Designing the Methodology

Sampling
Sampling refers to the method of selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant
to yield data for a research study.
Terminologies

✢ Sample

✢ Population

✢ Sampling Frame – the list of the members of such population from where you will get the
sample
Probability Sampling
Also known as UNBIASED SAMPLING
There is an equal chance of participation for all the members listed in the sampling frame
Sampling error
The smaller the sample size, the bigger the number of sampling errors

Types of Probability Sampling

✢ Simple Random Sampling

○ Using a pure-chance selection, you assure every member the same opportunity
to be in the sample

✢ Systematic Sampling
○ The researcher selects every nth member after randomly selecting the first
through nth element as the starting point.

✢ Stratified Sampling
○ Divides a population into subgroups or strata, and random samples are taken, in
proportion to the population, from each of the strata created.

✢ Cluster Sampling
○ The researcher divides the population into separate groups, called clusters.
Then, a simple random sample of clusters is selected from the population.
Non -Probability Sampling

✢ Reliant on a researcher’s ability to select members at random. This sampling method is

not a fixed or pre-defined selection process which makes it difficult for all elements of a
population to have equal opportunities to be included in a sample.
Types of Non-probability Sampling

✢ Voluntary Sampling
○ The samples are chosen because they volunteered

✢ Purposive Sampling
○ Choose people whom you are sure could correspond to the objectives of your
study

✢ Availability Sampling
○ The willingness of a person as your subject to interact with you, for example, you
encounter people along places and decided to consider them as respondents.

✢ Quota Sampling
○ You tend to choose sample members processing or indicating the characteristics
of target population

✢ Snowball Sampling
○ Free to obtain data from any group and tend to increase the number of people
you want to form the sample of your study.
Data Collection
Observation

 Watching, interacting or communicate

Observation (Types)

✢ Participant Observation – the researcher takes part in the activities of the individual or
group being observed. The records are then written in a logbook (diary method).
○ Descriptive Observation
○ Describes people, places, events, conversation and other things involved
○ Narrative Account
○ Interpretations or reflection about everything you observed

✢ Non-participant Observation – the researcher watch and listen only without

participating in any activities.
○ Recording of this type observation uses checklist or also known as observation
schedule
Observation (Methods)

✢ Direct Observation
○ Makes you listen or see to everything that happens in the area of observation

✢ Indirect Observation
○ Observe traces of past events to get information or a measure of behaviour, trait,
or quality of your subject
Interview

 Verbally asking subjects or respondents questions to give answer to what your research
study is trying to look for
Interview (Approaches)

✢ Individual Interview
○ Only one respondent is interviewed

✢ Group Interview
○ The researcher seek answers not only to one person but to a group of people at
the same time

✢ Mediated Interview
○ No face to face interview

Interview Getting to know

Having and idea
about the
Starting the Conducting the Putting an end to
Pondering over
the interview
each other interview interview proper the interview
Process research afterthoughts
Questionnaire

 A paper containing a list of questions including the specific place and space in the paper
where you write the answers to the question
Questionnaire (Types)

✢ Postal Questionnaire

✢ Self-administered Questionnaire