Understanding Data

and Ways to Systematically

Collect Data
Resear Refers to the overall plan and
ch scheme for conducting the study.
Design A choice of research design
requires you to finalize your mind
on the purpose, philosophical
basis, and types of data of your
research, including your method
of collecting, analyzing,
interpreting, and presenting the
data
Types of Qualitative
Research Design
 Case Study
• describe a person, thing, or any creature on Earth
• determine why such creature acts, behaves,
occurs, or exists in a particular manner
• Interview, observation, and questionnaire
 Ethnography
• studies cultural patterns and perspectives of
participants in their natural settings
• Observation
• Living with the subjects in several months

 Historical Study
• studies available data to study, understand, and
interpret past events
 Phenomenology
• Provides a rich description of the ‘lived
experience’
• Understanding the individual’s life experiences
• Unstructured Interview
 Grounded Theory
• Aims on developing a theory to increase your
understanding of something in a psycho-social
context
Sampling
method or process of selecting respondents or
people to answer questions meant to yield data for a
research study.
Populatio
n bigger group from where you choose the
sample
Probability
Sampling
It refers to a sampling technique in which
samples are obtained using some objective chance
mechanism, thus involving randomization. They
require the use of a sampling frame. The
probabilities of selection are known.
Non-Probability
Sampling
This is a technique when there is no way of
estimating the probability that each element has of
being included in the sample and no assurance that
every element has a chance of being included.
Types of Probability
Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling
• all are in the sampling
• the only basis of including or excluding members
is by chance or opportunity
 Systematic Sampling
• Chance and system are the ones to determine
who should compose the sample
 Stratified Sampling
• The group compromising the sample is chosen in
a way that such group is liable to subdivision
during the data analysis stage

 Cluster Sampling
• This is a probability sampling that makes you
isolate a set of persons instead of individual
members to serve as sample members
Types of Non-Probability
Sampling
 Quota Sampling
• Using a quota or a specific set of persons whom
you believe to have the characteristics of the
target population involved in the study is your
way of showing that you have chosen closely
represents the target population as regards such
characteristics
 Voluntary Sampling
• Sample selection are the ones volunteering to
constitute the sample, there is no need for you to
do any selection process

 Purposive or Judgmental Sampling

• You chose people whom you are sure could
correspond to the objectives of your study
 Availability Sampling
• People who show willingness to respond to your
questions, then you automatically consider them
as your respondents
 Snowball Sampling
• This sampling does not give a specific set of
samples. You tend to increase the number of
people you want to form the sample of your
study