FLOOD HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF HOANG LONG RIVER

BASIN, VIETNAM

VU Thanh Tu1, Tawatchai TINGSANCHALI2

1
Water Resources University, Assistant Professor, 175 Tay Son Street, Dong
Da District, Hanoi, Vietnam 100000, e-mail: vuthanhtu147@gmail.com
2
Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, Program of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Professor, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand 73000,
e-mail:tawatch_t@hotmail.com

Keywords
Flooding depth, inundation map, flood damage assessment, flood hazard, risk

Abstract
Hoang Long is the largest river in Ninh Binh province, Vietnam. This province
is frequently affected by flooding due to heavy rainfalls in the river basin.
Rainfall frequency analysis was done to obtain a maximum 7-day rainfall for
various return periods, and to construct design hyetographs corresponding to
5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200-year return periods. Design flood hydrographs
corresponding to different return periods are obtained by using rainfall-runoff
model (MIKE-NAM). These results are input to MIKE 11 hydrodynamic model
to simulate flood flow in Hoang Long basin. The NAM and MIKE 11 models
were calibrated and verified using past flood data. Using the maximum water
levels computed by MIKE 11 model at different locations along the rivers and
floodplains and digital elevation map (DEM), flood inundation maps were
developed for Ninh Binh province. Flooding depth and inundation area
corresponding to various return periods were determined. From the inundation
maps and field survey data, damage curves for residential, agricultural and
roads damages were developed. Flood hazard and flood risk maps were
constructed typically for the flood of 20-year return period. For flood hazard
and risk assessment, the combined effects of flood depth and flood duration
were considered. The flood hazard and flood risk maps were determined for
each community in Nho Quan and Gia Vien district. These maps are useful for
flood risk zoning and flood mitigation planning for the Ninh Binh province.

INTRODUCTION

Located in northern Vietnam, Hoang Long river basin is a tributary of Day

river. Hoang Long river basin is formed by merging of Boi river and Hoang
Long river at Ben De and with Day river at Gian Khau (Figures 1 and 2). The
total basin area is 1515 km2. The causes of big floods in Hoang Long are
monsoons such as tropical monsoons from the North Indian Ocean, equator
monsoons from the south and monsoon from the Pacific Ocean. The
combinations of these monsoons and climate turbulence (such as front,
typhoons and tropical storms) lead to heavy rain over the basin. The riverbank
system of Hoang Long river was constructed in order to protect flooding for
Ninh Binh town, 1A Highway and Hanoi capital. When the water level in Hoang
Long

P033-1
river is higher than +4 m at Ben De and Gian Khau stations, the government
require some parts of riverbank along Hoang Long river to be broken to reduce
flood flow in Day river, to protect Ninh Binh city and other downstream areas.
Thus, some communities of Ninh Binh province may be become flooded
storage areas, with the flooding return period from 3 to 5 years. Flooding in
2007 inundated 11 of 26 communities of Nho Quan district and 4 of 20
communities of Gia Vien district (People’s Committee of Ninh Binh province,
2007). These flooding storage areas are separated into two parts, Duc Long –
Gia Tuong and Lac Khoai (Figure. 2). The total submerged areas was around
12 km2, the number of building was submerged in water around 14 thousands
of 18 thousands household , the water depth in the flooded areas varies from
2 to 4 m. Total losses/damages estimated about 15 million USD. Besides,
flooding affected to human living which can not be estimated in terms of
money. Local people are always worried about the damages of flooding, their
life, and their properties.

The overall objective of this study is to (i) simulate and determine the
magnitudes of flood flow along the rivers and floodplains for different return
periods; (ii) develop inundation maps in flooding areas; (iii) estimate tangible
impact on resident, agriculture and infrastructure for various return period
floods; and (iv) develop flood hazard maps and flood risk maps.

Ba
Tha
N
N
Phu
PhuLy
Ly

Nam Dinh

Day
10 Km Sea
Port

Figure 1: Hoang Long, Day, Boi and Dao Rivers and Flood Plains

P033-2
 Upstream
Upstream
Boi River
Day River
Ba Tha
Hung Thi

Boi
Day Phu Ly
River
River

Ben De
Upstream
Hoang Gian Khau
Long R. Nho Hoang Long
Quan River Dao
River Upstream
Dao River
Legend Doc Bo
Nam Dinh
Hydrological station
Meteorological station
Nhu Tan
Hydromet station
Day Sea
Port

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of rivers

METHODOLOGY

Daily rainfalls, flood flow data and river basin geometry were collected for
model simulation. By frequency analysis, maximum daily rainfall data is
analyzed to determine design maximum rainfalls for different return periods.
From measured daily rainfall data at Hung Thi, Ba Tha and Nho Quan, the
design rainfall corresponding to 200, 100, 50, 20, 10 and 5 year return
periods at each station were estimated. In this study, Pearson type-3
distribution was used for rainfall frequency analysis. Choosing an actual
(measured) hyetograph which has total rainfall is close to design rainfall. The
design hyetograph was obtained by multiplying the ratio between actual
rainfall in a period and design rainfall in the same period to actual hyetograph.
Corresponding runoffs were calculated using NAM model. The computed
runoffs were input into MIKE 11 hydrodynamic model (DHI, 2003) for flood
flow simulation. Questionnaires on affected population, economic values of
flooded properties, flood depths and duration and flood damages were
distributed and data are collected. Flood damages for various return periods
and vulnerability of the flooded areas are estimated. Flood hazards are
estimated based on flood depth and duration. Flood risks are then computed
as product of flood hazard and vulnerability for different locations in the
flooded areas.

P033-3
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

There are four rainfall stations in the study area which measured hourly or
daily rainfall at Ba Tha, Hung Thi, Phu Ly, Nho Quan. Water level measuring
stations in the study area are: Hung Thi, Ba Tha, Ben De, Gian Khau, Phu Ly
and Doc Bo. In addition, Ba Tha and Hung Thi stations also measured
discharges. 135 cross sections along the river of Day, Boi, Hoang Long and
Dao river were measured in 2001. Digital Elevation Map (DEM) of 90 m x 90 m
for Hoang Long basin. Reports on flood losses/damages due to flooding in
2007 and answers to questionnaires on information and data about flood
losses in 2007 and 2008 are collected from Nho Quan district people’s
committee and Gia Vien district people’s committee (Ninh Binh Statistical
Office, 2008).

Based on the data collected, the average annual rainfall of Hoang Long basin
is 1925 mm (Nho Quan station). 85% of rainfall occurs in the flooding season
(June to October). Heavy rainfalls normally occur in August or September.
However, there are several years that heavy rainfalls occurred in October. The
period of heavy rainfall is normally from 3 to 5 days, sometime up to 7 days.

Hoang Long is the biggest river of Ninh Binh province; its flood regime and
drainage are influenced by Day river and Dao river. The time to peak at these
rivers normally different from several hours to few days depend on the
position along the river. From the data collected at Hung Thi station (Boi river
– upstream of Hoanglong river) and Ba Tha (Day river), the time to peak in
Hoang Long river is sooner than Day river by 1 to 3 days.

Questionnaires were distributed to local people in Nho Quan and Gia Vien
districts to get information of flood damages per household, agricultural
damages and road damages in the study area caused by floods in 2007 and
2008. In addition, all flood damages reports of provinces, districts or
communes related are collected also. The interview and responses are based
on floods occurred in 2007, 2008. This study focuses on estimating residential
damages, agricultural damages and roads damages as described by Dutta et
al (2003).Following responses of affected people, the average flood depth
which does not effect to building and their activities is found to be 0.24 m. If
the flooding occurs, the average duration of flooding is 7 days. In general, if
flooding depth is under 0.6 m, the level of flooding impact will be not much for
buildings as well as human activities. The duration of flooding is generally
under 3 days. Most of the buildings are slightly affected in range from 0.5 to
1.5 m of depth and from 3 to 7 days of flooding duration, while some of the
other areas have higher impact for 1.5 to 3.0 m of depth and 7 to over 20
days duration. The area which has flooding above 3.0 m is agricultural land
and flooding duration is normally more than 3 weeks.

RESUTLS AND DISCUSSION

Rainfall runoff simulation by NAM model

For Ba Tha sub-basin, the model calibration and verification was done
considering the observed data from 1-30 August 1996 and 1-30 August 1974

P033-4
respectively (Figure 3). The difference between the computed and observed
peak discharges is 0.65% for calibration and 10% for verification. The time to
peak of the simulated hydrograph is sooner than the observed one by 1 day in
calibration while there is no difference in verification. Both of calibration and
verification have correlation coefficient (R) higher than 0.94.

Calibration NAM model Verification NAM model

Observed and simulated daily discharge hydrographs at Ba Tha station Observed and simulated daily discharge hydrographs at Ba Tha station
from7-Aug to 30-Aug-1996 from7-Aug to 29-Aug-1974

400 140
350 120
300 100
250
80
Q (m3/s) 200 Q (m3/s)
150 60
100 40
50 20
0 0
8/11
8/13
8/15
8/17
8/19
8/21
8/23
8/25
8/27
8/29
8/7
8/9

8/7 8/9 8/11 8/13 8/15 8/17 8/19 8/21 8/23 8/25 8/27 8/29

Time Time

Observed Simulated Observed Simulated

Figure 3: Calibration and verification NAM model for Ba Tha sub-basin

For Hung Thi sub-basin, the peak discharges of observed hydrograph are
higher than simulated hydrograph in both calibration and verification with
difference ranging from 5.6% to 10.5%. However the times to peaks match
very well. In addition, the correlation coefficient is very good, above 0.9.

Estimating design rainfall hyetographs and developing flood design

hydrographs

As explained earlier, the method for estimating design hyetograph is done by

choosing an actual hyetograph which has total rainfall is similar to design
rainfall. The typical distribution should provide highest peak discharge
hydrographs in sub-basin. Then, corresponding design hydrographs are
determined by using NAM model (Figure 4).

1400 4000

1200 3500

3000
1000
2500
800
Q (m3/s) Q (m3/s) 2000
600
1500
400
1000

200 500

0 0
ep
ep

ep

ep

ep

ep

ep

ep

ep

ep

ep

ep
ep

ep
ep

ep
ep

ep

ep

ep
p

p
Se

Se

Se

Se

Se

Se

Se

Se

Se

Se
-S
-S

-S

-S

-S

-S

-S

-S

-S

-S

-S
-S

-S
-S

-S
-S

-S

-S

-S

-S
1-

3-

5-

7-

9-

1-

3-

5-

7-

9-
29
11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

29
25

27
21

23
11

13

15

17

19

Time (day) Time (day)

T=5 years T=10 years T=20 years T= 50 years T=5 years T=10 years T=20 years T= 50 years
T=100 years T=200 years T=100 years T=200 years

Ba Tha Hung Thi

Figure 4: Design Hydrographs corresponding to various return periods

In Nho Quan sub-basin, there is no hydrological station. Hung Thi sub-basin

has similar characteristics with Nho Quan sub-basin about soil condition,
P033-5
plants cover, landuse, geological and meteorological. Thus, the parameters of
NAM model for Hung Thi sub-basin are used for Nho Quan sub-basin to
calculate design flood hydrographs.

Flood Flow Simulation

To simulate flood flow in river network, MIKE 11 model, is calibrated and

verified by using collected data in the study area. The hydrographs
corresponding to different return periods at Hung Thi, Ba Tha, Nho Quan
obtained from output of MIKE-NAM and water level at Nam Dinh station are
input at upstream boundary conditions of MIKE 11. The water level at Nhu Tan
station is the input at downstream boundary condition. The outputs of model
are the water level and discharge at every cross-section. For modeling
floodplain, the FP4 method (DHI, 2003) is chosen for simulating the flood
flows. Floodplains are modeled separately using a quasi 2-D approach.

Three large floodplain areas along Hoang Long river named Gia Tuong, Duc
Long and Lac Khoai are modeled as FP4 method. The exchange of water
between river and floodplain is simulated through weir structures. Only
maximum water level are available in floodplains, so calibration in floodplains
is done by comparing observed and simulated maximum water level in
floodplains. The exchange of water between river and floodplain were
considered as flow through weir structures. The measured weir lengths were
adjusted by trial and error to match the calibration (Vu, 2009). The bed
resistance coefficient (Manning n) is adjusted for the rivers from upstream to
downstream. All hourly rainfall, discharge and water level data at upstream
and downstream boundaries observed from 6-Aug to 30-Aug-1996 is used for
calibration; and from 1-30 September 2000 is used for verification (Figure 5).
These results show that, the parameters of MIKE 11 for flood simulation in
Hoang Long river network is acceptable. The Manning (n) values are
determined for each river, ranging from 0.012 to 0.030.

Estimation of floods for various return periods

Considering that the return period of rainfall in upstream and of water level at
downstream are the same design floods in river networks were calculated. The
period of flood simulation is one month, assuming that flood occurs from 1 to
30 September using 1-day time step. The design hydrographs at Hung Thi, Ba
Tha and Nho Quan obtained from NAM and the design water level hydrograph
at Nam Dinh station are input as upstream boundary conditions of MIKE 11.
The design water level hydrograph at Nhu Tan station is input as downstream
boundary condition. Design water level hydrograph at Nhu Tan station is
determined by considering past water level hydrographs which have the worst
situation for drainage (October, 1978). MIKE 11 computes water levels in
rivers and flood plains for design floods at various stations as shown in Tables
1 and 2.

P033-6
 4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
H 2.5
(m, MSL)
2.0 a) Phu Ly
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
6/8/1996 10/8/1996 14-8-1996 18-8-1996 22-8-1996 26-8-1996
01:00:00 01:00:00 01:00:00 01:00:00
Time (hour)

Computed Observed

5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
H 3.0
(m, MSL) 2.5
2.0
1.5
b) Gian Khau
1.0
0.5
0.0
6/8/1996 10/8/1996 14-8-1996 18-8-1996 22-8-1996 26-8-1996
01:00:00 01:00:00 01:00:00 01:00:00
Time (hour)

Computed Observed

Figure 5: Computed and observed hourly water level hydrographs

at a) Phu Ly and b) Gian Khau, 6 to 29 August 1996, Model Calibration

Table 1: Maximum water level at various stations corresponding to different

return periods of flood.
Maximum of water level (m, MSL)
Station T=200 T=100 T=50 T=20 T=10 T=5
years years years years years years
Phu Ly 6.59 6.20 5.69 4.86 4.30 3.99
Doc Bo 5.11 4.80 4.50 3.97 3.78 3.48
Ben De 6.93 6.33 5.78 5.23 4.95 4.71
Gian Khau 6.4 6.07 5.76 4.81 4.21 3.94

P033-7
Table 2: Maximum water level at various flooded storages corresponding to
different return periods of flood.

Maximum water level (m, MSL)

Return periods
Gia Tuong Duc Long Lac Khoai
T = 5 years 4.86 4.82 2.95
T = 10 years 4.99 5.09 4.55
T = 20 years 5.27 5.29 5.38
T = 50 years 5.61 5.61 6.15
T = 100 years 6.19 6.18 6.54
T = 200 years 6.83 6.82 6.92

Constructing flood inundation maps

The computed maximum water levels along the rivers and flood plains by
MIKE 11 and digital elevation map (DEM 90m x 90m grid data for land
elevation) were used for constructing inundation maps by MIKE-11 GIS (DHI,
2001). Based on the total rainfall observed at Hung Thi station and maximum
water level at Ben De station, flood occurred in October 2007 is approximately
has 20 year return period. The maximum of observed and simulated water
levels at Ben De in Hoang Long river are respectively 5.17m and 5.19m. From
maximum water depth data in floodplains in October 2007, the total flooding
area in 2007 was estimated to be about 10,533.3 hectares. The difference of
inundation area in 2007 and that of 20 year return period of flood is 6%
(Figure 6). Overall, the result of comparison between the computed and
observed maximum water depths, inundation areas in the floodplains are
found to be close. The maximum of water level in flooding area can reach over
6.5 m when return period of flood T ≥ 100 years. The areas which have
flooding depth over 6.0m are over 0.55% of total flooding area. While, the
area which has flooding depth less than 4.5 m is about 80%, and 3.9% -
12.8% from 4.5 m to 6.0m. For the case of T ≤ 50 years, most of flooding
areas having flooding depth is less than 3.0 m while maximum of depth can
reach 6.4 m.

Flood damage estimation

In general, inundation depth is the most important characteristic in damage

estimation. Depth-damage functions are developed using information on land
use, average assets values, inundation depth. The total flood damages in both
Nho Quan and Gia Vien districts are calculated the sum of residential
damages, agricultural damages and road damages. As shown in Table 3, the
total flood damages sharply double when the return period increases from 50
to 100 years. The big difference in flooding is that in case 50-year return
period, flooding occurs on only one side of Hoang Long river while in case of
100 year, flooding occurs on both sides of the river. The percentage of
residential damage increases from 29.2% to 64.4% of total damages
corresponding to 5-year return period to 200 year return period, respectively.

P033-8
 20-year return period

100-year return period

Figure 6: Flood inundation maps for 20 and 100-year return periods

Agricultural damage takes a high percentage of total damages; however the

percentage of damage decreases from 54.4% to 28.8% of total damages.
Both of residential and agricultural damages are over 80% of total damage,
whereas roads damage is only below 20% of total in all cases. The total flood
damages as a function of return period is shown in Figure 7.

P033-9
Table 3: Total damages due to flooding in Nho Quan and Gia Vien districts.

Return Total damages

Residential Agricultural
period Road damages
damages damages
T (Mill. (%)
(%) (%) (%)
(year) USD)
5 3.0882 100.00 29.2 54.4 16.4
10 7.2647 100.00 42.6 47.4 10.0
20 9.0000 100.00 42.5 47.6 9.9
50 13.9294 100.00 52.6 39.4 8.0
100 30.4882 100.00 61.7 30.7 7.6
200 33.9529 100.00 64.4 28.8 6.8

Figure 7: Relationship of total damages with probability of flood

(Currency exchange rate: 1 USD = 17,000 Vietnamese Dong, VND)

Flood Hazard and Flood Risk Assessment

Flood hazard assessment depends on many parameters such as flooding

depth, flooding duration, velocity of flood flow, timing and frequency of
occurrence. Hazard index (HI) represents the level of flooding impacts. The
hazard zone area is determined from hazard factor which represents the
combination of all hazard parameters.

To compute hazard factor and hazard zone for a community, hazard

assessment is done for a flood of 20 years return period, which is
approximately the flood occurred in October 2007. The inundation map for T =
20 years (Figure 6), the percentage of flooding area are 25%, 39%, 28% and
8% for depth categories under or equal 0.5m, 0.5 m to 1.5 m, 1.5 m to 3 m
and above 3 m respectively. The result shows that the main part of flooding
area under depth of 0.5 m to 3m. Table 4 shows the hazard index for flood
depth. The flooding durations are determined based on the water depth in
floodplain areas. The duration of flooding are checked satisfactory with the
field survey results. The indices for flooding duration are shown in Table 5.
Flooding depth and flooding duration are categorized based on the level of
flooding impact. In general, if flooding depth is under 0.6 m, the level of
P033-10
flooding impact will be not much for buildings as well as human activities. Most
of the buildings are slightly affected in range from 0.5 m to 1.5m of depth,
while some of the other areas have higher impact for 1.5 m to 3.0m. The area
which has flooding above 3.0 m is agricultural land.

Table 4: Hazard index for flooding depth.

Hazard index
Depth (m) Category
Alternative 1 Alternative 2
0.0 < d ≤ 0.5 1 1 1.5
0.5 < d ≤ 1.5 2 2 2.0
1.5 < d ≤ 3.0 3 3 2.5
3.0 < d 4 4 3.0

Table 5: Hazard index for flooding duration.

Hazard index
Duration ( t days) Category
Alternative 1 Alternative 2
Short ( t ≤ 3) 1 0 0.5
Medium (3 < t ≤ 7 ) 2 1 1.0
Long (7 < t ≤ 25 ) 3 2 1.5
Very long (t > 25 ) 4 3 2.0

To select hazard index value, a trial and error method suggested by Islam and
Sado (2000) is used. There are two alternative sets of hazard index
established for depth and duration of flooding. Hazard index represents the
level of flooding impacts. There are four case studies done for hazard
assessment using alternative hazard index values given in Table 6. Weighted
hazard index indicates the resultant effect of all hazard categories for each
community. Various flooding depths and flooding durations could occur in the
same community, so that it is necessary to estimate the weighted average of
hazard index (WHI) for each community:

Hazard factor HF presents the combination of all hazard parameters, i.e.:

HF = a.WHID + b.WHIT (1)

where WHID is weighted area average hazard index for flooding depth, WHIT is
weighted area average hazard index for flooding duration, a and b are
weighting factors for flooding depth and duration.

Table 6: Four combination cases of hazard index.

Hazard index
Case study
Depth of flooding Duration of flooding
Case 1: Alternative 1 Alternative 1
Case 2: Alternative 2 Alternative 1
Case 3: Alternative 1 Alternative 2
Case 4: Alternative 2 Alternative 2
* Alternative 1 and 2 are defined in Table 4 and Table 5

P033-11
To determine weighting factors for flooding depth and duration, sensitivity
analysis is done. There are three sets of weighting factors considered: (i) Set
1: a =0.5, b =0.5; (ii) Set 2: a = 0.7, b =0.3; (iii) Set 3: a= 0.3, b = 0.7. The
three sets yield nearly the same result. For simplicity, the weighting factors
are taken as 0.5 for both depth and duration of flooding. The hazard factor is
normalized by dividing HF by maximum hazard factor HFmax, i.e., HFn =
(HF/HFmax) x100%. Tingsanchali and Karim (2004) suggested five levels of
hazard zone to represent the hazard magnitude. These levels are categorized
as: Very low (0% < HF ≤ 20%), Low (20% < HF ≤ 40%), Medium (40% < HF
≤ 60%), High (60% < HF ≤ 80%), Very high (80% < HF ≤ 100%). Case 1
has the area under medium and high hazard levels equal to 63.7% (Figure 8)
which is very close to the actual flooding area of medium and high depth of
flooding which is 67% of total flooding area. In case 2, 3 and 4 the area under
medium and high hazard levels are 40.2%, 40.2% and 19.9% respectively.
Therefore, case 1 is selected for further analysis in this study.

From field surveys, average flood damage/person of a land unit (1 km2) in

each district is determined. By knowing average population of land unit in the
district, the flood damage of a land unit for the district can be computed. The
vulnerability of a land unit is equal to damage of the land unit divided by
maximum damage of a land unit of all districts in the study area. The
vulnerability factor VF is expressed on a scale from 0 (no damages) to 1
(totally damaged). The risk factor (RF) is determined as:

Risk factor (RF) = Hazard factor (HFn) x Vulnerability factor (VF) (2)

Risk factor is normalized as: RFn = (RFi/RFmax) x 100, where RFn is normalized
risk factor, RFi = risk factor for land unit i and RFmax is maximum risk factor for
all land units. The risk zone is determined from risk factor are used to
represent the risk level. The level of risk is categorized as: Very low (0% <
RFn ≤ 20%), Low (20% < RFn ≤ 40%), Medium (40% < RFn ≤ 60%), High
(60% < RFn ≤ 80%), Very high (80% < RFn ≤ 100%). The result of risk zone
and percentage of flooding area and number of affected household
corresponding to levels of risk zone is shown in Table 7. Figure 9 shows the
flood risk map for 20-year return period for Ninh Binh Province.

Table 7: Percentage of flooding area and number of affected household under

different risk levels.

Number of Number of
Risk zone community household Area (%)
Very Low 2 532 10.1
Low 12 5,067 49.5
Medium 7 4,629 31.6
High 2 1,138 5.9
Very high 2 7,22 3.0

P033-12
Figure 8: Flood hazard map for 20-year return period flood, Ninh Binh province

Figure 9: Flood risk map for 20-year return period flood, Ninh Binh province

P033-13
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Flood inundation, damage and risk assessment corresponding to various

return periods of flood can be useful for constructing flood control system,
infrastructure, buildings improvement, and flood warning. In addition, they are
useful for rapid flood damage estimation in Hoang Long basin. Maximum of
water level corresponding to different return periods were determined at
various locations along the rivers and floodplains by using the NAM and MIKE
11 models which were calibrated and verified in this study. Flood duration in
rivers may occur in a week, while flooding duration in floodplains can be up to
one month.

Inundation maps for various return periods developed for Ninh Binh province
are checked with observed flooding depths at some locations. Flooding extents
are quite comparable to flooded area which achieved from field survey.
Tangible damages due to flooding on household, agriculture and roads
corresponding to various return period floods were determined based on
questionnaires and field surveys. Damage curves for residential, agricultural
and roads were also developed. For hazard and risk assessment, the combined
effect of flood depth and flood duration is considered by weighting factors for
both depth and duration of flooding. Flood hazard and flood risk maps were
developed for various return periods. The levels of hazard and risk were
presented for each community in Nho Quan and Gia Vien district.

REFERENCES

DHI (Danish Hydraulic Institute) (2001) MIKE 11 GIS – User Guide. MIKE
Package Software

DHI (Danish Hydraulic Institute) (2003) User guide to MIKE 11: A modeling
system for rivers and channels. DHI Software Manual, 460p.

Dutta, D., Herath, S., Musiake, K. (2003) A mathematical model for flood loss
estimation: Journal of Hydrology, vol. 277, pp 24-29.

Islam, M. M., Sado, K. (2000) Flood hazard assessment in Bangladesh using

NOAA AVHRR data with geographical information system. Hydrological
Processes. vol. 14, no.3, pp. 605-620.

People’s Committee (2007) The first estimation of losses caused by floods in

Ninh Binh province – October, Report Number 29.

Ninh Binh Statistical Office (2008) Statistical yearbook: Statistical Publishing

House, Vietnam.
Tingsanchali, T., Karim, M.F. (2005) Flood hazard and risk analysis in the
southwest region of Bangladesh: Hydrological Processes, vol. 19, no. 10, pp
2055-2069, June.

Vu, T.T. (2009) Flood inundation, damage and risk assessment in Hoang Long
Basin, Vietnam; Thesis. Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.

P033-14