In

Motion in a plane
Chapter 4
Scalar quantities
Physical quantities that have only magnitude and no direction
are called scalar quantities or scalars.
Eg: mass, time, speed etc
Vector quantities
A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction, and
which obeys the laws of vector algebra are called vector
quantities.

Eg : Displacement,velocity, acceleration, force etc.

Question

A quantity has both magnitude and direction. Is it necessary to

be a vector? Give an example.

Elitzur rent
Triangle law of vector addition

This law state that if two vectors can be represented in magnitude

and direction by two sides of a triangle taken in the same order,
then the resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by
the third side of the triangle taken in the reverse order.
Parallelogram law of vector addition

This law states that if two vector acting at a point can be

represented in magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides
of a parallelogram, then the diagonal of the parallelogram
through that point represents the resultant vector.
Resolution of vector in to rectangular components.

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Consider a vector A that lies in X - Y plane as shown in the

figure.
Quantities Ax and Ay are called X , Y components of vector A.

Ñ=An↑+ Ayj
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Analytical method of vector addition
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Question
Rain is falling vertically with a speed of 35 m s–1. Winds
starts blowing after sometime with a speed of 12 m s–1
in east to west direction. In which direction should a boy
waiting at a bus stop hold his umbrella ?
 É
an
12m15 % ' ±
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us

taro (
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=

35m15
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& V
0=190
12m ls
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Therefore the boy should hold his umbrella at an angle
19 ⁰ with the vertical towards east.
Projectile motion

A body thrown with some initial velocity and then allowed to

move under the influence of gravity is called projectile.

Eg : A ball thrown in any direction, A shot fired from the gun, a

javelin thrown by an athlete.

Path of the projectile is parabola

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usno

§
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30
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Let a body be projected with an initial velocity u at angle

with the horizontal. u is called velocity of projection and is
called angle of projection.
Equation of projectile
2
S = at -1£ at

n= ucosot

y = us not -

tgtt
2 a-
→• sat
F- Xeno a- -1g ( E. a) t

f-
Fosca .

g- - + mon -

d- g. u?%a
=
 ✔

Important derivations

Time of flight

Horizontal range

Maximum height
Time of flight (T)

It is the time taken by the projectile to return to the same

horizontal level as the point of projection.
Ya
✓= utat
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t t
0= us no -

gt v

us no §
gt
^

§
30

us¥
1- =
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F- 1- tf =
2T
7- 2T

aught
1- =
Horizontal range (R)

Horizontal range is the horizontal displacement of the particle

from the point of projection.
Ya

R = Uco so ✗ Lustre

g. §
w
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R= v22 snow so §
30
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U COSA

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✗

R=
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R -
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at
max
g
Maximum height (H)

The vertical height of the highest point is the maximum height

of the projectile. Ya

✓ wftda

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=

It

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it
0
2g §
^
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30
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u↳n2o
O U COSA

2g
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It =

it =

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301-02=9.0
If 01=36 , What is the value of Oz ?
02--90-30
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in
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 Question

Which of the following is constant in a projectile motion ?

a) Horizontal component of velocity

✓

b) Vertical component of velocity

c) Velocity of projectile
Question

A bullet is fired with a velocity u making an angle 60⁰ with

the horizontal plane. The horizontal component of velocity of
the bullet when it reaches the maximum height is..

a) u Ucoso

b) zero UCOS 60

c) u/√2 UX
42
✓
d) u/2
42
=
Question

A body is projected in to air at an angle with the horizontal.

What is the trajectory followed by the projectile?

a) Ellipse

✓
b) Parabola

c) Straight line

d) Circle
Question
What is the kinetic energy and potential energy of projectile at
the highest point ?

KE
-_£m v2
2

=£m(ucosoj
she
KE =£mu4o
-
 PE h
my
=

mg
.

ñI¥
PE =

d- mud sure

=
Uniform circular motion "
When an object moves along a circle at
constant speed, it’s motion is called
uniform circular motion.
i
Eg : A satellite moving in a circular orbit.

The magnitude of velocity remains constant (speed)

but the direction changes continuously. At every
point the direction of velocity is tangential to the
path and right angle to the radius of circle.
Angular displacement B

It is the angle swept by the radius ) 0

A
vector in a given time interval. The ✓

magnitude of angular displacement is

given by

0 = AI
Radius

It’s unit is radian.

Angular velocity

The rate of change of angular displacement is called angular

velocity.

W =

Dost

It’s unit is rad /s

Time period and frequency

The time taken by the object to complete one revolution is

called the time period. The number of revolutions per second
is called frequency.

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Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity.

:
r

¥22
so =
a

%+
w =

0 IDO
T

P-☐t
w = R

W =
<

1¥ ¥ .
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w=D¥ ¥ .

PQ=Dr

w= V.
¥
V=RW
Question

A car is moving in a circumference of a circle of radius r

a) What is the distance travelled in one revolution? 2hr

b) What is the displacement in one revolution ? 0

Centripetal acceleration

Consider an object moving with uniform speed in a circle of radius

R as shown in the figure. Since the velocity of object changes
continuously in direction, the object undergoes acceleration. The
acceleration experienced by an object undergoing uniform circular
motion is called centripetal acceleration.
 I

v 7^

Let r and r′ be the position U

AV

vectors and v and v′ the N

V
velocities of the object when H
it is at point P and P′ as
shown in Fig. By definition,
velocity at a point is along
the tangent at that point in
the direction of motion.
④ TABI
=at
o=
AV DU.
=

Ye
AV: AUis
ac =

v.
ac v2
=
v=R w

ac=few
ac =
Rui
Question
An insect trapped in a circular groove of radius 12cm moves
along a groove steadily and complete 7 revolutions in 100sec

a) What is the angular speed and linear speed of the

motion ?

b) Is the acceleration vector a constant vector? What is its

magnitude?
1-
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=

0.44rad / see
w=
2,1--7%-2,
=

✓ = RW

= 12×10-2×0.44
5-3×10-2Mls
_

✓ =
Ac = RWZ
= 12×10-2×10.4412
E- 2.32×1-02mW
=