HssIGNMENT-L

xplatn Netwoxk topologie

Netwoxk topologie
Netuuoxk. Hopologu he aJana emextok
Vaxuous Combonents 'aks modes etd ok
CompuAx Metuuork.
Tupes netwoxk pologies
2
King-
Stat.
Mesh
6 Hyoxid
A netwotk opologu4 i

me_0ROMgement
wit wlich. CombudU
devicas CoMeced to each ofhex.

6uus Toboloay
wich
opology4 a netuwoxk upe
eveu ComputUL aMd netuooxk devia
ComnecRd o O
Simale Calble.
awamits data
Omy diucttoM.
Cost ective
Used Small netuuoxks

each
expand joining uo cables to
othe
4t used i egu LAN Conmecon.
 Ring topology
ciMg aAs acn COmpult
is Conmected anothe CombutULwith
last One Connecttd me
ans&missiom st
is unidisactioval and Se9uen
cial hat bit bit
aSmlHie netwontk not akketed
high o
bu adding mora
Modes
Cheap latall aMd expand
Star Topology
Computea as Connecied fo a Bingle
Centtcal ub ougn Cable.
Fast
PAxOrmanu_wik w Modes and
low Metwork akfic.
to oubles noot and easuto Setup
and modiku
On hat Mode i acted wltch has
ailed O he Mode Can
LwoKk
smooty.
Hub_ Con be uparaded ea

Mesk Toboloqu
Point to point ComuecHon
devit o ully CoMnecttd.
1 Cacied Onu oetweAML
wo Conneckd devicea
Kobust. Cost4 but Mot 4lexible
Foult diaqno sed easilu
Mo Coble Used
setup
Topoloq
has O- tLOot Mode and all otfw
 nodes comnected omin
iexacy
Also Calle iexachial
Most wsed i n Wide
toboloqu4
Hua Netuwok.
ExpasiOn MOdes
po ssible and easy
2asilu manaaed aMd main taivmed

Huoxid Topolog4
A_netuooxk SHuctuL whose desian
Comtaiwa moxo Man
said to
On opologu
be uuoxid
a ombilation
Appologu
O wo O mo
opoloaies.
Flexilble and sliable
Scalable eXOKdelecHo
as size Ca AMOWLed
essi

wide On Quided ond uMauided

tanamiaion_ medluM.
S Tawamisaim
mediuM
A owamimio media Can be dejued
mediumn Mat Can Canx ivmto
-mationA oY aowtce t D a deAtnaioM.

Gaided
auided
Medium
media as hose hat ovidAe
a wiud channelA OYY device to
aMotme.
Tu Guided Media COYYYo used o
clatr auAmi%ion
D Tuoiated Pai Cable (2) Coax iol Calble
(3)Fbe opic Cable.
Twisted Pai able
8epaxateu insulkted
4t is
Twiated Dqefn
is wideluusedin dikoxnt kind
data. and Voic intasltuct
Hwo wlus tuwisttd togethu
Rdue XOSStalk aud eleo
helbs
-magneH iuduckon
Two Hwiated bai cable
tupes
T P Uuheilded Twis tedPaix)
Twisted Paix)
STe (Shetlded

Coaxial Cable
Conductox bxaided shield
Oul
Anner Conducto is 8olid meBal
inaulatug madetial and
Sepaxad
wnole Covex by plasHc Cove
Xona distance
Used in elevisioM
auamislon
elebnonAe
igh
bandwid and exallext Mois
mmuni

ibe Obhc Cable:

cable made oala8
A bD.e r opH
O plasic and Pawamits sianala
1iaht
Attaiakt line
Liaut tavela
Kong as ts movina cougn
3ubstaMCa
UuukoYY-
Souded ou acladding o s
O plasic di nu
dense glas
wo makiala must
in desit o
be 2uch hart beam O iaht
movina3 oough me Co i alecied
 e
Racted
claddlva
ito
iateadA beima-
Use
alecHoM quideliat hoxouga
chamne
Small, S1ze and weiaut
Used ian netwoxk.
ian data tate
bandwidHh
and lower aHeuation.

Unguided Media
Unauided media caamit elec tomaqneHC.
waves- wikourt siMg a p s i s a l Conductoz.
Thia p O CommuMiCotion a
wixsloA Cmmuicofion .
ansmission
A Kadio Wave
2) Miocowaye
) anatd Wave

Kadio Wave
liahy aulated.
Omni-diucional omtenas
Penaltae exough wall&.
The Sending a n d SiVIM antRmaas ds
not be aligmed.
E109uenu Aange 3 kHz-\ GHz
t Used O mullicast
Communications,
HM omd EM_Aadios Ond Condlesa&
phos Use Kadio uwaves o taymision
Categoized as i leuAatal i Satellite

MiocouJave
Use diuctional anlewma- þoimt t poit
line Siawt CoYmynuicali oA.
Miooave Commucation
 Commuicaton Such _as
sed o uwicast
cellula elebhons 8at lliHe newonks
Riahor aguemc aMgerCanot-eidety

penerate.
guenu Kange GHz- 300 GHz.

Auttaud Waue
be
Ankat9d SianalsCommunication
Can used 0
ANOKt= Kange in a_closed
USina lin ot Siaht _popogation.
Used elevisioa VCRs ad 5tLOS,
alll USe inkod COmmuicotion.

Cheap,
Kelaiveeaudixuctional
to build but m e u d o Mo

pas hcough Solid objecds.

ollouping erma w i t heiru

2uaton
delau
Aguiud examiM
TheHme
backts oadi ond detecmi wu
D dingct packots

(2)uexing delu
The gueuimg delauis ob5eKved Ot 9ueR
ha packot. expexieMUS 9ueIM
delau 0 It waits be tauamikd
ovL iwk.
ime to wat at_Output luk
Pcoamision.
(3)1oansmizsionm Olau
fAv amount O hme 19uikid
Out
tawmit he backut
Iansmission Delau ackAt egtk-
awsmislom atR

A) Bropagation Delay
The pRopagaton delau i dekned
Hme 9KA9uiad Ou packatto pxopagate
Om tanamitina Mode
node.
Propagaion Delaulengta opsical medium (a)
Pxobogation speid

xplal uncHan Sdieunt

model with
aus
diaakaM

The modeli Called ha 0ST (0ben

Sustma Anirconnection) KekaM Model
because It does deal wi COMMechMa ope
Sustma hat a 8uaitma Mat a Ope
C o m m u n i cation
wit ofm
he 0S1 model h a s 8even Xas
PMusical Lay
Data Link La
3. Netwoxk Laye
4 xawspot La
5. Seslon Lae
Paentatiom Lau
Applicatiow Laye
 1Applicotion
Hpplica fi 6 Getotionu.
Pusentoatiom.
5 SeiOM
1xaupot
anspot. Netuonk
3 Netuork
2 Oata nk 2 Dota i n
Phsical
I Pusica
Ymodak
OST

Phuaical
Psical aue is Haspamsible
mOvenMents individual bits
to 4 mext .
One Mode
Funtios o bysical laye
and YMedium ke quided Cablea
4ntextac
Data _Xate
Keptsemtation o bits
Suwcwouization bits
Pucal Covtaxation
ausmission mod

Data Link Lauex

Data Liuk Lau is ruponsible Tmovi
Mext..
ames om
Fmcions
Data iak la
diiide bits stoam into
FramiMG
data u i t .

phusical acdduana
Lonttol
Elou
Ond Hccess Cmlttol

2.
Netwoxk Layer
The netuwoMK laue usponsi ble
 he delve imdividual
he Soux& host
packatsrom
_destnatiow ost
Funchowa etwok Lau
Rogical addAiMg
Koutng
Txauapont Laut
Me toapoxt AAspanaiblu
Ahe delveu4 a exage

Fuwchons Pospoxt
Sexvia -poiwt addusiMg
Seamentaton and Keasemb
Conmection Conttol
How and OOr Cmol.

SeesioM Lay
The Ssion
Aspoaible
ialog Contol and
SuMctoizationA.
Eunciowa Sesim la
Oialog
SunchoizatoM

Pasentaion Lauur
Te Kaug
pxAentatiox spausi blu
avlation. Compsion aMd en ouptoM.
umcioa o pUentatiom auur
CaalatHon
CompruaioM
Application Laui
Kaue i spowsi ble
Applicatto xovidi
Seruicos to he we
 lauo
FunctioMa O Applicoelion
viitual MiMa
NetwoxkaWsh ace CAMd
MaMagement

le
Mail Sevias
SOLVIUUS
Diucto
in detail
TP/ TP Pxotbcol
xplain which a30
neinlexnet atchteciuw
TP/TP atchutectu
Called he
someHmes
pxotocoLs.
atter uwo malM
ts Ixansmm1s10 Contol
TP/IP_stands o
otuc 4nlermet otdcol.
model is set 6 pomcals
TLP//IP acoss Muh
C o m m u i . c a i o Y

hat allow
divese newoks
modelA p pMas
licatiom-Xaor xapotXaot,
Buch s-
etwo au
Anlermat Rau called
netuwoxk au
Rosi pusicel and deeta link au
TCPIP HOLOMU modal .
iquu below

TCP/1P rotocol culcckuw

Appliioian Lau

cawspoNt La

Netwonkk AnoauLod
 Applicatton lau
The application
lau o D-lauo TUPIIP model
The
abblicaHon pL t on
awsp0xt auu.
ApplicatO Xaur dekw TLPlrP applicafion
otoco 0Md MoLD
Most ptogkaMA
iMtaCR wit
cawapoxt Xauu 0wi
we netwoxk
Application Xauu iucud all highx lwel
to-focolb ika DNS, HTTP Telwut, 5SH, ETP

asport Xauu
The puxboseo Ahe taapoxt
tD xmit devices
au
HeSouL and
destmatiow hosts COXH a ConVXAatioM.
xawspot
Sexvico and
Kayu deia avel
Status Conection
Used whew caapoxt data.
The aspoxt Xauur novideA h end to
end data b deliueiMg datoa
applicatio
UDP 1s
usedbu applicationa m a t ad
at aws poNt mechaisnm and Can
tolexate loSS
O S6me data
a t -

Netotk au
h e ItKMet_Xau also called etuork
Xau.
Awltxust Kau packats P
clatagras wic. Ctain Sot aMd
destuatio addua Mat Used to
ouwad dataarams betudeu hosts
AMd aALOSS netwocka.
 XOspaMsible
alao
The 4ntomet ou TP atagaYMA
o Me Houtina O most imboxtant
temt potocol
pxotocol in ia Xau uMc Hom
TP pKovi de a Kouing
delivex cauamifHed eage
atlempts AD
units_
hei desttnati.on. These maage
a (alled
On TP netwok

TP datagam.
Example P, ZMP, IGMP, HRP, KRP.

= Netootk Lau
Netwouk Accen Jayer detMu detai l& 6
hou Sent rough he
dato s buicall
Metuuok includimg- Mou bits electticallu
bynatdwar désias
ohcal Sianalled
Mat ilerfau dlructa wit a etuork
medium Coaxial (albla, cptical
iber O twisted p a i opb wi.
otocob induded in Netuwotk
Hccesa lau Eaxat oku King.
FOOT X-25, rame Kala t.

Explatn. Checksum- wit an examble.

Hera, ne data divded iueto k

8mets each
he Senders. end ae Seameuts
a acdd ed UI S Comblemeyt
qet he Sum.
axihmelic
Ihe 3umm 8 Comblemented_tu get m
checksum.
The checksuM SEGmeut i Aent alona
witf he data Segmeuts
At he HACAvexS end all RCeived
seqmeMts R added
Comblement
aiRielic
comblemewted.
*ASult AO he Ive
data accepBed ofhexwiae dicaxded

xample K4, m-%

Recaived data

10OoL 1011Od
O10I1O O 16Ilo

OLOLL
O101O10
1oLL00L
10101o1 LoloOl
O0O1IO
SUm 000ILL
(omplenevt: O \10000 OL10O00
Sum
Comblemeit: 0o o0o000

Pextomanca
TMe checksYM detect5 all eAOS iw
odd mumbe bits.
4t a,o detecs mOst Ora i eveu
numb bils.
 rame Oo Calutate CRC
Geatou

0I011L000

LooLL

OOLLL

ALOHA
sxblain
The ALOHA otocol as developed
packet Hadio vetwoks, Houoevex,it
applicable aumisAIOn
medium.
The basic idea ALOHA Sustem
abplicable toany Sustem which
UncOO%dinated CombehM o
fne
shaed chanMel.
The a two upe ALOHA
ALO HA and slotted ALOHA
P
Pu ALOHA
The idea 4hat each taton Bends
ame wneneV it nas
send.
chanha
bewean possibilitu SCollisiom
ames om dikount stotioa
Fxame Collisioa pwu HLORA a
shown below :

Node 1 E 1 LE12
Time

Node 2 F2.1 22 f23

Tme

Node 3 F3.1

ima

Node 4 4.2
Time
Collision Colision
duration dtation
Collisio oCcS each Stato waits
Handomn amount 6 me he it
cAgen..
Suskma in wwich multple
Comnon channelL hat leads
Contlicts knouon Covtention ustms.
Whenev wo ames OCcuby
channe at ame ttme collisian OCCUS
bit ob. tame ovxlaps
wit jwst ast came alnmost.
intshed bot ames will be totally
to be
will have
desteoued and both
satxauamited acte

Slotted ALOHA
invented to imbtove
Slotted ALOHA
ALOHA chaMLa
eiieny pu
a ugn.
collisio U ALORA
slotted ALOHA 3hown
EXame3
belou Colliaio Collision
dueatio atioY
12
Node 1

Node F2.1 F2.2 Ttm

3.1 E 3.2
Node Tima

Node 4 Tim

Slot 1 Slot 2 6lot 3 Stot A Slot 5

ime o Bhaced channel's divided

He
into iteryals Called slots.
he Modes Can Send Ome on at
slot ame
beginniMa Og-
each lot.
is SeMt-
station YIOC able to plac
came.
onto channel at
HAsbeginwing
slot.
O
Explain CSMA and CSMA /CO.
[SMA
Pxotocol uwich Stations TiskN
aseiou act accodingy aH Called
Sense Mulible_ Accesa (CSMA)
otocol.
Thee Vouou
L ensistent (SMA (SMA potocols:
2 Non- pexsiatent
CSMA.
5. -persateMt CSMA
CSMA Z CO

hexsisiRNt (SMA
Au Stahon wishing t o cowsmit5
he hannel monito
idle and
Coniuowsa wil 4he dhannel i
men PcaAmits
oxolbabilit mmediately wim
On Menco Mamei betsialknt.
When wo O mOH
statiowa a u waitiua
auamit Collision 2 Qauxautd. Aw
Case eacn will wait O adom
omout Hme and fmen Ksatienmpt
Pexonmana S beAnttut SMA botocol
depend chawmel delau me

Contiuo ulu se Pusical metiUT

Yhe
a

Cheek chowuel
condition Buy

Stako send data

C6)
 Non- beralsteMt CSMA packt
fee when Statton MaviG
channel busy
to caamit a n d nda hat
inlexual o t -
4xed
t bac sk O

time. and
4t hen checka chawnel Ogaln
chaune hen t awsmits
staton
channel alxaadu Hme Und

waits adom pexiod

ac Rvity
again_check
Sse feaumit
sewe sewe
_wait wait_
Time

uu

andomu
heck
Chawue

dle

CSMA
-peuiatent
bxobabilitu collisiomn
To ducee
CSMA. not alL waiftug station
Leaistent
allowed T0- traamit imnediateuy, o
chamel idle.
he Send
station oeceme
When itt ekthe anamirts
and chanel isdle ,

wiH obabiltu diloud

lot
albo idle Btactio *a3miis_with
probability 0 2
 The pMocess peaded uwtil
backels anami tfed 0 channel 0ecom
busu
Stotian
do Mot allow aonmiiOT
statton
ontuoaly seAe
e slot Tim 3lot ime lot

me
(a)

Check
chawel
ConditioV Gus
Ade

Check uJait a P obobili

ewayneeth
slot outome
Covdi tio

Mlau Colli&ion oCcuud Statiou can Sew dofa

CSMA/CO
wo statiows He chanmel to
idle and beain Pcawamitg SimuttaueQuak
eu will bot deect collisio
Iheu Mould abrup sto tauamittivq as
O he collision i deteced. Quickly
minatna clamaged amOA_ Baves ime

and bamd oid

i eotocol CSMACO CcSMA with Collisiom
delec ion) odey LANS in
4he MAC ublaye.
CSMA/Co Ca be
 idle-
Confehion, a miLsioM
to Conentio
Stots

Fram e2
bcam
Fxam Freama
3le
awmiAaionCoveutio od
beiod peiod
ime

Colliaioa Can oe delected lookina

width
at he powe pulse
Combasúnq i t _ fo
OCaved sigual and
he Pansmi tHed slanal.
A staion detects collisiovn
HandomL
aborts its tauamission, aitS a
pedod o Hme, and men Peie again,
stafon has gfaxteds
assumina oe
tausmi Hg he meowHme .
heao modeL CSHACo uillCo t
aHeüMa CoyHenROn and aumision
o OCCUIna nen
peHiods, witk idle pods
all Statio. 9uiet.