is the mean
• Σ𝑥𝑃(𝑥) is the sum of each random variable value x multiplied by its own
probability P(x)
In computing the mean of the discrete random variable, we should follow the
steps such as: (1) identifying all possible outcomes; (2) determining the probability for
each possible outcome; (3) computing the product of the random variable and its
corresponding probabilities; (4) getting the sum of all the products; and (5) interpreting
the results.

POST TEST
Directions: Determine the correct answer for each item. Write only the letter of your
choice.

1. Let 𝑋 be the number of workouts that Ely will do in a given week. The table below
shows a probability distribution of 𝑋.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 0.55 0.25 0.08 0.10 0.02
What is the expected value of X?
A. 0.59 B. 0.63 C. 0.79 D. 0.81

2. One of the Marketing Assistants of Toyota using probability to estimates his sale. The
estimations of his car sales shown below. Find the mean.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑃(𝑋) 0.15 0.25 0.05 0.20 0.10 0.25
A. 2.4 B. 2.6 C. 2.75 D. 1.9

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3. Calculate the mean of the random variable X with the probability distribution given
1 1 1 1
the values 1, 3, 5, 7, and 𝑃(1) = , 𝑃(3) = , 𝑃(5) = , and 𝑃(7) = .
4 8 2 8
A. 3.0 B. 3.5 C. 3.75 D. 4.0

4. Barangay Pinagsama organized a fund-raising program for the benefit of families who
have been affected by the pandemic. Five hundred raffle tickets are sold at Php100
each. The prizes are as follows: Php15, 000, Php10, 000, and Php5, 000. What is the
expected net gain if a person buys one ticket?
A. Php 30.45 B. Php 35.62 C. Php 40.40 D. Php 54.70

5. The probability that a shopper will buy 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 items in a department store
3 2 1 3
are 1 , , , , , respectively. What is the mean of items that a shopper will buy?
10 10 10 10 10
A. 16.5 B. 16 C. 16.25 D. 16.7

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References

Bluman, AG. (2012). “Elementary Statistics: A Step-by-Step Approach’’, 8th ed.

New York: McGraw Hill
McCune, A. (2010) “Statistics: Practice Makes Perfect. United States’’, The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Mercado del Rosario, A.C. (2010) “Basic Statistics with Probability’’, 3rd ed.
Philippines: Del Ros Publishing House.
Belecina, R.R, Baccay, E.S, Matoe, E.B. (2016) “Statistics and Probability’’, 1st
ed. Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Phoenix Publishing House (2016) “Soaring 21st Century Mathematics: Statistics
and Probability’’, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House.

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