Civil Engineering Part-A Summary of IS 456 : 2000 Part-B Summary of IS 800 : 2007 Part-C Elastic Curve Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions iS mAa [REESE | MADE EASY Publications Corporate Otic: 44-4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metro Station), New Dethi-1 10016 E-mail: infomep@madeeasy in Contact: 011-45124660, 8860978007 Visit us at: www madesasypuilications org ‘Summary of IS 456 : 2000, Summary of IS 800 : 2007 and Elastic Curve © Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications. ‘All ights are reserved. No par of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or Iransmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical photo-conying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above ‘mentioned publisher of this book Fist Edition: 2015 Second Ealton: 2016 ‘Third Edition: 2017 Fourth Edition: 2018 [llrightsreserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be epraducel or utilzein any form ‘without the written permission fom the publishes oreContents G Db ¢ Curv B 156 : 2000, 1S BO0 : 2007 Part-A IS 456 : 2000... 1. Uist of important Codes wn —— ee 2 2. Salient Features and introduction 3. Section 1: General wenn se = 3 4, Section 2: Materials, Workmanship, Inspection and Testing, bem —— 23 5. Section 3: General Design Consideration .unsmnnnrevnenn e é er 6. Seetion 4: Special Design Requirements for Structural Members and SySteM5.mnen-nmm 3 7. Section 5: Structural Design (Limit State Method). pone 8. Annexure B: Structural Design (Working State Method ovum e 65 9, Annexure 0: Slabs Spanning in Two Directions : a 10, Annexure : Effective Lengths of Columns. 2 sn I6 11, Annexure G: Moments of Resistance for Rectangular and TseCtlOns..unnsnmnn ann TB Part-B Summary of IS 800 : 2007 ..... 1. Section 1: General 2. Section 2: Materials. = 85 2. Section 3: General Design Requirements 86 3. Section 4: Methods of Struct! Analysis . 7 — 4. Section 5: Limit State Design oT 5. Section 6: Design of Tension Members enn so 1103 6. Section 7:Design of Compression Members : 107 1. Section B:Design of Members Subjected to Bening. so a 8 Section 10: Connection een 9, Section 11: Working Stress Desig nn Ee sn S5 Part-C Elastic Curve. 160-183Part-A Summary of IS 456 : 2000 CONTENTS S.No, TOPIC PAGE No. 1, List of Important Codes 2. Salient Features and Introduction .. 3. Section 1: General 4, Section 2: Materials, Workmanship, Inspection and Testing wu. 5. Section 3: General Design Consideration 6 Section 4: Special Design Requirements for... 43 Structural Members and Systems 7. Section 5: Structural Design (Limit State Method) AT 8, Annexure B: Structural Design (Working State Method} vn 65 9, Annexure D: Slabs Spanning in Two Directions 2B 10. Annexure E: Effective Lengths of Columns .. 76 11, Annexure G: Moments of Resistance for Rectangular and T-sections ....78 Part-B: Summary of IS 800 : 2007 82-154 Part-C: Elastic Curve. 160-183 f | |——— 2 | Givil Engineering 1S Code No. 486 2000 800: 2007 875: 1987 875 (Part-1): 1987 875 (Part-2): 1987 875 (Part-3): 1987 875 (Part-4): 1987 875 (Part-5): 1987 1343: 1980 1893 : 2002 8370; 1965 10262: 2009 19920: 1993 SP6(1): 1964 SP 16: 1980 SP 23: 1982 SP 24; 1983 SP 34: 1987 Example: Qa MAOE ENSY Uf eT ares pols Title Code of practice for piain and reinforced concrete Code of practice for general construction in steel Code of practice for design ioads (other than earthquake) for building and structures Dead load imposed toad Windload ‘Snow loads ‘Special loads and load combinations Code of practice for prestressed concrete Criteria for earthquake resistance design of siructures Code of practice for concrete structures for the storage of liquids Guideline for conorete mix proportioning Code of practice for ductile detailing of reinforced Concrete structure subjected to seismic forces Handbook for structural engineers (Structural Ste! Section) Design aid for reinforced conerete to I$ 456: 1978 Handbook on concrete mixes Explanatory handbook on 1S 456 : 1978 Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing Match List-1 with List-ll and select the correct answer using the cades given below the lists: List-1 List-i1 A. 18875 1. Earthquake resistant design B. 15-1343 2, Loads C. 18-1893 3. Liquid storage structure: D. 1s-3370 4. Prestressed concrete Codes: A B cD @3 1 4 2 ) 2 1 4 3 @ 3 4 1 2 @ 2 4 4 3 [lES-2009) (a) ® Sounehy)MADE EASY Summoryofls4s6:2000 | 3 a Pubilcatlons SAS ee a * Targeted readers are B.Tech students and students preparing for IES, GATE and PSUs. * No doubt, each word of IS codes are very important but for students, all are not of same importance. So, effort has been made to consolidated the important clauses (for students only) with explanations and pictorial representation. * Objective questions that have been asked previously in IES and GATE, placed just after the relevant clause, + On extreme left, clause numbers are given which is same as clause number of original code. * Figure number and Table number has been kept same as original code. EE aE This code is used for design and analysis of plain and reinforced concrete structures. It comprises five sections and eight annexures. Out af which 3 sections and 3 annexures only are important for competitive ‘examinations. Example: — Q.1 Do we use PCC in structural elements? ‘Ans. We seldom use PCC in structural element. Here we should not confuse PCC means. no reinforcement. A minimum amount of reinforcement is definitely provided in Concrete to prevent cracks due to shrinkage but that reinforcement is not taken into account while calculating strength of that member, that is why itis called PCC {interview} Q.2 Is there any difference between steel and reinforcement? Ans. Yes, steel is a metal which is widely used as reinforcement. It is used because coefficient of thermal expansion of steel and concrete is approximately same otherwise we can go for other reinforcing material aluminium, brass, bamboo etc Currently rigorous research is being conducted to replace steel by some other material like bamboo, because itis environmental friendly and economical interview] Ei sotleeba danse a Description of symbols are given which is used in case of any contusion between two symbols SECTION 2: MATERIAL, WORKMANSHIP, INSPECTION & TESTING 5.0 MATERIALS 5a Cement Types of recommended cement (83 grade ordinary portland cement (OPC) (i) 43.grade ordinary portland cement (OPC) (ii) 83 grade ordinary portland cement (OPC) (iv) Rapid hardening portland cement MADE BASS \wrwmadesesypubliatonsorg ) : _ vores 19)4 Examole; 5.3 x [wwwmadeeasypublications.org Civil Engineering MADE ERS () Portland slag coment (vi) Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash based) (PPC) (vii) Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay based) (PPC) (vil) Hydrophobic cement (ix) Lowheat portland cement (9) Sulphate resisting portland cement Q.1 What is the meaning of 33, 43 and 63 grade of ordinary portland cemont? Ans. Digits 33, 43 and §3 represents 28 days compressive strength (Nim) of standard Cube of face aroa 50 cm? made up of cement mortar 1 : 3 [Interview] 0.2 Assertion (A); Low heat cement is used in the construction of large dams. Reason (R): Very high compressive stiength is achieved by low heat cement in 28 days. Codes: (@) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A (©) Bolh A and R are true but Ris nota correct explanation of A (6) Ais tue but Ris false (@) Ais false but Ris true [iES-2010) Ans. (c) ‘The feature of low heat cement is a slow rate of gain of strength and slow rate of release of heat, Bul the ultimate strength of low heat cement isthe same as that of ordinary poriand cement Q.3 The proper size of mould for testing compressive strength of cement is (@) 7.05em cube {b) 10.05 em cube (©) 15cmcube (A) 12.05cm cube [IES-2003] Ans. (a) seen Aggregates Coarse aggregates of light weight with comparable strenath is preferable as it reduces Gead load of structure. Aggregates should not be mare porous (should nat absorb more {han 10% of their own mass of water) and fre from excessive sulphate in the form of SO, Size of coarse aggregate is governed by folowing: {) Size of structural member ~ aggregates should go to each corner of member and cover einforcement completely, 4) Distance between twomain bars - aggregates should be small enough so that itcan Bass through the distance between two main bars. Due to this reason, tis kept 5 mmless than distance between two main bars, {i) Minimum cover ~ if aggregate size is more than the minimum cover provided for member, then there is possibilty of exposure of reinforcement to environment so its kept § mm tess to minimum nominal cover, In general, 20 mm nominal size coarse aggregate is used for most ofthe work but in the Caso of massive concreling, like clam constuction, 40 mm andi even higher nominal size can be usod. For extremely thin slabs, lke sett, 10 mm nominal size aggregate is used for better finish, MADE ERSoMADE EASY summary of15.456:2000 | 5 = Publientions Example: 5.4 5.5 Example: (©copygne Q.1. Which one of the following aggregates gives maximum strength in concrete? (@) Rounded aggregate (b) Elongated aggregate (©) Flaky aggregate (d) Cubical aggregate [lES-2001] Ans. (d) The rounded aggregate has minimum voids and minimum ratio of surface area to volume, thus requiring minimum cement paste to make good concrete. However due to absence of interlocking, these aggregates are not suitable forhigh strength conerete andl pavernents. Water \Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and tee frominjurious amounts ols, acids, alkalies, sats, sugar, organic materials ete, Potable waters preferable. The pHvalue ol water shall be not ess han 6, Sea wateris nol recommended because of presence ofharmful salts in sea water, Water found satisfactory for mixing is also sutable for curing of concrete. ‘Admixture ‘Admixture should not impair durability of concrete nor combine with the constituent to form harmful compounds nor increase the risk of corrosion of reinforcement, Chloride content of admixtures shall be independently tested as its harmful to concrete. Broadly, admixtures are divided into two parts: (Mineral admixture + Flyash + Silica fume + Rice husk ash (i) Chemical admixture ‘+ Accelerating admixture - Calcium chloride, Fluosili¢ate, Tri ethanolamine + Retarding admixture -Sodium tartrate, Tartaric acid ‘+ Water reducing or plasticiser - Calcium lignosulphonate + Airentraining admixture ~ Aluminium powder, Neutralised vinsol resin Q.1 Consider the following statements: Entrainment of air in concrete is done so.as to 1. increase the workability. 2. increase the strength, 3. increase the resistance to freezing and thawing. Which of these statements is/are correct? (@) 1,2and3 (b) tonly (©) tand 3 only (d) 3oaly HES-2010] Ans. (¢) Airentrainment improves durability, workability and plasticity but it have an adverse effect on the strength of concrete. The decrease in strength is usually proportional to the amount of entrained air. For each per cent increase in air content, the compressive strength reduces approximately by 1.4 MPa Q.2. Consider the following statements: ‘Admixtures are added to concrete to 41. increase its strength 2. reduce heat of hydration 3. delay the setling of cement. 4. reduce water-cament ratio, MADE ERASsu6 | Civil Engineering MADE EASY —— Publication Which of these statements is/are correct? (@) tony (b) tand2 (o) 2and3 (d) Sanda (IES-2010] Ans. (d) Admixtures are essentially classified as water-reducers (plasticizers), set-retarders and accelerators. The purpose of water-teducers is to achieve a higher strength by decreasing the water/cement ratio, Setetarders are admixtures which delay the setting of concrete. Accelerators accelerate the hardening or the development of early strength of concrete. However, reducing the heat of hydration is not the main purpose of admixtures. Q.3_ Consider the following statements: The use of superplasticizers as admixture 1. increases compressive strength of concrete 2. permits lower water-cement ratio, thereby strength is increased 3. reduces the setting time of concrete 4. permits lower cement content, thereby strength is increased? Which of these statements is/are correct? (@) and 3 only (b) 3.and 4 only (©) 1,8.and 4 only (6) 2only [IES-2007] Ans. (a) Superplasticizers permit the reduction of water to the extent upto 30% without affecting ‘workability for the seme amount of cement. Q.4 Match List- (Admisture) with List-I (Action in concrete) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List-| List-It ‘A. Calclumlignosulphonate. 1, Anti-bleeder B. Aluminium powders 2. Retarder C. Tartaric Acia 3. Airentrainer D. Aluminium sulphate 4. Water reducer Codes: A B CD @3 2 14 4 3 214 eee eee @ 4 2 3 4 [1ES-2003} Ans. (b) 1, Retarders delay setting time of cement either by forming a thin coating an the cement particles and thus slowing down thelr dissolution in and reaction with water, or by increasing the intra-molecular distance of reacting silicates and aluminatos from water molecules by forming certain transient cumpounds in the system. These belong to following lwo groups:MAGE EASY Summary of15456:2000 | 7 (i) Soluble carbohydrate derivatives ike sugar, starch, dextrin ete. (i) Inorganic retarders based on hydroxides of zinc and lead, alkali-bi- carbonates, calcium borate, calcum sulphate (gypsum), skimmed milk powder (casein) ete. Other admixtures used as retarders are Ligno sulphonic acids and their salts, hydroxylated carboxylic acids and their salts, calcium acetate. 2. Air entrainers-natural wood resins containing abietic and pimeric acid salts, various sulphonated compounds, some animal and vegetable fats and oils such a fallow, olive oil and their fatty acids such as stearic and oleic acid. Various weting agents like alkalisalts or sulphated and sulphonated compounds. Sodium sats of petroleum sulphonic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and aluminium powder etc, are also used, 3. Water reducers-anionic surfactants such as lignosulphonates and their modifications and derivatives, salts of sulphonates hydrocarbons. Among these calcium, sodium anc ammonium lignosulphonates are most used, Q.5 Match List-1 (Admixtures) with Listl (Chemicals) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the iss: List-1 List-I! A, Water-reducing admixture 1, Sulphonated melanin formaldehyde B. Airentraining agent 2. Calcium chloride C. Superplasticiser 3. Lignosulphonate D. Accelerator 4, Neutralised vinsol resin Codes: A Bc oD @ 2 4 1 3 (b) 4 3 4 2 fc) 3 4 1 2 (d) 3 4 2 1 [IES-1998) Ans. (c) 5.6 Reinforcement 5.6.3 Modulus of Elasticity of steel shall be token as 2 x 10° MPa Three graces of steelis covered in this code () Fe250 (i) Feats (ui) Fe 500 Recent development: Fe 550 and TMT (Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars is also available in market. 6.0 CONCRETE 6.1.1 The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of material below which not more than 8 percent of the test results are expected to fll I is denoted by {. 6.2.1 There's normally @ gaint strength beyond 28 days also but the design should be based on 28 days characteristic strength of concrete © Copyright8 | Civil Engineering MADE Ensy 6.2.2 Example: Table 2: Grades of Concrete Speciiod oharactaristio. Group Grade designation _| compressive strength of 150 mm ‘cube at 26 days in N/mm” Ordinary Mi 10 Concrete M15 15, M20 20 Standard M25 25 Concrete M30 30, M35 35 M40 40, Mas 45 M50 60 M55 55 High stength Meo 60 Concrete Mes 65 M7 10 M75 75 Mao 80 Note: For design of high srengh concrete mix(M 60 or above). speaized erature used ee Q.1_ Whats the meaning of grade designation in Table 2 as M 20? ‘Ans. In M 20, M refers to concrete mix and 20 is the compressive strength of 150 mm cube at 28 days in Nimm?, interview] Q.2- Whatis the approximate ratio ofthe strength of cement concrete at 7 days to that at 28 days curing? (@) 0.40 () 0.65 (©) 090 @) 445 [1ES-2006} Ans. (b) Se Tensile strength of concrete is calculated using compressive strength by following formula, Flexural strength, = 0.7 N/mm? Q.1_ At what stress does the first flexural crack appear in RCC beams made of M 25 grade concrete ? (@) 3.0MPa (0) 3.5MPa (©) 40MPa (d) 45MPa [IES-2009] ‘Ans. (b) Q.2 Whalis the value of flexural strength of M25 concrete? (@) 40MPa (b) 3.5MPa (©) 3.0MPa (@) 1.75MPa [lEs-2005} Ans. (b) ©copyright )MADE EASY Summaryof15456:2000 g 6.2.3.1 The modulus of elasticity of concrete can be assumed as follows: E, = 5000,/(, N/mm? E, is short term static modulus of elasticity. Actual measured values may differ by +20 percent from the values obtained from the above expression Q.1_As por IS 456-2000, which one of the following correctly expresses the modulus of elasticity of concrete? (read with the relevant units) (@) £, = 0.7 fe (b) E, = 500 Jf (©) £, = 5000/G, (dE, =5700Ji, [IES-2006) Ans. (c) 6.24 The total shrinkage of concrete is significantly influenced by the total amount of water present while mixing and to a lesser extent, by the cement content. The approximate value {o total shrinkage strain for design may be taken as 0.0003. 6.2.5.1 Creep coofficient, which is used for the calculation of tolal creep depends upon age of concrete atthe time of loading applied on it. Creep coefficient = ‘Age aticading | Creep costicient @) 7 days 22 28days 16 1 year a Etfectve modulus of elasticity using creep coetficients Ey = ie Example: Q.1_ Which one of the following predicts the effective modulus of elasticity of concrete? E. Ee @ 556 ©) 25 E, E, © F536 ©) 56 ‘where E, is short-term elastic modulus and @ is the ultimate oreep coefficient NES-2007] Ans. (a) Q.2 Long term elastic modulus in terms of creep costicient (8) and 28-day characteristic strength (f,,) is given by ) OYE yp, (oy 32000 pg 140 140 5000fy © seu {1ES-2004) Ans. (a)10 7.0 Examines Civil Engineering MADE ERS WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE Workabilty of concrete is defined as ease to work with concrete. There are five degree of workability as follows: Degree of workability Placing condition Very iow Inhighway construction, alayer of lean concrete with very low workability is used and it is compacted using roller Low Mass concreting (Iike, dam construction), light reinforced section of slab, beam, column Medium Heavily reinforced section of siab, column, beams and when pumping of concrete is required High In-situ piling Very igh In-situ pling using tremie pipe There are four tests for measurement of workability of concrete: {) Compacting factor test - preferable for very low workabulily. Higher compacting factor means high workabiity (i) Slump test ~ preferable for low, medium and high. Its value varies from 25 (low) to 150 (high) (il) Vee-bee test ~ Higher value of time means low workability. (%) Flowtest Q.1 The workability of concrete can be increased by which of the following? 1._ Increasing the quantity of coarse aggregate without altering he total aggregate quantity. 2. Decreasing the quantity of coarse aggregate and at the same time ‘correspondingly increasing the quantity of fine aggregate, 3. Using round aggregate. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (@) J.and 3 only, (b), 1and2.only, (c) 2and3only (d) 1,2and3 {1ES-2008) Ans. (c) Q.2 Which factors influence the workability of concrete without saciicing strength? 1. Fine aggregate 2. Quantity of mixing water 3. Maximum size of coarse aggregate 4. Shape of coarse aggregate Select the correct answer using the cades given below: (@) tonly (b) 2only (©) tand2 (0) 3anda [l€s-2008} Ans. (d) 3 Consider the following pairs: 1. Hand compaction of heavily reinforced sections Low workability (0-25 mm slump) - MADE ERse = PuMADE EASY Summary of S456:2000 | 44 2. Concreting of shallow sections with vibrations High workability (125-150 mm slump) 3. Conereting of lightly reinforced sections like pavements Low workability (5-50 mm stump) 4. Coneroting of lightly reinforced section by hand or heavily reinforced sections with vibration Medium workability (25-75 mm stump) Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? (@) 1and2 (b) 2and3. {c) Sand4 (@) 1and3. [1ES-2004] Ans. (c) Forhand compaction of heavily reinforced concrete high workabilty (100-150 mm)is required, For concreting of shatiow sections with vibrations low workabilty (12-25 mm) is required. Q.4__ The values of slump commonly adopted for the various concrete mixes are given below: 1. Conoreteforroad works: 20t0 28mm 2. Ordinary RCC work 500 100 mm, 3. Columnsretaining walls: 121025 mm. 4, Mass concrete © 7810175 mm Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? (a) 1,3.and4 (©) tand2 (©) Sanda (¢) 2and4 [1ES-2004] Ans. (b) Conerete for road work 20-30mm Ordinary RCC work 50-100mm Columns, retaining walls 75-150 mm Vibrated concrete 12-25 mm Mass concrete 2550mm Q.5 Slump and compaction factors are two different measures of workability of concrete. For a stump of 0 10 20 mm, what is the equivalent range of compaction factor? (a) 0.50-0.70 (b) 0.70--0.80 (c) 0.80-0.85 (@) 085-092 [IES-2004) Ans. (b) ‘As the range of slump increases, the range of compacting factor also increases. Slump in mm Compacting factor 0-25 078-080 25-75 0.85-0.87 50-100 0.92-0.935 100-150 0.95 -0.96 MADE EASY rue12 | CWil Engineering MADE ERS! a6 Ans. a7 as Ans. Consider the following statements: For increasing the workability of concrete, itis necessary to 1. increase the quantity of cement 2. decrease the quantity of sand 3, alter the proportion of fine and coarse aggregates 4. decrease the quantiy of water 5. use angular aggregate Which of these statements are correct? (@ 1,23, 4and5 (0) 2,4and5 (0) 2and3 (@) Vand 5 1ES-2004] (©) The factors affecting workability are: 1. The higher the water content per cubic metre of concrete, the higher willbe the fluidity of concrete 2. Higher the aggregate/cement ratio, the leaner the concrete and lesser the workability. Lower aggregate/cement ratio gives cohesive and fatly mix with better workability. The bigger the size of aggregate, higher willbe the workability, 4. Angular, elongated or flaky aggregate makes the concrete very harsh compared to rounded or cubical aggregates. 5. Smooth textured aggregates contribute to higher workability. Well graded aggregates with less void content, gives higher workability. 7, Admixture may increase workabilty Match List-1 (Workabilty test) with List-Il (Measurements) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists; List-I List-II A. Slump test 1. 300-500mm, B. Compazting factor 2. 75425mm C. Vee-bee test 3. 08010098 D. Flow test 4, Oto 10 sec Codes: A B CD @2 4 34 ) 1 3 4 2 @ 1 4 3 2 be ce gee (lES-2001] (d) Maxinum possible value of compaction tactor for fresh (green) conorete is (@) 05 (b) 1.0 © 15 () 20 [GaTE-2013} (b) MADE EASY 7MADE EASY Summary of18456:2000 | 43 8.0 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE Durability of concrete is mainly influenced by folowing ()._ thesurrounding climate condition {ithe cover to embedded ste! (ii) the type and quality of constituent materials (iv) the cement cantent and watericementratio of the concrete () workmanship, to obtain full compaction and efficient curing (vi). the shape and size of the member Example; _—_—. ———___— — = Q.1 Which one of the following is correct regarding the most effective requirements of durability in concrete? {a} Providing reinforcement near the exposed concrete surface (©) Applying a protective coating to he exposed concrete surface (o) Restricting the minimum cement content and the maximum water cement ratio and the type of cement (a) Compacting the concrete to a greater degree [lES-2009] Ans. (c) 8.2.2 Exposure conditions: There are five environmental exposure condition Table 3 : Environmental Exposure Conditions S.No. Environment — Exposure condition a Mild Conerete surface protected against weather, Structure of coastal areas doesn't come in his category. (i) Moderate Concrete surface sheltered from severe rain, saturated salt air in coastal areas, concrete continuously under normal water and in contact with non-aggressive soil (ii) Severe Concrete surface exposed to severe rain, allemate wetting and drying, completely immersed in sea water, exposed to coastal environment. (iv) Verysevere —_Conerete surface exposed to sea water spray, corrosive fumes, severe freezing condition and in contact with aggressive soll) ‘ground water. ) Extreme Surface of memberin tidal zone or in direct contact with liquid! solid aggressive chemicals 8.2.5 There are three constituents that adversely alfects the concrete. () Chlorides It increases rate of corrosion to steel. Due to this reason, chloride content of admixture is tested separately. (i) Suphates = Excessive amount of water soluble sulphate (expressed as SO,) can cause expansion and dlistuption of concrete, (ii), Alkal-aggregate reaction — Some aggregates containing particular type of silica may be susceptible to attack by alkalis (Na,O and K.,O) originating rom cement, producing an expansive reaction which can cause cracking and disruption of concrete (GE EmEDEIEpSE a Saaen © Copyright MADE ERSy www.madecasypublications.org | fe14. | Civil Engineering MADE ERSY Heo 8.2.8 Concrete in sea water or exposed direclly along the sea coast shall be at least M20 grade in the case of plain cement concrete and M30 in case of reinforced cement concrete. Example: — = Q.1 What should be the minimum grade of reinforced concrete in and around sea coast contruction? fa) M35 (b) M30 {c) M25 {d) M20 [IES-2005] Ans. (b) Exposure | Minimum | Minimum grade of grade of piain| reinforced concrete ‘concrete _ Fy mile . M20 (i) Moderate M6 Mes, (i) Severe 20 M30 (iv) Very severe] 20 M35; (v) Extreme M25 Mao 9.0 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING. Concrete mix design is the calculation of proportion of constituent elemenis (Like, cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water and sometime admixture also) to achieve desired degree of workability of fresh conorete and desired strength, durability, surface finish of hardened concrete. 944 There are two type of concrete mix: ()Designmix concrete (il) Nominal mix concrete Design mix is always preferable to nominal mix for characteristic strength 20 N/mm? and above. Nominal mix is used for M20 and lesser strength concrete only. Grade of concrete Nomina! Mix proportion (Cement : Sand : Coarse aggregate) M20 1:15:33 MIS 1:2:4 M10 1:3:6 Design mix proportions must be by weight while nominal mix proportions could be by volume also but by weight is preferable 10.0 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE Production of concrete for construction is done in batching plant. Q.1 Batching refers to (@) controling the total quantity at each batch (©) weighing accurately, the quanilily of each material for a job before mixing (©) controlling the quantity of each material into each batch (@) adjusting the water tobe added in each batch according to the moisture content of the materials being mixed in the batch [IES-1998] MADE ERSYMADE EASY Summary of1S456:2000 4.5 Ans. (c) ‘The measurement of material for making concreteis called batching. Itis essential toensure uniformity of proportions and aggregate grading in successive batches. 11.0 FORMWORK 11.3.1. Vertical form work of beam, column, walls is removed after 16-24 hrs of concreting (not horizontal) 12.0 ASSEMBLY OF REINFORCEMENT 12.3.2 Actual concrete cover at site should not deviate from the required nominal cover by Oto +10 mm. (no negative variation is allowed) 13.0 TRANSPORTING, PLACING, COMPACTION AND CURING 13.1 Transporting and Handling After mixing, concrete shall be transported to the form work as rapidly as possible by methods which will prevent the segregation. Common way of transportation are given below: () Headload (i) Dumper (ii) Transit mixer (If site is far away from batching plant) (iv) Conerete pump Placing the maximum permissible free fall of concrete may be taken as 1.5 m. I tree fall is 2mor3 m, then there may be possibilty of segregation Consider the following statements: Curing of concrete isnecessary because 1. concrete needs more water for chemical reaction 2. itis necessary to protect the water initially mixed in concrete from being lost during evaporation 3. penetration of surrounding water increases the strength of concrete Which of these statements isfare correct ? @ 1,2and3 (0) Vand only (©) 2only (a) Bonly at [WES-2008} Ans. (c) Q.2 Whatis the correct sequence of operations involved in concrete production? (a) Batching—mixing—handling— transportation (0) Mixing—batching—handling—transportation (©) Transportation—handiing—mixing—batehing (a) Handling—transportation—mixing—batching {IES-2006) 13.3 Compaction Conerete should be thoroughly compacted and fully worked around the reinforcement, and into corners of the formwork. Common way of compaction are given below: (Manually, by using steel rod Ta MADE EASY wnumadecasypublctonsorg16 13.5 14.0 14.2.4 15.0 aoe 15.2.1 15.2.2 15.4 ‘wwwemadeeasypublications.org Givi Engineering mADE EASY (il) Needle vibrator (Most commonly used) (i) Surface vibrator (Used to compact slab concreting) (iv) Formwork vibrator Now a days, self compacting concrete is being used which does not require any compaction, Curing Curing is the process of preventing the loss of moisture from the concrete whilst maintaining a satisfactory temperate regime. The prevention of moisture loss from the concrete is particularly important if the water cement ratio is low. Broadly, curing is divided into two types (9 Moist curing - Exposed surface of concrete shall be kept continuously in a damp or wet condition by ponding or by covering with a layer of sacking, canvas for at least 7 days from the date of placing of concrete, Steam curing can also be done for high strength concrete. Railways sleepers are steam cured (i) Membrane curing - Curing compound may be used in line of moist curing. It is applied toall exposed surfaces of the concrete as soon as possible after the concrete has set. It prevents evaporation of concrete water content. CONCRETING UNDER SPECIAL CONDITION Concrete cast under water should not fall freely through the water otherwise. it may be segregated. There are few techniques for underwater concreting (i) Tremie pipe method {i) Direct placement with pumps (ii) Drop bottom bucket (iv) Grouting ‘SAMPLING AND STRENGTH OF DESIGNED CONCRETE MIX Cubes casted using fresh concrete at the time of construction is tested for compressive strength alter 28 days but in the case of speedy work progress it may be tested for 7 days strength also. ‘random sampling procedure shall be adopted for testing. The minimum frequency of ‘sampling of conorete of each grade shall be accordance with the following. Frequency Canty nc ‘cite wank) | Number of test samples 175 3 ons 2 | aos ‘ siandatove | 4 renesetiona senple frou eeetenal rien vot Tsao Sapa ako Ton wach The test results of the sample shall be lhe average of the slrenglh of thtee specimens. The individual variation should not be more than #15 percent of the average, MADE ERSY Copyright _MADE EASY Summaryof15456:2000 47 Example: — Q.1 Is there any difference between test samples and test specimens? ‘Ans, Yes, a test sample comprise three test specimens and test specimen means one concrete cube of standard dimension 150 mm. Uinterview] 16.0 ‘ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA The concrete shall be acceptable when both the following condition are met (2) The mean strength determined from group of four consecutive test results satisfy the appropriate limits in colurnn (2) of Table 11 (©) Anyindividual test result should satisfy the appropriate limits in column (3) of Table 11. Table 11 : Characteristic Compressive Strength Compliance Requirement (after Amendment 4) [ Speciied ] Mean of ie Group of 4 individual tostresuts | “recs |Nor-overlapping consecutive] in Ninn test resutin Nim ) @ 2 fy, + 0825 xstandard Bly 3 deviation or ft3 whichever is greater ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE: Assume 100m? of M25 concrete has been placed at the site in 90 days as belove Days | Quantity | Number of | Number of |” Sample Compressive samples | specimens | number | stength of each sample in Nie m |e] @ © © ‘day | vam? | 3 | +343 | 4 205 2 300 3 285 \7pay| asm? | 4 3434343} 4 220 | 5 315 6 280 | 7 200 18" Dey] 20m? | 3 | 4843 | 8 285 9 300 | | 10 325 30" Day} 7m? 2 | 348 1" Inabove table, column (1) represents the day of concreting at site and column (2) represents volume of concreting on that day. Column (3) is number of samples taken on the day of concreting al site as per clause 15.22. Since each sample is having 3 specimens so column (4) represents number of specimen taken during concreting, Each sample has. been given a number that is represented in column (5). Column (6) is the compressive strength of the sample (average of 3 specimen of each sample) (©copyright MAGE EASY vnywmadeeasypublicationsory18 Civil Engineering MABE EASu Acceptance Criteria: Mean of any fournon-overlapping _ So, take either 3, 4, 5, 6 or §, 6, consecutive test results ~ or $0 on (not, 1, 2, 5, 6 oF 3, 4,9, 10) ‘Average of sample numbers 5, 6, 7, 8 = 29.25 Nimm? Check as per Table 14 29.25 2 f,, + 0.825 x standard deviation 25 + 0.825 x 4 (as por Table No. 8 of IS 456 : 2000) 28.3 Nimme or fat 2543 28.Nimme whichever is greater All value of compressive strength of sample given in column 6 is greater than f-8 = 22 Nimm?, So, concrete is acceptable Example: ee — Q.1 What is the minimum value of individual test results (in N/rnm®) for compressive strength compliance requirernent for concrete M20 as per codal provision’? (2) fay (0) tS (0) fge—4 () (-5 [1ES-2009} Ans. (b) 2. Inarandom sampling procedure for cube strength of concrate, one sample consists ‘of X number of specimens. These specimens are tested at 23 days and average strength of these X specimens is considered as test result of the sample, provided the individual variation in the strength of specimens is not more than « Y per cent of the average strength. The values of X and Y as per IS : 456-2000 are. (a) 4and 10respectively (b) Sand 10 respectively (©) 4and 1Srespectively —_(d) and 15 respectively (GATE-2005] Ans. (d) 17.0 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF STRUCTURES In case of any doubt regarding the grade of concrete used in construction, testing is ‘conducted again. () Destructive test (a) Core test (b) Load test (i) Non-destructive test {a} Rebound hammer test (b) Ultrasonic pulse velocity test Example: ——————— — Consicter the following statemey Ultrasonic pulse velocity test to measure tho strongth of concrete is 1. used to measure the strength of wet concrete. 2. used to obtain estimato of concrete strength of finished conerete elements, 3. a destructive test 4. non-destructive test {wwnumadeeasypublications org MAGE BASSMADE ERSY Summary of 5456:2000 | 4g neato Which of these statements is/are correct? (@) 2only (b) 1and3 (©) 2and4 (d) 3and4 [IES-2010] Ans. (c) ‘The non-destructive test may be performed directly on the in-situ concrete without the removal of a sample. These tests do not impair the intended performance of the element or member being tested, They also include methods which cause localized surface zone damage and may be called partially destructive. The ultrasonic pulse velocity method isa non-destructive test for hardened concrete which basically involves the measurement of velocity of electronic pulses passing through concrete froma transmitting transducer to a receiving transducer, This method is based on the principle that the velocity of pulse passing through concrete is primarily dependent upon the density and the elastic properties of the materials and is independent of geometry of the component. The density and elastic properties are in turn related to the quality and strength of the material Q.2._ Which of the following tests compares the dynamic modulus of elasticity of samples of concrete? (2) Compression test (0) Ultrasonic pulse velocity est (©) Split test (a) Tension test [1ES-2009} ‘Ans. (b) The value of modulus of elasticity found out by actual loading of concrete Le. the static modulus of elasticity does not truly represent the elastic behaviour of concrete due to the phenomenon of creep. The valve of modulus of elasticity found out by the velocity of sound or frequency of sound is referred as dynarnic modulus of elasticity The value of dynamic modulus of elasticity computed from ultrasonic pulse velocity method is somewhat higher than those determined by static method because dynamic modulus is unatfected by creep. G3. Which of the following statements refer to correct purposes as regards testing of concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity method? 1. Toassess the quality of concrete in-situ 2. To determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete. 3, To locate the presance of cracks in it (@) and 2 only (b) ‘and 3only (c) 2and3 only (@) 1,.2and3 (lES-2011] Ans. (d) Ultra sonic pulse velocity test is an in-situ test of hardened concrete when it is already acting as a structural member This testis based on the principle thal the velocity of sound ina solid material is a function of the square root af the ratio ofits modulus of elasticity Eto its density p. Higher the velocity of pulses greater isthe strength of concrete Q.4 Assertion (A): Rebound hammer (Schmidt hammer) test gives only approximate estimation of strength of the concrete specimen. Reason (R): The test represents the hardness of the surface and provides no idea of the concrete inside (@) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A (0) Both A and R are true but R is nota correct explanation of A (©) Ais true but Ris false (6) Ais false but Ris tue [IES-2006] © Copyright “MAGE ERSY20. Civil Engineering MADE EASY Ans. (c) The rebound hammer test measures the elastic rebound of concrete. The rebound umber is correlated with compressive strengthot concrete. The variation of strongth of a properly calibrated hammer may lie between +15% and 20% SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION 18.0 BASES FOR DESIGN 18.4 The aim of design is to fulfil folowing five requirements: (Safety i) Serviceability ii) Durability (iv) Economy (¥) Aesthatic 19.0 LOADS AND FORCES Types of foad which are taken into account while designing any structure are as follows. ()) Deadioad {i Imposed toad (ii) Wind load, snow load (iv) Earthquake foad (¥) Effect due to shrinkage, creep and temperature (vi) Foundation movement (vil) Soil and fluid pressure (vi) Vibration, impact, fatigue (8) Erection load 19.2.1 The unit weight of plain concrete and reinforced concrete may be taken as 24 kNim? and 25 kI\im® respectively for calculation of dead load, 19.9 Design loads the load to be taken for design of any structural member, In case of working stress method itis characteristic load while appropriate partial safety factor is muttiplied for limit state design method 21.0 FIRE RESISTANCE A structure is made fire resistance by using suitable construction material and providing appropriate cover to steel, Measurement of fire resistance Capacity of any structures in {errs of hours far which structure can behave satisfactorily, Minimum width of beam that should be used for tre resistance building is 200 mm 22.0 ANALYSIS 22.2 Effective Span (a) Simply supported beam and slab ~ The effective span of a member that is not built integrally with its supports shall be taken as clear span plus the effective depth of slab or beam or centre to centre of supports, whichever is less dt a yy =|, +d oF J, + b whichever is less “www.madeeasypublications.org ©Copyright | MADE EASYMADE EASY Summaryof15456:2000 24 (b) Continuous beam or slab * If the width of suppor is less than 1/12" of clear span then eflective span is same as mentioned in (a). + Ifthe width of support is more than 1/12 of clear span or 600 mm whichever is less, then etfective span is as follows le ore b> $5 or 600 mm I BL —— lant lak liga #82 7 ca peas * In the case of spans with roller or rocket bearings, the effective span shall always be the distance between the centers of bearing by a y= tes lake bee hs (c) Cantilever ca 2 (d) Frames ~ In the analysis of continuous frame, centre to centre distance is used, Example: — - Q.1_ Asimply supported RC beam having clear span Sm and support width 300mm has the cross-section as shown in figure below, | «ea mm 900 | What is the effective span of the beam as per IS:456 ? (@) 6300mm, (b) 5400mm, (©) 5200 mm (d) 5150mm, {1ES-2009] Ans. (a) MADE EASY Wiyimadeessypbleatonsorg ) (ecopyright .22 22.3.1 22.4.1 | wwnmmadeeasypublications org Civil Engineering MADE ERsY Gross section - The cross-section of the member ignoring reinforcement, ‘Transformed section - The concrete cross-section plus the area of reinforcement transformed using modular ratio. Cracked section ~ The area of concrete in compression plus the area of reinforcement transforined on the basis of modular ratio, Arrangement of Imposed Load Consideration may be limited to combinations of: 1. Design dead load on all spans with full design imposed load on two adjacent spans plus alternate spans for maximum hogging bending moment at the support B as shown below. fom 2. Design dead load on all spans with full design imposed load on alternate spans for maximum sagging bending moment in between support A and B as shown below. poet Q.1._ Inthe case ofa continuous RC beam, in order to obtain the maximum positive span moment, where should the live load be placed ? (a) Onallthe spans (©) On alternate spans starting from the left (©) On spans adjacent to the spans under consideration (A) On the span plus alternate spans [lES-2007] Ans. (d) Q.2._ For maximum sagging bending moment at support in a continuous RC beam, lve load should be placed on {@) spans adjacent to the support plus alternate spans (0) all the spans except the spans adjacent o the support (©) spans nex! to the adjacent spans of the support plus alternate spans (2) spans adjacent to supports only (IES-1995] Ans. (c) ‘Themaximum moment or shear force at a section depends on the position of the live load. (For maximum positive span moment at mid point, load that span and all other alternate spans. (il) For maximum positive support moment, unload the spans on either side of the support and load the next spans, (i) For maximum negative span moment at mid point, load the adjacent spans on either side of the span and all other alternate spans. (iv) For maximum negative moment at support, load the two spans adjacent to the support and all other alternate spans. MADE EASY © Copyriaht | | | .maADE 22.5 ocopyight MADE EASY wuvimadeeasypublications.org PIS Summaryofis 456:2000 23 For case (i) Poston of lad for maximum postive BM at P For case (ii) Abe eg a £10. to boning moment at a Postion of oad for positive ‘bending moment at D. .3 For maximum sagging bending moment in a given span of a multiple span bean, (2) that very span as well as alternate spans are loaded (0) adjacent spans are loaded (0) spans adjoining this span are loaded (a) adjacent spans are unloaded and next spans are loaded [HES-2000] Ans. (a) Moment and shear coefficient for continuous beams Unless more exact estimates are made, for beams of uniform cross-section which support substantially uniformly distributed loads over three or more span which do not differ by more than 16 percent of the longest, the bending moment shear forces used in design may be obtained using the coefficients given in Table 12 and Table 13 respectively. Table 12 : Bending Moment Coefficients Type of load Span moments Support moments Nearmidde —Atmiddle ot At support Atoiner ofendspan interior span next ta the interior fend support supports 8) cS) C) © Dead iced andimposed gt _ a at load (fixed) 12 6 0 2 Imposed oad (noted) 1 a a 1 10, 12 9 9 Note: For obtaining the bending moment, he coefficient shal be muliplied by the total design ‘and effective span,24 | Civil Engineering MaDe BAsu Example: - 22.6.1 22.6.2 22.6.2.1 furinnmadeeasypubsicaionsorg Table 13 : Shear Force Coefficients ‘Type of load Atend Atsupporl next to the Atall other support end support intorior supports Outer side finer side a ee | Dead load and imposed 0.4 06 0.88 08 toad (fixed) Imposed load (not fixed) 0.45 06 06 06 Note: For obtaining the shear force, te coelicient shall be multiplied by he total Gesign load Q.1_ Match List-Iwith List-II and select ihe correct answer using the codes given below the tists : List-| ‘A. Atend support, for imposed load (not fixed) B. Atinside support, next inner to end support, for imposed load (fixed) ©. Atend suppor, for dead ioact and (fixed) imposed load D. Atall other interior supports (other than at ‘B'), for imposed load (fixed) List- 1.05 2. 055 3. 060 4. 045 5. 04 Codes: A B cD ere a8 a sy: OEP Bt | m1 2 3 4 @ 5 3 2 4 [HES-2009] Ans. (b) Critical Section for Moment For monolithic construction the moments computed at the face of the support shall be Used in the design of the members at those section. Critical Section for Shear The shears computed at he face of the support shall be used in the design of the member at that section except as in 22.6.2.1. When the reaction in the direction of the applied shear introduces compression into the end region of the member, sections located at a distance less than d from the face of the support may be designed for the sane shear as that computed at distance d. Note: The above clauses are applicable for beams generally carrying uniformly distributed ‘oad or where the principal load is located farther than 2d from the face of the support.MP Summary oft$456:2000 | 35 \" toad rr ae a it (i) co) Fig.2 : Typical support conditions for locating factored shear force ‘A beam is designed for uniformly distributed loads causing compression in the supporting columns, Where is the critical section for shear? (dis effective depth of beam and Lyis development length) @). A distance Ly trom the face of the support (0) A distance d from the face of the support (0) Atthe centre of the support (@) At the mid span of the beam [IES-2006) Ans. (b) 2 Abox girder section is subjected to loads as shown in the figure below. The eritical section for shear in the botiom slab will occur at Lull, Cora (a) D from the face of the wall (b) ‘0! from the face of the wall (©) ‘d/2' trom the face of the wall (d) the face of the wall [IES-1997) Ans. (d) For top slab the critical section will be ata distance ‘a’ from the face of the wall. For bottom slab it will be at the face of the wall See) vmade¢asypiublications.org | {©copyright26 Civil Engineering MADE Easy Q3 A reinforced concrete beam of 10 m effective span and 1m effective depth is supported on 500 mm x 600 mm columns. Ifthe total uniformly distributed loadl on the beam is 10 MNim, the design shear force for the beam is (@) SOMN (b) 47.5MN (©) 375MN (@) 43MN {IES-2003} Ans. (c) The shear force should be calculated at critical section ie. 1 m away from the face of the column, Effective span of beam is to be taken as the clear span plus effective depth of beam or centre to centre spacing of supports whichever is less. The location for shear calculation will be x = 0.25+1=1,25m Design shear force = 23.0 BEAMS Effective depth of a beam is the distance between the centroid of area of tension reinforcement and the maximum compression fibre. In the case of two or three layers of tension reinforcement, centroid ofall tension reinforcement is considered 23.1 Aslab which is assumed to act as a compression flange of a T-beam or L-beam must be cast monolithically with the web or bonded firmly together. Someeeee Effective width of flange may be taken as the following but in no case greater than the width of the web plus half the sum of the clear distance to the adjacent beams on either side. be ep of 9 i ha = be be (@) Fortbeam, —b, = 2 4b, 16D, 6 k (b) Fork-beam, b= +b, +30, (©) For isolated beams, the effective flange width shall be obtained as below but in no case greater than the actual width beam, b, Lbeam, effective width of flange Jg = distance between points of zera momentsin the beam Note: For continuous beam and frames ‘may be assumed as 0.7 timesthe effective span. copyright | )MADE EASY Summary of5456:2000 37 Example: Pe} ‘A F.beam roo! section has the following particulars: Thickness of slab 100mm Width of rb 300mm Depth of beam 500 mm Centre to centre distance of beams 3.0m Effective span of beams 60m Distance between points of contrafiexue : 3.6m What is the effective flange width of the T-beam? (@) 3000mm (b)_ 190mm, (©) 160mm (d)_1500mm [lES-1996] Ans. (a) Q2_ The effective width ‘b;'of flange of a continuous T-beam in a floor system is given by bo tb + b= Gt Ow +60; where L, tepresents the {@) distance between points of contraflexure ina span (0) effective span of beams {o) clear span of beams {@)_ spacing between beams {1ES-2006) 23.2 The final deflection due io al loads including effects of temperatures, creep and shrinkage and measured from the as castlevel of the supports of floors, should not normally exceed effective span/250, ‘And the deflection due to effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage atter erection of Partitions and the application of finishes should not normally exceed span/380 or 20 mm whichever is less, Exampl Q.1._ The final deflection cue to all including etfects of temperature, creep and shrinkage measured from as ~ cast level of the supports of floors, roofs and all other horizontal members of reinforced concrete should not normally exceed (@ Spanvss0 (©) Spanv250 (6) (Span/a50) or 20 mm whichever is less (@) (5/848) of span liES-1996] Ans. (b) Q.2 Limit state of serviceability for deflection including the effects due to creep, shrinkage and temperature occurring after erection af parlitions and application of finishes as applicable to floors and roofs is restricted to Span Span © Seo ©) “0 Span Span © a 50 [IES-1995] Ans. (d) (ecopyrign MACE EASY _Aoumadeespsoiatorsorg)28 23.2.4 23.3 Exampl Civil Engineering MADE ENSY ‘The vertical deflection of fears is ensured within limit by providing following recommended values of effective span to effective depth ratio, Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for span upto 10 m: Cantilever 7 Simply supported 20 Continuous % Q.1_ Hows the deflection in RC beams controlled as per IS:456 ? (a) By using large aspect ratio (0) By using small modular ratio (c) By controlling span/depth ratio (0) By moderating water-cement ratio [1ES-2009] Ans. (c) Q.2 Usually stifness of a simply supported beam is satisfied if the ratio of its span to depth does not exceed which one of the following? (a) 7 (o) 10 ©) 2 (a) 2% [IES-2008] Ans. (0) Q.3-_ AsperI$:456-1978 the vertical deflection limit for beams may generally be assumed 10 be satisfied provides that the ratio of span to effective depth of a continuous beam of span up to 10 mis not be greater than (a) (b) 26 @a @ 6 {1ES-1999] Ans. (b) Slenderness limits for beams to ensure lateral stability, simply supported or continuous beam shall be so proportioned that the clear distance ‘between the lateral restraints does not exceed 60 b or 250 bid whichever is less, where d is the effective depth of the beam and b the breadth of the compression face midway belween the lateral restraints, For a cantilever, he clear distance from the free end of the cantilever to the lateral restraint shall not exceed 25 b of 100 b/d whichever is less. Q.1 Match List-l (Codal Parameter) with List-I (Structural Member) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists List| List-l A, 0.040 4. Column B, 250b%d 2. Cantilever C. 10b4d 3. Continuous beam D. (k,VD, 4, Beam MADE EASY ‘©Copyright | gooseMADE EASY SummaryofI5456:2000 9 24.0 24.1 24.5 ©Copyright Codes: A B CD @ 4 1 2 3 Oa 6 2 7a @4 3 2 4 @2 1 4 3 [1ES-2005) Ans. (¢) SOLID SLABS For slabs spanning in wo directions, the shorter of the two spans should be used for calculating the span to effective depth ratios, For two way slabs of shorter span (up (0 3.5 m) with mild stee! reinforcement, the span to overall depth ratio given below may generally be assumed to satisty vertical deflection limits for loading up to 3 kNIm?. Simply supported slab 35 Continuous slab 40 For high strength deformed bars of grade Fe415, the values given above should be muitiptiec by 08. Q.1_ Incase of 2-way slab, the limiting deflection of the slab is (2) primarily a function of the long span (©) primarily @ function of the short span (6) independent of long or short spans (@) dependent on both long and short spans [IES-1995, 2003] Ans. (b) Q.2_ For a continuous slab of 3m x 3.5 m size, the minimum overall depth of slab to salisfy vertical deflection limits is (@) 120mm (b) 100mm, (©) 75mm () 50mm [les-2011) Ans. (c) ‘The loads on beams supporting solid stabs spanning in two directions at right angles and supporting uniformly distributed loads, may be assumed to be in accordance with Fig. 7 below. Load on this shaded Load inthis shades ateatobe caried by area tobe carried by bear A beam B Fig. 7 : Load carried by supporting beams inabe Easy wmuedeeasypubliaionsorg)30 | Civil Engineering MADE ERSY Example: ——— ———— Q.1 Tho RC slab, simply supported on all edges as in figure below, is subjected to a total UDL of 12 kN/m?. The maximum shear force/unit length along the edge ‘BC is o: c 4m a —— 5m——t (@) 16KN (b) 12KN (©) BN (d) 30KN. (18-2010) Ans. (a) 25.0 COMPRESSION MEMBERS Column or strut is a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three times the least lateral dimension. Ifit is less than or equal to three then consider it as a. pedestal ‘A compression member may be considered as short when both the slendemness ratios k and are less than 12 DB b In general x-axis is taken as major axis and y-axis is taken as minor axis. iY te > od y Example; ————————______________________ Q.1 According o IS 456, minimum slenclerness ratio for a short concrete column (@) Less than 12 (b) Between 12and 18 (©) Between 18 and 24 (@) Morethan 24 [lES-2011] 25.1.3 Theunsupported length rof a compression member shall be taken as the clear distance between end restraints 25.3 Slenderness Limits for Columns Tha unsupported length between end restraints shall not exceed 60 times the least lateral dimension of a column. ITin any given plane, one end of a colunn is unrestrained, its unsupported length, J, shall notexceed 100 b/D. = EASY na maniMADE EASY Summary ofI5456:2000 | 34 25.4 Minimum Eccentricity All column shall be designed for minimum eccentricity, lateral dimension aD or 20. mm, which ever is more ®nn= Example: ——. cee Q.1 An axially loaded column is of 300mm x 800 mm size. Effective length of column is 3m. Whatis the minimum eccentricity of the axial load for the column? @o (©) 10mm (©) 16mm @ 20mm [ES-2006} 26.4 Reinforcing steel of same type and grade shall be used as main reinforcement in a structural member, However, simultaneous use of two different types of grades of steel for main secondary reintorcement respectively is permissible 26.1.1 Bars may be arranged singly, or in paits in contact, or in group of three or four bars bundled in contact, Bundled bars shall be enciosed within stirrups or ties. Bundled bars shall be tied together to ensure the bars remaining together. Bars larger than 32 mm. diameter shall not be bundled, except in column. 26.2 Development of Stress in Reinforcement ‘The calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on ‘ach side of the section by providing developmentiength or end anchorage or combination 26.2.1 DevelopmentLengthot bars 905 la= ase where, $= nominal diameter of bar ©, = stress in bar at the section considered at design load x = design bond stress Design bond stress for deformed bar shall be 60 percent higher than design bond stress. for plain bar, This is due to extra ribs provided on the surface of bar, ANY Plain bar Deformed bar For bar in compression, the values of bond stress for bar in tension shall be increased by additional 28 percent. Example: Q.1_ In limit state design, permissible bond stress in the case of deformed bars is more than that in plain bars by (2) 60% (b) 50% (c) 40% (8) 25% [IES-1995} Ans, (a) Q.2 Ina reinforced concrete member, the bes! way to ensure adequate bond is (@) lo provide minimum number af large diameter bars (b) to provide large number of smaller diameter bars (©) toincrease the cover for reinforcement (d) to provide additional stirrups [IES-2004} Ans. (b) MADE EASY oewimedeeasypublcationsorg32. Civil Engineering MADE EASY Q.3 Assertion (A) : The development length for HYSD Fe 415 bars is less than that for mild steel plain bars. Reason (A) : The permissible bond stress for HYSD Fe 415 bars is more than that for mild steel plain bars. (a) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A (0) Both A and R are'true but Ris nota correct explanation of A (c) Ais true but Ris false (@) Ais false but Ris true [lES-1999] Ans. (d) Q.4 When HYSD bars are used in place of mitd steel bars in a beam, the bond strength (a) does not change (0) increases (0) decreases (@) becomes zero Ans. (b) Q.5 Which one of the following is the correct expression to estimate the development length of deformed reinforcing bar as per IS code in limit sate design ? 6s @ a we © aes © where @ is diameter of reinforcing bar, o, is the stress in the bar at a section and 's bond stress, [1ES-2007] Ans. (c) As per clause 26.2.1 of 1S:456-2000, the development length L,, is given by 05 Lampe The value of 7,4 should be increased by 60% for deformed bars. cA 05 Perret oe 60 64%, af teat 4 (rs mm) Q.6 Whatis the bond stress acting parallelto the reinforcement on the interface between bar and concrete? (a) Shear sires (b) Local stress (¢) Flexural stress (@) Bearing stress [lEs-2008} Ans. (a) Q.7_ Consider abar of diameter 'D’ embedded in a large concrete block as shown in the adjoining figure, wih pull out force P being applied, Let a, and 0,, be the bond strength (between the bar and concrete) and the tensile strength of the bar, | respectively If the block is held in position and itis assumed that the material of the block does not fail, which ofthe folowing options represents the maximum value of PP (on madseasypublionsora MADE EASY tae wna rr neMADE EASY Summary of15456:2000 33 Concrete Embedded | black ‘Stool ber ft a (@) Maximum of ( *%e,] and (nDLo,) (b) Maximum of (G oa) and (nDLo,} (©) Minimum of ( £0%o,] and (nDLo,) (6) Minimum of (E0%s.} and (nDLo,) IGATE-2011] Ans. (c) 26.2.2 Anchoring is provided by bends and hooks at the end which is equivalent to resistance provided by straight bars. Equivalent anchorage Equivalent anchorage fength = 89 length = 169, (@) standard 90° bend (6) standard U-type hook Anchorage lengths of standard bends and hooks The anchorage value of bend shail be taken as four times the diameter of the barfor each 45° bend subject to a maximumof 16 times the diameter of bar. The anchorage value of a standard U-lype hook shall be equal to 16 times the diameter of the bar ‘Anchorage length of bend and hooks are nat considered in the case of compression Q.1 What is the anchorage value ofa stanclard hook ofa reinfor sement bar of diameter o (a) 40 (b) 8D (e) 12D (d) 16D [IES-2009] Ans. (d) (©copyright MADE EASY wumadeeasypublicatonsorg34 26.2.3 26.23.14 26.2.3.2 26.2.3.3 R (wmmumadeeasypubliations.org Civil Engineering MADE EASY na Curtailment of Tension Reinforcement in Flexural Members For curtailment, reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which itis not longer requi 10 resist flexure for a distance equal to the effective depth of the member or 12 times the bar diameter, whichever is greater except a simple support or end of cantilever. In aduition 26.3.3.2 to 26.2.3.5 shall also satisfied Note: A point at which reinforcement is no longer required to resist flexure is where the resistance moment of the section, considering only the continuing bars, is equal to the design moment. Flexural reinforcement shall not be terminated in a tension zone unless any one of the following conditions is saistied: (2) The shear at the cut-off point does not exceed two-thirds that permitted, including the shear strength of web reinforcement provided. (©) _ Stirrup area in excess of the required for shear and torsion is provided along each terminated bar over a distance from the cut-off point equal to three-fourths the effective depth of the member, The excess stirrup area shall be not less than 0.4 bs/f,, where bis the breadth of beam, s is the spacing and f, is the characteristic strength of reinforcement in Nimm?. The resulting spacing shall not exceed a8 f,, where Bis, the ratio of the area of bars cut-off to the total area of bars at the section, and dis the effective depth, (c)_ For'36 mm and smailer bars, the continuing bars provide double the area required for flexure at the cut-off point and the shear does not exceed three-fourth that permitted. Positive Moment Reinforcement (@) Atleast one-third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and one- fourth the positive moment reinforcement in continuous members shall extend along the same face of the member into the support, to a length equal to Ly. (b) When a flexural member is part of the primary lateral load resisting system, the positive reinforcement required to be extended into the support as described in (a) shall b¢ anchored to develop its design stress in tension at the face of the support. (0) _Atsimple supports and at points of inflection, positive moment tension reinforcement shall be limited to a diameter such that L, computed for f, by 26.2.1 does not exceed thy where, M = moment of resistance of the section assurring alreinforcement, at the section to be stressed to fy 0.87 f, in the case of limit state design and the permissible stress 6, in the case of working stress design V = shear force at the section due to design loads \,, = sum of the anchorage beyond the center of the support and the equivalent anchorage value of any hook or mechanical anchorage at simple support; and a point of inflection, Ly is limited to the effective depth of the members or 129, whichever is greater, and $= diameter of bar The value of M,/Vin he above expression may be increased by 30 percent when the ends ofthe reinforcementare confined by a compressive reaction, MADE EASYMADE EAsu Summary of1S456:2000 35 26.2.3.4 26.2.3.5 Example: Negative Moment Reinforcement Atleast one-third of the otal reinforcement provided for negative moment at the support shall extend beyond the point of inflection for a distance not less than the elective depth cof the member of 129 or one-sixtesnth ofthe clear span whichever is greater. dor 12907 118" ,> Bending moment diagram Curtailment of Bundled Bars Bars in a bundle shall terminate at different points spaced apart by not less than 40 times the bar diameter except for bundles stopping at a support. Q.1_ Consider the following staternents dealing with flexural reinforcement tobe terminated in the tension zone 1. The shear at the cut-off point not to exceed two-third of the otherwise permitted value, ‘Shear reinforcement is provided along each terminated bar overlapping three- fourth of the appropriate distance from the cut-off paint. 3. For 36mm and smaller bars, the continuing bars shall provide double the area required for flexure at the cutoff and shear does not exceed three-fourth of the permitted value. Which of these statements is/are correct ? (@) 1,2and3 (b) 1 and2only () 2and 3 only (@) Bony [IES-2009) Ans. (a) Q.2_ The distance between theoretical cut-off point and actual cut-off point in respect of the curtailment of reinforcement of reinforced concrete beams should not be less. than (a) Developmentlength (b) 12x diameter of bar or effective depth whichever is greater (©) 24 x diameter of bar or effective depth whichever is greater (4) 80 x diameter of bar or effective depth whichever is greater [IES-2006) ‘Ans. (b) MADE ens ‘Ww madecasypil estonsorg)36 | Civil Engineering MADE Ensu Q.3. Consider the following statements: 1. Reinforcement that is no longer required for flexure beyond a certain section, shall however be extended by d or 12 6, whichever is greater, before being curtailed. 2. Atleast half the bars should be bent up at the cut-off point 3. The shear capacilyat cul-off point should atleast be 1.5 times the shear force at that section. Which of these statements are correct? Pama ore (@ tand2 (©) tana (©) 2and3 (9) 1,2and3 [1ES-2004] d ‘Ans. (b) Q.4 Match List-{ (Reinforcement type} with List-ll (Anchorage requirement) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List-1 Fooling siab, tensile reinforcement Cantilever beam, tensile reinforcement ‘Simply supported beam, tensile reinforcement Beam, shear stirtup j List-II i pom 2. 6pfor 135° bend 3. Ly nto the suppor 4, Lyffom the column face Codes’ A B CD @ 1 8 4 2 ) 1 2 4 3 @ 4 3 1 2 @ 4 2 13 [lES-2009} Ans. (c) For shear stirup in beam, anchorage lengths, (i) Bp for 90° bend (i) 6ptor 135° bend (i) 49 for 180° bend 26.2.5 _tisreommended that splices in flexural members should not be done at sections where the bending moment is more than 50 percent of the moment of resistance and not more than half the bars shall be splice at a section, 26.2.5.1 Lap splives (@) Lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 82 mm; for larger diameters, bars may be welded or mechanically spliced. (b) Lap length including anchorage value of hooks for bars in flexure tension shall be L., (f 309 whichever is greater and for direct tension shall be 2, or 306 whichever is, greater. The straight length of the lap shall not be less than 154 or 200 mm, (Wavaimadeeesypublicationsorg MADE EASY 8 copyiahe)MADE EASY Summary of15456:2000 37 {c) The lap length in compression shall be equal to the development length in compression, calculated as described in 26.2.1, but not less than 249. (d) When bars of two different diameters are to be spliced, the lap length shall be calculated on the basis of diameter of the smaller bar. Q.1_Lap length of reinforcement in compression shall not be less than (@) 06 (b) 246 (©) 206 (@) 156 where @ = diameter of bar. {HES-2011] Ans. (b) 26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars in tension’ (a) Beams : The horizontal cistance between parallel reinforcement bars near the tension face of the beam shall not be greater than the falowing, 4,(Nimm?) Clear distance between bars (mm) 250 300 415, 480 500 150 (b) Slabs : The horizontal distance between parallel main bars shall not be more than, three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is smaller. The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against shrinkage and temperature shall not be more than five times these effective depth of a solid slab or 300 mm whichever is smaller. 26.4 Minimum values of nominal cover for different structural member depends upon exposure condition because cover is directly related to durability of the structure Exposure Nominal cover (mm) Mild 2 Moderate 0 Severe 45 Very severe 50 Extreme 6 26.4.2.2 For footings, minimum cover shale 50 mm. Example: : : a ee Q.1. The cover of longitudinal reinforcing bar in a beam subjected to sea spray should not be less than which one of the following ? (a) 30mm (6) 70mm (¢) 75mm (A) 80mm [les-2007} Ans. (b) ‘Above exposure condition comes under very sever range (see 8.22), so minimum is ‘50 mm, But no answer is 50 mm so appropriate answer is 70 mm. Q2_ Match List-! with List-ll regarding the minimum concrete cover to reinforcing steel and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List-1 A. For longitudinal reinforcement in columns of size 200 mm and less, with 12mm diameter bars as longitudinal steel B. For longitudinal reinforcement in beams Cteon MABE EASY38 26.5 26.5.1.1 26.5.1.2 26.5.1.3 Example: MADE EASY il Engineering For longitudinal bars in slabs. For longitudinal bars in columns of size more than 200 mm. List-I c: D. 1. 40mm or diameter of bar whichever is more 2. 1Smmor diameter of bar whichever is ore 3. 25mm or diameter of bar whichever is more 4, 25mm Codes: A BC D eee eeeeeeee Seeeteaesssemesseee @ 1 3 2 4 @ 4 2 3 4 [IES-1996] Ans. (a) Requirements of Reinforcement for Structural Members Tension reinforcement Minimum tension reinforcement in bearns 0.85 bd 4 Maximum tension reinforcement in beams ‘Ay $0.04 bD AGS ‘Compression Reinforcement There is no|imit of minimum compression reinforcement in beam but maximum amountis limited to 0.04 bD. Side Face Reinforcement Where the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mr, side face reinforcement shall be provided along the two faces. The total atea of such reinforcement shall be not less than 0.1 percent of the web area and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or wab thickness whichever is less. Q.1_ What shall be the maximum area of reinforcement (i) in compression and (i) in tension to be provided in an RC beam, respectively, as per 18:456? (@) 0-08% and 23% (0) 2% and 4% (c} 4% and 2% (@) 4% and 4% {1ES-2009) Ans. (d) Q.2 Minimum tension stee! in RC beam needs to be provided to (@) prevent sudden failure (b) arrest crack width () control excessive deflection (d) prevent surface hair cracks [IES-2004] Ans. (a)MADE ERSY Summary oft$ 456: 2000 39 26.5.1.5 26.5.1.6 Example: Q3_ Given that d = effective depth, b = width and D = overall depth, the maximum area of compression reinforcement ina beam is (@) 0.04bd (b) 0.040. (©) 0.12bd (d) 0.1200 [lES-1997) Ans. (b) Q.4 Side face reinforcement is provided in a beam when the depth of web exceeds (@) 300mm {b) 450mm, () 500mm (d) 750mm [IES-1997] Ans. (d) Q5_ Inan RCC beam of breadth’b’ and overall depth D exceeding 750 mm, side face reinforcement required and the allowable area of maximum tension reinforcement shall be respectively (a) 0.2% and 0.02bD (b) 0.3% and 0.0360 (©) 0.1%and0.04bD (0) 0.4% and 0.0160 {IES-1999] Ans. (¢) Transverse Reinforcement Spacing The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall not exceed 0.75 dor vertical stirups and dfor inclined stirrups at 45°, where dis the effective depth of the section under consideration. In no case the spacing exceed 300 mm. Q.1. Whatis tne adoptable maximum spacing between vertical stirrups in an ACC beam of rectangular cross-section having an effective depth of 300 mm? (@) 300mm {b) 275mm. (©) 250mm (6) 225mm, [l€S-2009] Ans, (d) Minimum Shear Reinforcement Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stitups shall be provided such that Aw 5 0.4 bs, ~ O87 where, _A,, = total cross-sectional area of stirup legs etiective in shear. §, = stirrup spacing along the length of the member. should not be more than 415 Nimm?. Q.1_ Minimum shear reinforcement in beams is provided in the form of stirrups (a) to resist extra shear farce due to live load (b) 10 resist the effect of shrinkage of concrete (©) to resist principal tension (6) to resist shear cracks at the bottom of beam: [1ES-2004] ‘Ans. (c) The section at which the inclined orack in bearn without shear reinforcementis formed first is takon as the shear strength of concrete as the difference between the loads corresponding tothe first crackand the ultimate failure is very less. Formation of such ‘crack ocour when the principal tensile stress reaches the tensile strength of concrete. tthe mic-span of a simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load, where shear is small and bending stress is large, the direction of principal tensile MADE EASY vwmmadecaya blcatonsorg rN40 Civil Engineering MAGE EPS stress is flat and is nearly equal to the flexural tensile stress. Ths will cause flexural cracks nearly vertical to the axis of the beam. These are intiated even when 0.5, < 4, <,. Thus minimum reinforcement is needed to prevent flexural crack due to principal tension. 26.5.2.1 Slabs 26.5.2.1 Minimum Reinforcement ‘A minimum reinforcement must be provided in slabs to take care of shrinkage and temperature effect. The mild steel reinforcement in either direction of siabs shall not be less than 0.15 percent ofthe total cross-sectional area. However, this value can be reduced 100.12 percent when high strength deformed bars is used 26.5.2.2 Maximum Diameter ‘The diameter of reinforcing bars shall not exceed one-eight of the total thickness of the slab. Q.1 Whatis the value of minimum reinforcement (in case of Fe 415) in a slab? (a) 0.1% (b) 0.12% {c) 0.15% (@) 0.2% {1ES-2004] Ans, (b) Q.2. Temperature and shrinkage steel is provided in reinforced conarete slabs because (a) itoccupies larger area (©) its thickness is less {c) itis amain structural element (d) itis a floxural member [lEs-2004] Ans. (a) ‘Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement is invariably provided at right angles to the main longitudinal reinforcement in a slab because the surface area of slab is large. 3 A reinforced concrete slab is 75 mm thick. The maximum size of reinforcement bar that can be used is (@) 6mmdiameter (0) 8mmdiameter (©) 10mmadiameter (d) 12mmdiameter [lES-2011] Ans. (b) 26.5.3 ‘Columns 26.5.3.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement: fa) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal -einforcement, shall be not less than 0.6 percent nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross-sectional area of column. Note: The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve practical dificuties in placing and compacting ff concrete; hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars ram the columns below have 10 be lapped with thave in the cclurmn under consideration, the percentage of steel shat usually rot cexcood 4 percent (b) _ Inany column that has a larger cross-sectional area than that required to support the load the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete required to resist the direct stress and not upon the actual area, adeeasypublications.orgMADE EASY Summaryoft5456:2000 | 4 Example: 26.5.3.2 [©copyright (6) The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular columns and six in circular columns. (d)__ The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter, (@) A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six bars of longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement. (© In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the helical reinforcement and equidistant araund its inner circumference. {g) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not exceed 300mm, (M) Incase of pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcements not taken into account in strength calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.15 percent of the cross-sectional are shall be provided. Note: Pedestal is a compression member, the effective length of which does not exceed three times the least lateral dimension Q.1__ The limits of percentage 'p' of the longitudinal reinforcement ina column is, (@) 0.15% to 2% (b) 0.8% to. 4% (©) 0.8% to. 6% (d) 0.8% to. 8% [IES-1996] Ans. (c) Q.2 Whatis the minimum nominal percentage longitudinal reinforcement to be provided in a concrete pedestal as per relevant IS code? (@) 04 (b) 02 (©) 0.45 (@) o4 [JES-2007) Ans. (¢) Q.3 What s the minimum number of longitudinal bars provided inareinforced concrete column of circular cross-section? fa 4 (b) 5 () 6 (@) 8 [1ES-2005} Ans. (c) Transverse Reinforcement (a) General: A reinforced concrete compression member shall have vansverse or helical reinforcement so disposed that every Iongitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has elfective lateral support agains! buckling, The effective lateral support is given by transverse reinforcement either in the form of circular rings capable of taking up circumferential tension or by polygonal inks (lateral ties) with internal angles not exceeding 135°. The ends of the transverse reinforcement shall be properly anchored (0) Pitch and diameter of lateral tios 1. Pitch: The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the following distances ()._ The least lateral dimension of the compression members; {il)_Sixtoon times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied; and (ii) 300 mn 2, Diameter: The diameter of the polygonal inks or lateral ties shall be not less than one-fourth of the diameter ofthe largest longitudinal bar, and in no case less than 6 mm. made EASY ‘woes ypubiationsorg42 27.0 Civil Engineering MADE EASY (6) Helical reinforcement 1. Pitch: Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation with the tuns of the helix spaced evenly and its ends shall be anchored properly by providing one and a half extra turns of the spiral bar. Where an increased load on the column, on the strength of the helical reinforcement is allowed for, the pitch of helical tums shall be not more than 75 mm, nor more than one-sixth of the core diameter ‘of the column, nor less than 25 mm, norless than three times the diameter of the steel bar forming the helix, In other cases, the requirements of 26.5.3.2 shall be complied with 2, The diameter of the helical reinforcement shall be in accordance with 26.5.3.2 (0) (2) Q.1. Lateral ties in AC columns are provided to resist (a) bending moment (©) shear (©) buckling of longitudinal steel bars (d) both bending moment and shear [l€S-2000) Ans. (¢) @2_ Asquare column section of size 350 mm x 350 mm is reinforced with four bars of 25 mm diameter and four bars of 16 mm diameter. Then the transverse steel should be (@) Smmdia@240mmefe (bo) 6 mm dia @250 mm cle (©) Bmmdia@z5omme/e —(d)._ 8 mm dia @360 mm ale {1ES-2005} Ans. (c) The diameter of transverse reinforcement shall not be less than one fourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6 mm. So the diameter ofthe bar <= 6.25 mm. Choose & mm diameter bar The pitch of the transverse reinforcement shall not be more than the least of the following: (The least lateral dimension of the compression members i.e. 350 mm, (i) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied ie. 16 x 16 = 256 mm (ii) 300 mm So pitch will be 250 mm fe. Q.3 Which one of the fatowing statements is correct? (a), Maximum longitudinal reinforcementin an axially loaded short column is 6% of gross sectional area (6) Columns with circular section are provided with transverse reinforcement of helical type only (€) Spacing of lateral ties cannot be more than 16 times the diameter of the tie bar (2) Longitudinal reinforcement bar noed not be in contact with lateral tes [1ES-1995] Ans. (a) EXPANSION JOINTS. ‘The structures adjacent tothe joint should preferably be supported on separate columns or walls but not necessarily on separate foundation. Expansion joint should be completely clear, reinforcement should nol extend across expansion joint. Normally, structures exceeding 45 m in length are designed with one or more expansion joints.MADE EASY Summary of15456:2000 | 43 Beaietoasctay SIGN REQUIREMENT FOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS & SYSTEM 29.0 DEEP BEAMS: ‘Abeam shall be termed as deep beam when the ratio of effective span to overall depth, 1/1 is less than () 2.0 fora simply supported beam; and (i) 2.5for a continuous beam. 31.0 FLAT SLAS The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by column, There is no role of beam in this case. Some times drops are provided at interface of column and slab, 31.2.1 The minimum thickness of flat slab shall be 125 mm. 31.6.1 Thecitical section for shear shail be at a distance d2 from the periphery ofthe column/ capitalfcrop panel, perpendicular to the plane ofthe slab where dis the effective depth of the section. The shape of critical section for shear is geometrically similar to the support immediately below the slab as shown in the figure below. Ctical section Suppor secon 7 ie ot ccolurnfcolumn head 134 teat 7 Suppor Suppert Criteal 13 13D Fig. 13 : Critical sections in plan for shear in flat slab ‘MADE ERSY © Copyright44, Chil Engineering MADE EASY Free comer Fs eae _ Critical section caer \, ccalurn 14a 4B Cea! sector Fig. 14: Effect of free edges on critical section for shear : Q.1 For shorter storey height, cheaper formwork and better lighting fcittes, what isthe recommended slab floor? (a) Tbeam and slab (o) Twoway slab (c) Flat slab (d) Framed structure [lES-2008} Ans. (c) A flat slab is a typical type of constuction in which a reinforced slab is built ‘monolithically with the supporting columns and is reinforced in two or more directions without any provision of beams. Because of exclusion of beam-system in this type of construction, a plain ceiling is obtained, thus giving attractive appearance from architectural pointo view. The plain ceiling diffuses the light better and is considered less vulnerable in the case of fire than the usual beam slab consiruction. The flat slab is easier to construct and requires cheaper formwork. Q.2 Drop panelis a structural component in t (@) Grid floor (0) Flatplate (©) Flat slab (2) Slab-beam system of foor : IlEs-2005] | ‘Ans. (c) i Q.3._ Drops are provided in flats slabs to resist i (@) bending moment (b) thrust t (c) shear (@) torsion (1ES-1997] Ans. (c) EB The slabs supported directly on columns without beams are know as flat slabs. In such slabs, large bending moments and shear forces are induced in the vioinity of columns. Therefore the columns are flared at the top called coiumnheadsorcolumn Capitals and stab ae thickenedt around he column capitals called drops for reducing 32.0 WALLS ‘The minimum thickness of walls shall be 100 mm, 32.2.2 The design of a wail shall take account of the actual eccentricity of the vertical force subject to a minimum value of 0.05t. Where, tis thickness of wall 32.2.3 The ratio of effective height to the thickness shall not exceed 30, (oomumadeeasypublicationsorg made EaseMADE Ensu Summary ofS 456:2000 4 32.5 32.5.1 34.0 34.1.2 34.2.3.2 34.2.4 (Scopyrighe Minimum Requirements for Reinforcement in Walls ‘The reinforcement for walls shall be provided as below (a) _ the minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to gross concrete area shail be: 1, 0.0012 for deformed bars not larger than 16 mm in diameter and with a characteristic strength of 415 Nim? or greater. 2, 0.0015 for other types of bars, 3. 0.0012 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16mm in diameter. (b) Vertical reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the wall thickness nor 450 mi. (€)_Theminimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement to gross concrete area shall be 1. 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than 16 mm in diameter and with a characteristic strength of 415 Nimm? or greater, 2. 0,0056 for other types of bars, 3. 0,0020 for welded wire fabric nat larger than 16 mm in diameter (4) _ Horizontal reinforcement shail be spaced not farther apart than three times the wall thickness nor 450 mm, For wall having thickness more than 200 mm, the vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be provided in two grids, one near each face af the wall Q.1. Consider the following statements for minimum reinforcement to be provided in a wall as a ratio of vertical reinforcement to gross concrete area: 1. 0.0012 for deformed bars, 2. 0.0015 for all other types of bars, 8. 0.0012 for welded wire fabric with wires not larger than 16 mm in diameter, Which of these statements is/are correct ? (@) 1,2and3 {b) tony (©) 2and3 only (d) Sony [18-2009] FOOTINGS In reinforced and plain concrete footings the thickness al the edge shall not be less than 150 mm for footings on soils The greatest bending moment to be used in the design of an isolated concrete footing ‘which supports a column, pedestal or wall, shall be calculated at section located as follows: (2) At the face of the column, pedestal or wall for footings supporting monolithic constructed column or walls (©) Hatt way between the centre-ine and the edge of the wall, for footing under masonry walls. (6) Hallway between the face of the Column or pedestal and the edge of the gusseted ‘base, for footings under gusseted bases. Critical section for shear: There are two type of shear falure in footings, namely, one way shear and two way sheat (punching shear). (@) Incase of one way shear, critical section is at a distance d from face of column or wall. Where, dis effective depth of footing, (b) Incase of two way shear, critical section is at a distance a2 from the face of column, Where, dis effective depth of footing, MADE EASY46 | Civil Engineering MADE EASY Q.1_ Inthe case of isolated square concrete footing, match the locations at which the stress resultants are tobe checked, where dis elfective depth of footing and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: Exam f Stress Resultant Location A. Bending moment 4. Atface of column B. Oneway shear 2. At 2 from face of column C. Punching sheer 3. Ata from face of column Codes: A BC eecsstssseessee: 3 1 2 @ 1 4 3 @ 1 3 2 UES-2006) Ans. (d) Q.2 While designing combined footing, the resultantof the column loads passes through the centre of gravity of the footing slab such that the net soil pressure obtained is (@) parabolic (©) trapezoidal (6) uniform (@) non-union i {IES-2008] t Ans. (c) i Q.3_ Hows the depth of footing for an isolated column governed? f 1. Bymaximum bending moment ' 2. Byshear force i 3. Bypunching shear E Soll Circ anor sing the cod ge bl i (2) 2and3 only (©) and 2 only (©) Vand 3 only (A) 1, 2and3 [1ES-2008) Ans. (4) 34.4 Transfer of Load at the Base of Column i ‘The compressive stress in concrete at the base of a column or pedestal shail be considered as being transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting pedestal or footing. The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall nat exceed the permissible bearing stress in direct compression multiplied by a value equal to JA,/A; but not greater than 2: where AA, = supporting area for bearing of footing, which in sloped or stepped footing may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest {rustum of a pyramid or cone contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base, the area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to Wwo horizontal, and Loaded area at the column base. meer e For working stress method of design the permissible bearing stress on tullarea of concrete shall be taken as 0.25 f,,; for limit state method of design the permissible bearing stress. shall be 0.45 f., MADE EASYMADE ERSU Summary of15456:2000 | 47 SECTION 5 : STRUCTURAL DESIGN (LIMIT STATE METHOD) 35.0 SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENT 35.1 The acceptable limit forthe safety and serviceability eequirements betore failure occurs is called ‘Limit state’ 35.3.2 There is limiting value of crack width from serviceability and durability point of view. Limit of crack width directly depends upon exposure condition as follows: Maximum allowable crack Exposure condition 0.3mm mile 0.2mm moderate 0.4 mm severe, and more aggressive environment Example: —————- = = — Q.1 Consider the following statements with regard to crack formation and its contra! 1. The surface width of the crack should not, in general, exceed 0.30 mm for structures not subjected to aggressive environment. 2. When depth of web in a beam exceeds 750mm, side face reinforcement @0.5 per cent of web area should be provided on each face. 3. The nominal spacing of main bats in a slab should not exceed three times the effective depth of a solid slab or 300 mm, whichever is smaller Which of these statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) tand2 (©) ands (@ 2and3 [IES-2005] Ans. (c) 36.0 CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES AND PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS 36.1 Characteristic strength means that value of the strength of the material below which not more than 95 percent of the test results are expected to fall Example: Q.4 Characteristic strength of M20 concrete is 20 MPa, What is the number of cubes, having 28 days’ compressive strength greater than 20 MPa cut! 100.cubes made with this concrete? (@) All () 95 (©) @ @ 50 [1ES-2006] Ans. (b) 36.2 Characteristic load means that value of load which has @ 95 percent probability of not being exceeded during the life of the structure, 36.3 Design values Materials: Design strength of material; jons.ro ) i oo) MADE EASY ‘vnnviriidecagmubl48 | Civil Engineering MAOE ERsu 36.4 36.4.1 36.4.2 36.4.2.1 Example: ‘wwewmadeeasypublications.org Loads: Design load: Fy Fay where, 1, F = Characteristic strength of material and characteristic load respectively. Yow = Partial safety factor for material and load respectively. ‘Y = 1.5 for concrete and 1.16 for steel ‘y= depends upon combination of load that in being used for analysis. Partial Safety Factors Partial Safety Factors ¥ for Loads The values of y given in Table 18 shall normally be used Partial Satety Factors y,, for Material Strength When assessing the strength af a structure or structural member for the limit state of collapse, the values of partial safety factor, ,, should be taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel Qa Ans. a2 Ans. Table 18 : Values of Partial Safety Factor 7, for Loads Load combination | Limit state of collapse | Limit states of serviceability we | ' oy 2 © ©] © © @ DL+ 15 18 io 4 , | DL we 118 . 15 10. - 19 | f | Ost wh 121212 | 10 08 os Note: While considering earthquake effects, substitute EL for WL. | When assessing the strength of a structure as per the limit state of collapse, the value of partial safety factor for steel is taken as (@) 20 (0) 15 (©) 1.18 (@) +00 [lES-1998) (c) Areinforced concrete beams subjected to the following bending moments: Dead oad ~ 20 kN-m Seismic load ~ 10 KN-m Live load ~ 80 kN-n The design bending moment for limit state of collapse is, (@) 6OkNm (b) 75 kN-m (©) T2kN-m (0) 80KN-m [1ES-2004) (b) ‘The various load combinations are as follows: (i) For Dead Load and Live Load the ultimate bending moment is given by, M, = 1.5(DL +LL) = 15x (20430) = 75kN-m MADE EASY ‘ADE EASY Summary of18456:2000 | 4g 37.0 37.4.4 Example: 37.1.2 (i) For Dead Load and Earthquake (Seismic) Load the ultimate bending moment is given by, M, = 1.5(0L+EL) = 15x (20+ 10) = 45KN-m (il) For Dead Load, Live Load and Earthquake (Seismic) Load the ultimate bending moment is give by, M, 1.2 (OL +LL+EL) 1.2.x (20 +90+ 10) = 72kN-m So, design BM is maximum of all three combinations ie. 75 kN-m. Q.3._ The factored loads at the limit state of collapse for DL + LL, DL + WL and DL + LL +WL combinations, according to IS : 456 - 1978 are respectively. (@) 15 DL+15LL, 1.20. +12WL, 15 DL + 15iL + 1.5 WL (b) (0.90r1.5)DL + 1.5L, 15DL + 15WL 12D. +12LL +12 (©) 12DL +12 LL, 15D. +15 Wt, 15 DL + 15UL + 1.5 WL () (SDL +15LL, 09 0r1.5)DL + 1.5 WL, 12DL + 1.2L + 1.2WL [GATE-1993] Ans. (d) Q.4 For avoiding the limit state of collapse, the safely of RC structures is checked for appropriate combinations of Dead Load (DL), Imposed Load or Live Load (IL), Wine Load (WL) and Earthquake Load (EL). Which ofthe following load combinations is NOT considered? (@) 09DL +15 (b) 15 0L+15WL (o) 15DL+1.5Wi+15EL d) 12DL+12IL+12WL [GATE-2004] Ans. (c) Q.5_Unactored maximum bending moments at a section ofa reinforced conorete beam resulting froma frame analysis are 60, 80, 120 and 180 KN-m under dead, live, wind ‘andearthquake ioads respectively. The design moment (kNm) as por IS : 456-2000 forthe limit state of collapse (flexure) is (a) 195 (b) 250 (0) 48 (a) 372 (GATE-2008] ANALYSIS Inno case, more than 30 percent moment redistribution is allowed. Q.1 Themaximum per cent of moment redistribution allowed in RCC beams is (@ 10% (b) 20% (©) 30% (6) 40% [IES-2010) Ans. (c) Yield ine theory or any other acceptable method may be used for analysis of slabs spanning in two directions at right angle “MADE EAS50 | Civil Engineering MADE EASY 38.0 38.1 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE : FLEXURE Assumptions Design for the limit sate of collapse in flexure shall be based on the assumptions given below: (@) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending, (0) The maximum strain in concrete al the outermost compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending, (©) The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in concrete may be assumed tobe rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results of test, An acceptable stress-strain curve is given in Fig, 21. For design purpose, the ‘compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assured to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor y,, = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this, Note: For the stress-strain curve in Fig, 21 the design stress block parameters are as follows Fig. 22 ‘Area of sites block = 0.36 f,, x, Depth of centre of compressive force = 0.42x, from the extreme fibre in compression where, {c= characteristic compressive strength of concre! Ie 8 % 028 6%, ° 087 vp ‘0.002 ‘00085 Stine Fig. 21 : Stress-strain curve for concrete Fig. 22 : Stress block parameters (@) The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored. (©) The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve for the type of steel used. Typical curves are given in Fig. 23. For design purposes, the partial safety factor y,, equal to 1.15 shall be applied. (f)Themaximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less than: f y +0.002 1A5E, where, _f, = characteristic strength of steel, and E, = modulus of elaslcily of steel os? Thus stress in concrete at collapse = zl = 0.447 MADE EASY I || | MADE EASY Summoryofls456:2000 | 4 ‘Assumption (b) and (f) govern the maximum depth of neutral axisin flexural members. The strain distribution across the member corresponding to those limiting condition is shown in figure below. The maximum depth of neutral axis X,, ,., (8 obtained directly from the strain diagram by considering similar tangle, AABO, and ABCE eb Hf 0.45 fa 0.42 x, C= 0.361 40%, ba Ae Rectangular section Strain diagram Stoss diagram Xumae 0.0035, 7 0871, % 9.002+0.0035+ f Xunald 250 058 418 48 500 0.46 oo characteristic curve 250-19, ___Sarasirisie curve .87ly Design curve Sires (MPa) (or, 2 ados 0.006 0.008 Stain 23 A Characteristic and design stress-strain curves for Fe250 grade mild stee! MADE EASY52. Civil Engineering MADE EASY Examote: (oom nitication 900) Characterisie curve 400 Design curve g Stress (MPa) 8 0000 002.904.005.008 23.8 Characteristic and design stress-strain curves for Fe415 grade cold.worked stee! Fig. 28 Reprosentative stress strain curve for reinforcement Q4 and f, are cube compressive strength of concrete and yield stress of sieel respectively and, is the modulus of elasticity of steel for all grades of concrete, the ultimate flexural strain in concrete can be taken as be {@) 0.002 ©) jot U 0.0035 () qabey 8.002 (ES-1995] Ans. (d) Q.2 Tho maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber in the limit state design of flexural member is (as per 18:456) (@) 0.0020 (b) 0.0035 () 0.0065 (@) 0.0050 [ES-1996} Ans. (b) Q.3 As per IS:456, the ratio of stress in concrete to its characteristic strength at collapse in flexure for design purposes is taken as (@) 067 (0) 0876 io) 0.447 (¢) 0.138 UES-1999} Ans. (c) Q.4 The minimum strain at failure in the tensily reinforcement (F, = 400 MPa) of RCC. beam as per limit state method is (a) 0.0020 (b) 0.0028 {ce} 0.0037 (a) 0.0045 {IES-2011} Ans. (¢) aceeasypubilcations.org _ MADE EASY aMADE ERSY Summary of15456:2000 53 as Ans. a6 Ans. a7 Ans. a8 Ans. as Ans. According to Whitney's theory, the maximum depth of concrete stress block in a balanced RCC beam section of depth ‘dis. (a) 08d (b} 0.484 (©) 05d (@) 083d [lES-2000] (a) Whitney's theory is utimate load theory. Itis based on the assumption that ultimate strain in concrete is 0.3% and the compressive stress at the extreme edge of the section corresponds to this strain. Whitney replaced the actual parabolic stress diagram by a rectangular stress diagram such that the centre of gravity of both diagrams lies at the same point and their areas are also equal. He found that the average stress of he rectangular stress diagram is Ka’, Where Kat, isthe ultimate compressive strength of concrete cylinders at 28-day and K = 0.85. The depth of rectangular stress block = 0.6374 In imit state design of concrete for flexure, the area of stress block is taken as (a) 0.5301,.-X, (0) 0.446 1%, (0) 0.4201, -X, (a) 0.3601, -%, IIES-2011] (d) ‘As per IS:456, for a singly reinforced rectangular section, Xurrax «@) for Fe 415 stool is 0.48 (b) the depth of the centroid of compression is 0.48 X, moe (6) the depth of the rectangular position of the stress block is 0.38 x, (@) the maximum value of lever arm is d — x, (a) Stress-strain curve of concrete is, (@) Apertect straight line upto failure (©) Straight line upto 0.002% strain value and then parabolic upto failure (©) Nearly parabolic upto 0.002% strain value and then a straight line upto failure (@) Hyperbolic upto 0.002% strain value and then a straight line upto failure [IES-2003, 2011} {IES-2000} (c) ‘The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in he section at failure when designed for the limit state of collapse should be = ©) -( ' , (c) exactly equal w(; te to ove (6) <0.002 where, f, = Characteristic strength of steel, and E, = Modulus of elasticity of steel [1ES-2006} (a)