MORPHOMETRY INVERTEBRATE AND VERTEBRATE

By :
Name : Fitria Ramadhani Ayuningtyas
Student ID : B1B017046
Entourage : VIII
Group :2
Assistant : Silma Safira Ihya

ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS I LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Morphometry is an application of morphological measurements

including length and weight as well as the scale of physical conditions
based on morphological standards of the body, according to the animal's
life phase. Morphometry is intended to measure an important body part
in animals, to know the range of measurements, in each growth phase in
each animal species so that the information for determination of taxa
becomes more complete and accurate. Important value contained in
morphometry is to know more about species, to estimate age and sex and
to know body weight and size (Saanin, 1968).
Morphometric studies allow understanding of morphological (or
phenotypic) variation between populations. Phenotypic variations that are
typically associated with the adaptive potential of the population, genetic
markers such as DNA and proteins detect levels of genetic variation. This
information is very important for conservation strategies as long-term
survival and evolution of each species depends on maintaining genetic
diversity and is closely related to the geographic distribution of the
genotype (Darlina et al., 2011).
Vertebrate animals are animals with vertebrae. It has a much more
perfect body structure compared to invertebrate animals. Vertebrates
include the closest human and kinship groups, such as mammals, birds,
reptiles, amphibians, and various classes of fish that are classified as
vertebrates. They both have unique characteristic for vertebrates, which
include the skull and backbone, which is a series of vertebrate which are
the origin of the group’s name. Vertebrates form one sub-phylum in the
phylum chordata (Campbell et al., 2004).
According Indramawan & Bhagawati (2010), in this earth there are
40 phyla of invertebrate animals. There are various parameters for
classifying invertebrate animals such as grouped on the basis of the number
of cells making up the body, invertebrates divided into two groups, one
celled invertebrates (unicellular, Protozoa) that can live solitary or
colonized and multicellular invertebrates (Metazoa) that can construct
cellular, tissue or organ. Based on the construction of the body, the body
structure of the animal can be in the form of cellular construction (Cnidaria
and Ctenophora) and organ construction (Metazoa).
 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Morphometry is a study concerned with variations and changes in the

shape (size and shape) of the organism, including the measurement of the length
and analysis of the skeleton of an organism (Turan, 1999). Meristic is a taxonomic
feature based on the number of body parts. The size of free meristic characters and
morphometric characters are tools used to identify species, genera and parts of the
fish body. Many statistical techniques use morphometry and meristic characters in
classification and discrimination research. All morphometric measurements have a
high correlation with total length and there is a significant difference in
morphometric measurements and body proportions (Elamin et al., 2011).
Simple morphometry is an activity comparing the characteristics of
meristic morphometrics that include body length, body width, and body height
used to identify differences between species. The advantages of this technique are
faster, easier, and practical, while the weakness of this technique is not able to
identify the difference in the strain in the population, resulting in a biased picture,
and low accuracy of the data. Another weakness of simple morphometry is that it
cannot describe the individual as a whole (Indarmawan & Bhagawati, 2010).
Traditional techniques or simple techniques commonly used in data collection in
animal body parts measurements can be improved with more comprehensive and
precise engineering qualifications truss morphometrics (Mohaddasi et al., 2013).
Measurement of morphometric character with morphometric Truss method
in the form of distance measurement of sign points made on fish body frame. The
determination of the "Truss" point on the skeleton of the fish body is an important
factor in the morphometric truss. The selection of Truss points on fish is the fish
body divided into 10 points Truss, i.e. point below the muzzle (mouth), the point
above the eye, the point at the beginning of the abdominal fin, the point at the
beginning of the hard dorsal fin, the point at the beginning of the anal fin, the point
at the end of the anal fin, soft spine, the beginning of the lower tail fin, and the
point at the beginning of the upper tail fins (Bungas, 2014). The advantage of truss
morphometrics is to provide a more comprehensive picture and generate more
geometric characterization of fish body shape and demonstrate (Reist, 1985).
According to Remya (2014) the Truss system is more effective in identifying and
differentiating the species compared to traditional morphometric methods, while
the shortage is longer, requiring high accuracy and the required tools and materials
are relatively more expensive.
According to Pathak & Serajuddin (2013), morphologically and
anatomically the male shrimp can be distinguished from the females as follows:
a) Shrimp: can reach larger size than female shrimp. The second leg of the road grows
very large and strong, even up to 1.5x the total length of the body. The stomach is
slimmer, the size of the pleuron is shorter. The genitals are located on the base of the
fifth-way pairs of legs where the pair of legs is located more tightly and softly.
Appendix masculine is located on the second pool leg pair which is the third branch
of the swimming foot.
b) Female shrimp: body size is usually smaller than the male shrimp. The second-leg
pair still grows bigger, but not so big and strong as in the male shrimp. The stomach
grows wide, the pleuron extends so that the room in this section is deeper. Together
with swimming legs, this room is an egg-laying place, so the overall shape of the
body is enlarged in the abdomen. The female genitalia lies in the shallow pairs of the
third leg of the path, constituting a well (hole) called a "thelicum". The distance
between the base of the left and right limb pairs of each pair is seen wider that allows
the egg to walk toward the abdomen.
Freshwater shrimp and sea water prawns have some differences based on
morphological differences, including freshwater shrimp in general have a smaller
body size in the sea shrimp appeal. Freshwater shrimp also have claws located in
the periopod part 1 and 2, while the claws of seawater claws are located on
periopods 1, 2, and 3. Petasma (pethasma) and the thelicum of freshwater prawns
are indistinguishable eyes, whereas in shrimp sea water can be identified directly.
Pleura number 2 on freshwater prawns is located riding on pleura number 1 and 3,
whereas in sea water shrimps do not ride or lie parallel. In addition, the
reproductive organ of freshwater shrimp consists of male organ (apendik
masculina and appendik interna) and female reproductive organs is only a
petasma, while the reproductive organs in sea water prawns are petasas (pethasma)
in male and female reproductive organs (thelicum) in organs female reproduction
(Fernando & Amarasinghe, 2011).
Snakes are distributed almost all over the world except in the Arctic,
Iceland, New Zealand, and some small islands in the vast ocean. Currently, there
are about 2700 species of snakes with 414 genus and 13 families (Schmidt, 1998).
The morphometric analysis applied to snake species can be used to distinguish
between species morphology by providing information of variation of
morphological characters from total length data (PT), number of temporal scales
(TMP), number of right supralabial scales (JSSLK), number of right infralabial
scales (JSILK ) and number of left infralabial scales (JSILKi) (Pratama, 2011).
Meristic data were subsequently collected using detailed photographs taken
in the fiel (targeting head scalation and ventral scales), except for the number of
dorsal scales rows, for which counting was done on-site; the definition of head
scalation. The complex variation in some meristic characters exhibited by E.
sauromates might be related to the fact that these results have been obtained at the
northwestern limit of the species’ range. Similar observations have been made in
other colubrid species at their northern range limit and are probably
environmentally induced (Sahlean, 2016).
Morphometric differences among stocks of a species are recognized as
important for evaluating the population structure and as a basis for identifying
stocks. Morphometric and meristic characters of fish are the measurable and
countable characters, respectively common to all fishes. Landmarks refer to some
arbitrarily selected points on a fish’s body and with the help of these points, the
individual fish body shape can be analyzed. In other words, a landmark is a point of
correspondence on an object that matches between and within populations. Truss
network systems constructed with the help of landmark points are powerful tools
for stock identification. A sufficient degree of isolation may result in notable
morphological, meristic and shape differentiation among stocks of a species which
may be recognizable as a basis for identifying the stocks (Rahman, 2014).
Morphometric measurements and meristic quantities are considered the
easiest and most authentic methods for the identification of specimens known as
morphological systematics. Calculation of morphological characters includes
measurement of morphometric characters and counting of meristic characters.
Measurement of morphometric character in fish can be done on 12 characters, that
is total length, standard length, head length, tail length, muzzle, height of dorsal fin,
length of base of dorsal fin, eye diameter, tail height and the length of the
abdominal fins. Calculations of the meristic character of the fish are performed on
nine characters, namely the number of scales on the side lines, the number of cross-
sectional scales, the number of scales around the tail rod, dorsal fin, pectoral fin,
anal fin and tail fin are performed on nine characters, namely the number of scales
on the side lines, the number of cross-sectional scales, the number of scales around
the tail rod, dorsal fin, pectoral fin, pectoral fin, anal fin and tail fin (Rahman,
2015).
 III. METHODOLOGY

A. Materials

The instruments used in this laboratory activity are specimen tray, forceps,
camera, calipers, Styrofoam, millimeter block, and pins.
The material used in this laboratory activity are invertebrate specimens (shrimp)
and vertebrate specimen.

B. Methods

The method used in this laboratory activity are:

1. The meristic and morphometric was measured characters of invertebrate (shrimp)
and vertebrate (fish and snake) by basic morphometric method and truss
morphometric method by student.
2. The animal specimen was placed on styrofoam with millimeter block, then every
points are marked with the pins by student.
3. The distance between points with calipers (thread) was measure by student.
4. The interim reports was completed by student.
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Darlina, M. N., A. R., Masazurah, P., Jayasankar, A. F. J., Jamsari & A. M. N. S., 2011.
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Fernando, G. K. A. W., & Amarasinghe, U. S., 2011. Morphological Differentiation of

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 B. Objectives

The objective of this laboratory activity are:

1. Students are able to recognize invertebrate and vertebrate morphological characters
as the basic for identification.
2. Students are able to do meristic and morphometric morphology character analysis of
invertebrate and vertebrate.
3. Students are able to perform basic morphometric and truss morphometric and
method of invertebrate and vertebrate.