Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Stratified Stratified
random systematic
Sample size:
How many sample plots are needed for an accurate determination of cover?
• Take many cover samples within the vegetation type using a point sampling procedure.
• The running mean of cover is plotted for various numbers of samples.
• Fluctuaitons in cover are damped out as the number of quadrats increases.
• In this example from a sagebrush/grassland in the eastern Washington area,1--20 plots
might be sufficient to conduct the study, with diminishing reward for added effort beyond
that point.
Precision vs. Accuracy
• Cover is very difficult to accurately estimate. The use of cover-abundance scores greatly reduces
the variation in scores from observer to observer.
• For the relevé method, actual scores are not as important as the presence or absence of species.
Cover is a secondary consideration in the Braun-Blanquet method and rarely affects the outcome of
a table analysis.
• However, every attempt should be made to maintain consistency throughout the sampling
procedure.
• The method of estimating cover described in Barbour et al. is very difficult to apply in many
ecosystems because the actual rooting position is difficult to quickly ascertain, and overlap
between leaves of the same species are difficult to estimate.
• Generally a ball-park estimate is good enough (e.g., 20% for species B above. This falls in B-B cover
category 3, which is the same as the actual cover (33%) determined by measurement.)
Measuring cover: Line intercept method
• Generally used for tree and shrub cover or for measuring cover of clearly defined
vegetation types
• A line is laid out along the ground and the line segments for each species or
vegetation type is recorded. Percent cover for each species is the total length of line
segments for each species divided by the total length of the transect.
• Often, a lengthy line intercept is combined with quadrats for estimating density or
frequency that run alongside it. Cover is measured along the line, and density or
frequency is noted in the quadrats.
Measuring cover: Point sampling methods
% cover of species A = (No. of points that intercept species A at least once) X 100%
Total number of points
Point sampling methods:
I. Point frame
Spherical densiometer
Density
Questions:
What is the frequency for the random sampling scheme?
• A Biltmore stickis one method used for measuring tree diameter and
height . From there, the total board feet of the tree can be established,
along with tonnage and cubic feet. It has specially calibrated scale to
measure diameter of trees directly.
http://extension.usu.edu/forestry/Management/Biltmore_UsingABiltmoreStick.htm
Bitterlich Stick method for determining basal
area directly
(a). The original bitterlich stick sight
device. This particular one will give
total basal area in square feet per acre
if the number of trees tallied is
multiplied by 10.
(b) A bird’s eye view of trees that
would be tallied as an observer at the
center point turns in a complete circle.
Trunk X (shaded) is tallied because its
trunk diameter exceeds the angle
projected by the sighting device, but
trees Y and Z (not shaded) are not
tallied. In one complete circle, the
observer would tally four trees (all
shaded). Basal area = 40 ft2/ acre.
(c ) The prism type of sighting device.
In this case, the lower trunk is not
completely displaced from the upper
trunk, therefore the tree would be
tallied.
T
2m
t r
Using the Biltmore stick to determine tree
height
1. Total tree height is measured from the ground to
the top of the tree. Merchantable tree height is
measured from the stump height to the point at
which the tree is no longer useable.
2. Stand 100 feet from the tree you are going to
measure. If the ground is not level, stand on a spot
which has about the same elevation as the base of
the tree.
3. Hold the stick vertical, 25" from your eye, with the
“Height of Tree” side facing toward you.
4. Align the base of the stick at the ground (or at your
estimated stump height for merchantable height).
5. Without moving your head, shift your line of sight
so you can read the height at the point where your
line of sight and the top of the tree intersect (or
merchantable height).
6. This can also be done opposite: Zero the stick at
the top of the tree and check height at the ground
http://extension.usu.edu/forestry/Management/Biltmore_UsingABiltmoreStick.htm
Measuring tree heights: Sunto Clinometer
• User measures a given
distance (20 or 15 m) from
the tree.
Parker, G.G., Harding, D.J. and Berger, M.L. 2004. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41: 755. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00925.x
Count-plot method
• Species are counted and measured within a specifically defined area (belt
transect or quadrat).
• Used for determining density and basal area of trees.
• Widely used method for forest inventory and long-term studies.
• The main reason for doing a plot as opposed to a plotless methods are:
• It can also be used to sample the understory, and thus is useful for vegetation
classification.
• Record a wide variety of other properties, such as soils, site factors, and the plot can be
mapped for spatial studies.
• Sampling can be repeated on the same plots in future years.
• Useful for long-term studies where the same plot will be revisited in future
years.
Data obtained in the plot-count method
IV = importance value
i = species i
Dri = relative density of species i = (density of species i)/ (density of all species)
Fri = relative frequency of species i = (frequency of species i)/ (frequency of all species)
Bri = relative dominance of species i = (dominance of species i)/ (dominance of all
species)
Bisect Diagrams
From Siebert, P. Carta de Vegetacion de region de El Bolson, Rio Negro Y su aplication a la planificacion de uso de la tierra.
Canopy profiles
Boreal forest
Summary Lesson 14: sampling
Bonham, C.D. 1989. Measurement for terrestrial vegetation. New York: Wiley-
Interscience.
Cottom, G. and J.T. Curtis. 1956. The use of distance measures in
phytosociological sampling. Ecology 37:451-460.
Westhoff. V. and van der Maarel, E. 1978. The Braun-Blanquet approach. In:
Whittaker, R.H. Classification of Plant Communities. The Netherlands:
Junk, p. 289-312 (Introduction, History, General Concepts, and Analytical
Research Phase)