1.

1 THEORY:
Manometer is a device used to measure the pressure of gas in a closed vessel.
Types of setups in manometers along with their working formulae are:

Fig 1.1 Fig 1.2

Fig 1.3

*h is the height difference between the two arms of the manometer(in cm).
 1.2. AIM: To plot various graphs related to manometer experiment,
validate Boyle’s law and find moles of air.

1.3. MATERIALS REQUIRED: Plastic pipe, container, water, board, 2

30cm scales.

1.4. EXPERIMENT:
In the setup shown,
1. A 30 cm scale is fixed vertically on the board with the 0 mark
towards ground.
2. The pipe is arranged in the shown manner.
3. Pour water (preferably coloured for better observation) in the
manometer tube and the equilibrium position is measured.
4. Water is poured in the container upto a certain level and
measured. (D1)
5. Water rise inside the pipe dipped in container is measured. (D2)
6. Difference in the water levels in the two arms of the manometer
is meansured. (H1)
7. Height by which the water dips in the right arm from its
equilibrium position is measured. (H2).
1.5. OBSERVATION, CALCULATIONS AND GRAPH
Table 1.1:
D1 vs H1:

D1 H1

7.3
4.4

5.6 3.6

1.3 1.9
Graph 1.1:
TABLE 1.2:

D2
H2

2.6 2
1.9 1.6
1 1

GRAPH 1.2.
TABLE 1.3:

D1 D2
7.3 2.6
5.6 1.9
1.3 1

GRAPH 1.3.
1.6 INFERENCE:

 Graph 1.1 (D1 vs H1): Straight line graph [y = mx + c] type

 Graph 1.2(D2 vs H2): Straight line graph [y = mx + c] type
 Graph 1.3 (D1 vs D2): Straight line graph [y = mx + c] type

1.7 VALIDIFICATION OF BOYLE’S LAW

P gas = Pressure of gas

ρ= density of liquid (here; water)

= Volume of gas
= Initial length of tube (91 cm)
r = radius of cross section of tube
Calculations:
Observation 1:
P gas = H1ρg = 4.4 * 9.8 * 1000 / 100 = 431.2 Pa
V = (91 + 2 – 2.6)* 3.14 * 3.5 * 3.5/100 = 34.772 cm3

Observation 2:
P gas = H1ρg = 3.6 * 1000 * 9.8 / 100 = 352.8 Pa
V = (91 + 1.9 – 1.6) *3.14 * 3.5 * 3.5.100 = 35.1185 cm3

Taking observation 1 and 2 into consideration,

P V PV D1
431.2 34.772 14992.824 7.3
352.8 35.1185 12389.842 5.6
Graph 1.4:
Pressure vs volume

We get Pressure and volume following rectangular hyperbolic

curve. Therefore Pressure is inversely related to volume
following Boyle’s law,
 Graph 1.5:
Pressure x volume vs D1:
We find product of Pressure and volume is roughly constant with
D1.
But it must be noted that Pressure varies linearly with D1.
 1.8: MOLES CALCULATION
The temperature as on 29/8/22 at 6 pm at Calcutta, India was
recorded to be 31 degree centigrade. (Source: windy app)
By PV = nRT,
From observation 1,

n = PV/RT = (431.2 * 34.772 / 8.314 * 304 * 1000000) = 0.0000059

moles or 5.9 x 10^-6 moles (~0.17 mg air).

1.9 EXTRA EXPLORATION:

1.9.1 Upon changing length of tube
The length of the tube was reduced to 15 cm on each side of the
length and 3 observations were taken again as summarized below:

H1 D1 H2 D2

4.1 7 1.8 1.8

3.2 5.1 1.6 1.6
1.7 1.2 0.8 0.8
Still we find all the three variations are linear hence no significant
change in pressure exerted by trapped air is observed by changing
length of tube.
1.9.2 Upon changing the angle of tube:

Upon turning the beaker to some finite acute angle, we find no

significant changes in the pressure exerted by the gas and the
readings before and after tilting the tube is same. Hence, angle of
container containing water has non direct relation to pressure of gas
inside test tube.