HELLO EVERYONE!
75m high is immersed Situation 5:
Kindly answer the following situations. We’ll discuss the
solution by 7:30 pm
Situation 1 7:20pm
A block of wood 0.6m x 0.6m x h meters was thrown into oil and
floats with 0.15m projecting above the liquid surface. That same
block was thrown into a container of water, and it floats with
0.18m projecting above the surface.
1. Determine the value of h.
2. Determine the specific gravity of the block.
3. Determine the weight of the block.
Situation 2
A 2m-diameter solid steel ball (SG=7.8) is submerged between
the interface of two liquids. Determine the following:
1. Buoyant force due to the top liquid.
2. Buoyant force due to the bottom liquid.
3. Tension in the rope.
4. Specific gravity of the ball for it to stay in the same
position if the rope was removed.
Situation 3
A rectangular gate with width of 2m and 1.
at an angle of 45 degrees with the vertical. The base is 3m below
the water surface.
Water flows at the rate of 1 m3/s in a 1000m long pipe with a
1. Evaluate the magnitude (in kN) of the total force acting
total headloss of 5m. Pipe diameter is 800mm. Solve the friction
on one side of the gate.
factor / coefficient of roughness using:
2. Obtain the distance of the line of action of the total force
1. Darcy Weisbach Formula
from the base of the gate (in meters).
2. Manning’s Formula
3. If the gate is hinge at the base, what minimum force (in
3. Hazen-William’s Formula
kN) normal to the gate is required at the top to open it?
Assume that the weight of the gate is negligible.
Situation 6:
A 5kN cylindrical gate is connected to a vertical wall by a hinge
at A.
1. What is the specific gravity of the unknown fluid to hold
the gate in place?
2. Determine the total force applied by the right fluid on
the gate in terms of r (in kN).
Assume unit width.
Situation 4
A vertical tank having a horizontal cross-section of 1m x 0.5m
has a 0.0003 m2 orifice at its bottom. The initial head on the
orifice is 1.2m. It takes 500 seconds for the water to drop to
0.5m.
1. What is the coefficient of discharge?
2. If C = 0.7, how long will it take for the water to drop
from 1.2m to 0.75m.
3. If C = 0.7, what is the head on the orifice after 300s?
REFRESHER
COURSE

HYDRAULICS
Jayvee R. Marjes
17 September 2022
Situation 1
Situation 1

• A block of wood 0.6m x 0.6m x h meters was thrown into oil and
floats with 0.15m projecting above the liquid surface. That same
block was thrown into a container of water, and it floats with 0.18m
projecting above the surface.
• Determine the value of h.
• Determine the specific gravity of the block.
• Determine the weight of the block.
Situation 1 - Solution

• A block of wood 0.6m x 0.6m x h meters was thrown into oil and floats with
0.15m projecting above the liquid surface. That same block was thrown into
a container of water, and it floats with 0.18m projecting above the surface.
Situation 1 - Solution

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑾𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 = 𝑾𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅

𝛾𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 ∗ 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑆𝐺𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 ∗ 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝑆𝐺𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 ∗ 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

For a rectangular object:

𝑆𝐺𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑊 ∗ 𝐻𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝑆𝐺𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑊 ∗ 𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑

𝑺𝑮𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 ∗ 𝑯𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 = 𝑺𝑮𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 ∗ 𝑯𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒅

Situation 1 - Solution

In Oil:
𝑆𝐺𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 ∗ ℎ = 0.8 ∗ (ℎ − 0.15) (Eq. 1)
In water:
𝑆𝐺𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 ∗ ℎ = 1 ∗ ℎ − 0.18 (Eq. 2)

Part 1: Determine the value of h.

[𝑆𝐺𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 ∗ ℎ = 𝑆𝐺𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 ∗ ℎ] (Equating Eq. 1 and Eq. 2)
0.8 ∗ ℎ − 0.15 = ℎ − 0.18
𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝒎
Situation 1 - Solution

In Oil: Part 2: Determine the specific

𝑆𝐺𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 ∗ ℎ = 0.8 ∗ (ℎ − 0.15) (Eq. 1) gravity of the block.

In water: Using Equation 2 (We can use

either Eq. 1 or Eq. 2)
𝑆𝐺𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 ∗ ℎ = ℎ − 0.18 (Eq. 2)
ℎ−0.18
𝑆𝐺𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 =
ℎ
0.3−0.18
𝑆𝐺𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 =
0.3
𝑺𝑮𝒘𝒐𝒐𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟒
Situation 1 - Solution

Part 3: Determine the weight of the block.

𝑊𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 = 𝛾𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 ∗ 𝑉𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑
𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 = (0.4 ∗ 9.81 )(0.6𝑚 ∗ 0.6𝑚 ∗ 0.3𝑚)
𝑚3
𝑾𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵
Situation 2
Situation 2

• A 2m-diameter solid steel ball

(SG=7.8) is submerged between the
interface of two liquids. Determine the
following:
• Buoyant force due to the top liquid.
• Buoyant force due to the bottom liquid.
• Tension in the rope.
• Specific gravity of the ball for it to stay in
the same position if the rope was removed.
Situation 2 - Solution

• Buoyant force due to the top liquid.

𝐵𝐹1 = 𝛾1 ∗ 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑
2
𝐵𝐹1 = (1.3 ∗ 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )( ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟 3 )
3

𝑘𝑁 2
𝐵𝐹1 = (1.3 ∗ 9.81 3 )( ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1 3)
𝑚 3

𝑩𝑭𝟏 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝟏 𝒌𝑵
Situation 2 - Solution

• Buoyant force due to the bottom liquid.

𝐵𝐹2 = 𝛾2 ∗ 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑
2
𝐵𝐹2 = (2.1 ∗ 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )( ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟 3 )
3

𝑘𝑁 2
𝐵𝐹2 = (2.1 ∗ 9.81 3 )( ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1 3)
𝑚 3

𝑩𝑭𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝒌𝑵

 Situation 2 - Solution

• Tension in the Rope

• Weight of the Ball
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0:
𝑊𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝛾𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑇 + 𝐵𝐹1 + 𝐵𝐹2 − 𝑊𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0 4 𝑇
𝑊𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑆𝐺𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝜋𝑟 3 𝐵𝐹1
𝑻 = 𝑾𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍 − 𝑩𝑭𝟏 − 𝑩𝑭𝟐 3
𝑘𝑁 4 3
𝑊𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (7.8) ∗ (9.81 ) ∗ 𝜋 1
𝑚3 3
𝑊𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 320.518 𝑘𝑁
𝑇 = 320.518𝑘𝑁 − 26.71𝑘𝑁 − 43.15𝑘𝑁
𝑻 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝒌𝑵 𝐵𝐹2
𝑊𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙
 Situation 2 - Solution

• Specific Gravity of the ball if the rope was removed and

the ball will stay in place
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0:
𝐵𝐹1 + 𝐵𝐹2 − 𝑊𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0 𝐵𝐹1
𝑊𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐵𝐹1 + 𝐵𝐹2
4
𝑆𝐺𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝜋𝑟 3 = 26.71𝑘𝑁 + 43.15𝑘𝑁
3
𝑘𝑁 4 3
𝑆𝐺𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 9.81 3 ∗ ∗ 𝜋 1 = 69.86𝑘𝑁
𝑚 3
𝑺𝑮𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟕 𝐵𝐹2
𝑊𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙
Situation 3
 Situation 3

• A rectangular gate with width of 2m and 1.75m

high is immersed at an angle of 45 degrees
with the vertical. The base is 3m below the
water surface.
• Evaluate the magnitude (in kN) of the total force
acting on one side of the gate.
• Obtain the distance of the line of action of the
total force from the base of the gate (in meters).
• If the gate is hinge at the base, what minimum
force (in kN) normal to the gate is required at the
top to open it? Assume that the weight of the
gate is negligible.
 Situation 3 - Solution

• Evaluate the magnitude (in kN) of the total

force acting on one side of the gate.
Determine area of the gate:
𝐴 = 𝑙 ∗ 𝑤 = 1.75𝑚 ∗ 2𝑚 = 3.5𝑚2 Total Force:
ത
𝐹 = 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝐴
Determine location of the centroid from
water surface: 𝑘𝑁
𝐹= 9.81 3 2.38𝑚 3.5𝑚2
𝐿 𝑚
ℎത = 𝐻 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 𝑭 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟑𝒌𝑵
ത 1.75
ℎ = 3𝑚 − sin 45 = 2.38𝑚
2
 Situation 3 - Solution

• Obtain the distance of the line of action of

the total force from the base of the gate
(in meters).
Computing for the eccentricity ഥ
ℎ 2.38𝑚
𝐼
𝑦ത = = = 3.3658𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin 45
𝑒= ത
𝑦𝐴
0.893229𝑚4
𝑏ℎ3 𝑒=
3.3658𝑚 3.5𝑚2
𝐼=
12
3
𝑒 = 0.0758𝑚
2 1.75
𝐼= = 0.893229𝑚4 1.75𝑚
12 𝑑= − 𝑒 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝒎
2
 Situation 3 - Solution

• If the gate is hinge at the base, what

minimum force (in kN) normal to the gate
is required at the top to open it? Assume
that the weight of the gate is negligible.

• ∑ 𝑀ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0
• ∑𝑀ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑅 ∗ 1.75𝑚 − 𝐹 ∗ 𝑑 = 0
• ∑𝑀ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑅 ∗ 1.75𝑚 − 81.7173𝑘𝑁 ∗
0.80𝑚 = 0
• 𝑹 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟑𝟔𝒌𝑵
Situation 4
 Situation 4

• A vertical tank having a horizontal

cross-section of 1m x 0.5m has a
0.0003 m2 orifice at its bottom. The
initial head on the orifice is 1.2m. It
takes 500 seconds for the water to
drop to 0.5m.
• What is the coefficient of discharge?
• If C = 0.7, how long will it take for the
water to drop from 1.2m to 0.75m.
• If C = 0.7, what is the head on the orifice
after 300s?
 Situation 4 - Solution

• Coefficient of discharge
2𝐴𝑠
𝑡= 𝐻1 − 𝐻2
𝐶𝐴0 2𝑔

2∗ 1𝑚 𝑥 0.5𝑚 • If C = 0.7, how long will it take for the

500𝑠 = ( 1.2𝑚 − 0.5𝑚)
𝐶∗0.0003𝑚2 ∗ 2∗9.81 water to drop from 1.2m to 0.75m.
𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟒
𝐶 = 0.7 ; 𝐻1 = 1.2𝑚 ; 𝐻2 = 0.75𝑚

2 1𝑚 𝑥 0.5𝑚
𝑡= ( 1.2𝑚 − 0.75𝑚)
0.7∗0.0003𝑚2 ∗ 2∗9.81

𝒕 = 𝟐𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝒔
 Situation 4 - Solution

• If C = 0.7, what is the head on the orifice after 300s?

𝐶 = 0.7 ; 𝑡 = 300𝑠

2 1𝑚 𝑥 0.5𝑚
300𝑠 = ( 1.2𝑚 − 𝐻2 )
0.7∗0.0003𝑚2 ∗ 2∗9.81

𝑯𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝒎
Situation 5
Situation 5

• Water flows at the rate of 1 m3/s in a 1000m long pipe with a total
headloss of 5m. Pipe diameter is 800mm. Solve the friction factor /
coefficient of roughness using:
• Darcy Weisbach Formula
• Manning’s Formula
• Hazen-William’s Formula
Situation 5 - Solution

• Darcy Weisbach Formula

𝐿 𝑣2 8𝑓𝐿𝑄2 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
Given: ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 ∗ ∗ = =
𝐷 2𝑔 𝑔𝐷5 𝜋2 𝐷5
𝑚3
𝑄= 1 2
𝑠 𝑚3
0.0826𝑓 1000𝑚 1 𝑠
𝐿 = 1000𝑚 5𝑚 =
0.8 5
ℎ𝐿 = 5𝑚
𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟖
𝐷 = 800𝑚𝑚
Situation 5 - Solution

• Manning’s Formula
10.29∗𝑛2 𝐿𝑄2
Given: ℎ𝐿 = 16
𝐷3
𝑚3
𝑄= 1
𝑠 2
𝑚3
10.29𝑛2 1000𝑚 1 𝑠
𝐿 = 1000𝑚 5𝑚 = 16
0.8 3
ℎ𝐿 = 5𝑚
𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐
𝐷 = 800𝑚𝑚
Situation 5 - Solution

• Hazen-Williams Formula 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85

ℎ𝐿 =
𝐶 1.85 𝐷 4.87
Given:
1.85
𝑚3
𝑚3 10.67 1000𝑚 1
𝑄=1 5𝑚 =
𝑠
𝑠 𝐶 1.85 0.8 4.87

𝐿 = 1000𝑚 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟐
ℎ𝐿 = 5𝑚
𝐷 = 800𝑚𝑚
Situation 6
Situation 6

• A 5kN cylindrical gate is

connected to a vertical wall by
a hinge at A.
• What is the specific
gravity of the unknown
fluid to hold the gate in
place?
• Determine the total force
applied by the right fluid
on the gate in terms of r
(in kN).
 𝐵𝐹𝑤
𝑊
Situation 6 - Solution 𝐵𝐹𝑓

• Specific Gravity of the Unknown Fluid 𝐹𝑤

𝐹𝑓

To remain in place:
𝐴𝑥
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 Summation of forces equal to zero:
𝐴𝑦
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑥 = 0;

∑𝑀 = 0 𝐹𝑤 + 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐹𝑓 = 0 (Eq. 1)

∑𝐹𝑦 = 0;
𝐵𝐹𝑤 + 𝐵𝐹𝑓 − 𝑊 + 𝐴𝑦 = 0 (Eq. 2)
 Situation 6 - Solution
Definition of forces:
Horizontal Hydrostatic Force of Water
ത
𝐹𝑤 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝐴
𝑘𝑁 𝐵𝐹𝑤
𝐹𝑤 = 9.81 3 ∗ 𝑟 ∗ (2𝑟 ∗ 1𝑚)
𝑚 𝑊
𝐹𝑤 = 19.62𝑟 2 [𝑘𝑁] 𝐵𝐹𝑓

Horizontal Hydrostatic Force of Unknown Fluid

ത
𝐹𝑓 = 𝛾𝑓 ℎ𝐴 𝐹𝑤
𝐹𝑓
𝑘𝑁 1 3𝑟 3𝑟
𝐹𝑓 = 𝑆𝐺𝑓 ∗ 9.81 ∗ ∗ ∗( ∗ 1𝑚)
𝑚3 2 2 2 𝐴𝑥

𝐹𝑓 = 11.03625 ∗ 𝑆𝐺𝑓 𝑟 2 [𝑘𝑁]

𝐴𝑦
 Situation 6 - Solution
Definition of forces:
Buoyant Force due to Water
𝐵𝐹𝑤 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉
𝑘𝑁 1 2 𝐵𝐹𝑤
𝐵𝐹𝑤 = 9.81 ∗ 𝜋𝑟 ∗ 1𝑚
𝑚3 2 𝑊
𝐵𝐹𝑤 = 15.41𝑟 2 [𝑘𝑁] 𝐵𝐹𝑓

Buoyant Force due to Unknown Fluid

𝐵𝐹𝑓 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉 𝐹𝑤
𝐹𝑓
𝑘𝑁
𝐵𝐹𝑓 = 𝑆𝐺𝑓 ∗ 9.81 3 ∗ 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 ∗ 1𝑚
𝑚 𝐴𝑥

𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐴𝑦
 Situation 6 - Solution

Definition of forces:
𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
1 𝑟 3
𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑟 = 0.2165𝑟 2
2 2 2
1 2 2𝜋 𝜋 2
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑟 1200 ∗ = 𝑟
2 360 3
𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.2637𝑟 2
𝑘𝑁
𝐵𝐹𝑓 = 𝑆𝐺𝑓 ∗ 9.81 3 ∗ (1.2637𝑟 2 ∗ 1𝑚)
𝑚
𝐵𝐹𝑓 = 12.3969 ∗ 𝑆𝐺𝑓 𝑟 2 [𝑘𝑁]
 𝐵𝐹𝑤
𝑊
Situation 6 - Solution 𝐵𝐹𝑓

𝐹𝑤
Summation of Forces: 𝐹𝑓

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑥
19.62𝑟 2 + 𝐴𝑥 − 11.03625 ∗ 𝑆𝐺𝑓 𝑟 2 = 0 (Eq. 1)
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝐴𝑦

15.41𝑟 2 + 12.3969 ∗ 𝑆𝐺𝑓 𝑟 2 − (5 𝑘𝑁) + 𝐴𝑦 = 0 (Eq. 2)

∑𝑀𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0
Note: Resultant of Hydrostatic Force on a circular surface
𝐴𝑥 ∗ 𝑟 = 0
passes through the center of the circle.
𝐴𝑥 = 0
We can eliminate hydrostatic forces on the equation.
 𝐵𝐹𝑤
𝑊
Situation 6 - Solution 𝐵𝐹𝑓

Eq. 1 becomes: 𝐹𝑤
𝐹𝑓
19.62𝑟 2 − 11.03625 ∗ 𝑆𝐺𝑓 𝑟2 = 0 (Eq. 1)
𝑺𝑮𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖 𝐴𝑥

Total Force applied by the unknown fluid. 𝐴𝑦

2
𝑅𝑓 = 𝐹𝑓2 + 𝐵𝐹𝑓

2 2 2 2
𝑅𝑓 = 11.03625 ∗ 𝑆𝐺𝑓 𝑟 + 12.3969 ∗ 𝑆𝐺𝑓 𝑟
𝑹𝒇 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝒓𝟐
2 2
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑟2 11.03625 ∗ 1.78 + 12.3969 ∗ 1.78
Thank you!