ROBOTICS 1

WEEK 7 (4 HOURS) 2. Label each part of the circuit. Do not forget to rename the file. 5. What is your realization in this activity? Do you think this is
TOPIC: CONSTRUCTING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM USING E-DRAW 3. important? _______________________________________
T ________________________________________________
In previous lesson, you were instructed to explore on Edraw.
________________________________________________
How was it? Did you find it exciting? This week you are going to
WEEK 8 (4 HOURS)
build circuit using Edraw. (Surname, Section)
TOPIC: ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ON A BREADBOARD
ACTIVITY #1 Breadboards
MAKING YOUR OWN WIRING DIAGRAM
The breadboard is a gadget that
Purpose: In this activity you are going to extend your knowledge
on how to draw circuit diagram and figure out if this will produce a
working circuit. Using the EdrawMax interface, construct the
following circuit;
Task #1: Series Circuit ake a screenshot, then save as “(Surname)_Task_number” allows connecting
Task #2: Parallel Circuit and hand it in our classroom. different electronic
Task #3: Series – Parallel Combination Circuit 4. In Task_1, aside from the other needed materials, use at least components easily and
3 bulbs or lamps to be connected in series safely. It has many strips
You will need: 5. In Task_2, aside from the other needed materials, use at least of metals (copper
Appropriate symbol for the following materials/electronic 3 bulbs or lamps to be connected in parallel usually), which run
components; 6. In Task_3, construct a series-parallel combination, use at least underneath the board. Breadboards are special boards for
 Source (AC or DC) 2 bulbs or lamps in series and 3 bulbs or lamps parallel to it. prototyping electronics. They are covered with a grid of holes,
 Loads 7. Then, answer the guide questions briefly. which are split into electrically continuous rows. In the central part
- bulb/s or lamp/s 8. You may work on your most convenient time. Enjoy and have there are two columns of rows that are side-by-side.
- Resistor/s fun while learning! This is designed to allow you to be able to insert an integrated
 Switch circuit into the center. After it is inserted, each pin of the integrated
Guide Questions:
 Connecting wires circuit will have a row of electrically continuous holes connected to
1. What compose of a simple circuit?
Here’s how: ________________________________________________ it.
1. On the Edraw interface assemble the materials and/or electronic ________________________________________________ In this way, you can quickly build a circuit without having to do
components intended for the desired circuit using different wiring 2. Why is it important that a resistor is present in all the circuit? any soldering or twisting wires together. Simply connect the parts
diagram symbols from the symbol library. ________________________________________________ that are wired together into one of the electrically continuous rows.
________________________________________________ On each edge of the
3. By analysis, will your circuit works? Why or why not? breadboard, there typically run
________________________________________________ two continuous bus lines. One
________________________________________________ is intended as a power bus and
4. What are the different wiring diagram symbols that you use the other is intended as a
in your circuit diagram? Where did you get this symbol? ground bus. By plugging power
________________________________________________ and ground respectively into
_________________________ each of these, you can easily
_______________________ access them from anywhere on
the breadboard.

Please watch
 ROBOTICS 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WReFkfrUIk from shorting, you need to add a resistor in series. It is often good By placing batteries in parallel the voltage remains the same,
practice to use a resistor that is slightly larger in the value than what is but the amount of current available doubles. This is done much
What are the materials to be mounted on a Breadboard? returned by calculator. less frequently than placing batteries in series, and is usually only
Aside from capacitors, resistors, diodes here are the other You may be tempted to wire LEDs in series, but keep in mind that necessary when the circuit requires more current than a single
electronic components which are considered the bread and butter each consecutive LED will result in a voltage drop until finally there is series of batteries can offer.
of most electronic projects which can be used in constructing the not enough power left to keep them lit. As such, it is ideal to light up Batteries are represented in a circuit by a series of alternating
brain of the robot. multiple LEDs by wiring them in parallel. However, you need to make lines of different length. There are also additional marking for
certain that all of the LEDs have the same power rating before you do power, ground and the voltage rating.
I. Wire this (different colors often are rated differently).
In order to connect things LEDs will show up in a schematic as a diode symbol with lightning V. Potentiometers
together using a breadboard, you bolts coming off of it, to indicate that it is a glowing diode. Potentiometers are variable
either need to use a component or resistors. They have some sort of
a wire. III. Switches knob or slider that you turn or
Wires are nice because they A switch is basically a push to change resistance in a
allow you to connect things mechanical device that circuit. If you have ever used a
without adding virtually no creates a break in a circuit. volume knob on a stereo or a
resistance to the circuit. This When you activate the switch, sliding light dimmer, then you
allows you to be flexible as to where you place parts because you it opens or closes the circuit. have used a potentiometer.
can connect them together later with wire. It also allows you to This is dependent on the type Potentiometers are
connect a part to multiple other parts. of switch it is. measured in ohms like resistors, but rather than having color
It is recommended that you use insulated 22awg (22 gauge) Normally open (N.O.) bands, they have their value rating written directly on them (i.e.
solid core wire. Red wire typically indicates a power connection switches close the circuit "1M"). They are also marked with an "A" or a "B, " which indicated
and black wire represents a ground connection. when activated. Normally closed (N.C.) switches open the circuit when the type of response curve it has.
To use wire in your circuit, simply cut a piece to size, strip a activated. Potentiometers marked with a "B" have a linear response
1/4" of insulation from each end of the wire and use it to connect As switches get more complex they can both open one connection curve. This means that as you turn the knob, the resistance
points together on the breadboard. and close another when activated. This type of switch is a single-pole increases evenly (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, etc.). The potentiometers
double-throw switch (SPDT). If you were to combine two SPDT marked with an "A" have a logarithmic response curve. This means
II. LEDs switches into one single switch, it would be called a double-pole that as you turn the knob, the numbers increase logarithmically (1,
LED stands for light emitting diode. It double-throw switch (DPDT). This would break two separate circuits 10, 100, 10,000 etc.)
is basically a special type of diode that and open two other circuits, every time the switch was activated. Potentiometers have three legs as to create a voltage
lights up when electricity passes IV. Batteries divider, which is basically two resistors in series. When two
through it. Like all diodes, the LED is A battery is a container resistors are put in series, the point between them is a voltage that
polarized and electricity is only which converts chemical is a value somewhere between the source value and ground.
intended to pass through in one energy into electricity.
direction. By placing batteries in VI. Transistors
There are typically two indicators that series you are adding the
direction of electricity will pass through and LED. The first indicator voltage of each consecutive A transistor takes in a small electrical current at its base pin
that the LED will have a longer positive lead (anode) and a shorter battery, but the current stays and amplifies it such that a much
ground lead (cathode). The other indicator is a flat notch on the side of the same.  For instance, a AA- larger current can pass between its
the LED to indicate the positive (anode) lead. Not all LEDs have this battery is 1.5V. If you put 3 in collector and emitter pins. The
indication notch (or that it is sometimes wrong). series, it would add up to 4.5V. amount of current that passes
Like all diodes, LEDs create a voltage drop in the circuit, but If you were to add a fourth in
typically do not add much resistance. In order to prevent the circuit series, it would then become 6V.

between these two pins is proportional to the voltage being applied
at the base pin.
There are two basic types of transistors, which are NPN and
PNP. These transistors have opposite polarity between collector
and emitter.
NPN transistors allow electricity to pass from the collector pin
to the emitter pin. They are represented in a schematic with a line
for a base, a diagonal line connecting to the base, and a diagonal
arrow pointing away from the base.
PNP transistors allow electricity to pass from the emitter pin to
the collector pin. They are represented in a schematic with a line for
a base, a diagonal line connecting to the base, and a diagonal
arrow pointing towards the base.
VII. Integrated Circuits (IC)
Have you ever wondered how video cameras become
smaller and smaller nowadays? Or how computers become faster?
This is because some ICs manufactured nowadays have
incorporated functions of several older ICs. Imagine an old
computer as big as a large office room, being outperformed by
today’s powerful notebook size computers.
What is an Integrated Circuit? It is an electrical lay-out
etched on thin, small, layers of semiconductor materials,
incorporating or integrating various components inside, with the
result of having a single device perform a particular function.
An integrated circuit is an entire specialized circuit that has
been miniaturized and fit onto one small chip with each leg of the
chip connecting to a point within the circuit. These miniaturized
circuits typically consist of components such as transistors,
resistors, and diodes.
ICs come in a variety of
different shapes and sizes.
These have pins for through-hole
mounting. The round notch on
one edge of the IC chip indicates
the top of the chip. The pin to the
top left of the chip is considered
pin 1. From pin 1, you read
sequentially down the side until
you reach the bottom (i.e. pin 1,
pin 2, pin 3..). Once at the bottom, you move across to the
opposite side of the chip and then start reading the numbers up
ROBOTICS 3
until you reach the top again. Some smaller chips have a small dot 2. DIP (Dual In-Line Package)
next to pin 1 instead of a notch at the top of the chip.
There is no standard way that all ICs are incorporated into
circuit diagrams, but they are often represented as boxes with
numbers in them (the numbers representing the pin number). 3. QIP (Quad In-Line Package)
ICs can be classified into many groups, and these are some
of the groupings of the various IC;
1. Number of components
2. Purpose
3. Packaging 4. PGA (Pin Grid Array)
Types of ICs According to the Number of Components
1. SSI (Small Scale Integration)
2. MSI (Medium Scale Integration)
3. LSI (Large Scale Integration)
4. VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration 5. TSOP (Thin-Small-Outline
ICs range from SSI to VLSI, depending on the need. SSIs are Package
limited to a few functions, like logic inverter, while VLSIs can
accommodate more functions, such as microcontrollers to control
appliances or even robots.
Types of ICs According to Functions
1. General Purpose Integrated Circuit – this is designed for LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
ordinary use In studying digital integrated circuits, one must start with the
Ex. Flip-flops, counters, registers simplest group of circuits, the SSIs or Small Scale Integrated
2. Hybrid Integrated Circuit - combine functions of several ICs Circuits. These devices contain only a maximum of 10
and put them into single IC transistorized components inside, these chips normally contain a
Ex. Flip-flop chip, counter chip, register chip function used in Boolean algebra (0 and 1) or (false, true)
3. Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) – more complex application.
than hybrid as the entire purpose of the device will be placed in For additional information, please watch this videos:
one chip. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdMJvFT-Afc
Ex. IC in the calculator and cellphone https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDf2vEcyDfs
Types of ICs According to Packaging
PACKAGING OF LOGIC GATES
There are many types of packages used, and the main factor
Most of today’s SSIs are cased in DIPs or dual-in line
that determines it is the number of pins. The pins are the only way
packages, as shown in the figure below. Each pin in the figure
by which ICs can be connected to external circuitry. The more pins
below corresponds to a number, with pin number 1. This part of
in an IC, the more functions it can handle.
the IC is indicated by the half crescent found on the IC, or just by
looking at the IC label, where pin no.1 is found at the lower left.
Type of IC Packaging
The numbering of the pins is also shown, following the U-shaped
1. SIP (Single In-Line pattern.
Package) Each Boolean function in the IC corresponds to a code number.
SSIs have such code names as 7404 for inverters, 7408 for AND
gates and 7432 for OR gates.
 ROBOTICS 4

A. Single-input SSIs in Dual-In-Line Packages

 The
numbers 1 to 14 NAME: ____________________________ G10- ________
are called pin
numbers Example of Two-Input SSI: ACTIVITY #2
 Ai  The 7408 Quadruple 2-input AND gates – this IC package contains MAKING YOUR OWN IC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
denotes input of four (4) , 2-input AND Gates arranged as shown
logic gate i Purpose: In this activity you are going to;
 Yi Input Output  Illustrate the other logic gate packaging and know
denotes output of A1 B1 Y1 its function
logic gate i A2 B2 Y2
 The 7432 Quadruple 2-input OR gates – this IC A3 B3 Y3
package contains four (4) OR Gates arranged Procedures:
A4 B4 Y4 1. Choose one from the list of two-input SSI, namely;
as shown:
 7400 Quad 2-input NAND Gates
 7402 Quad 2-input NOR Gates
Example of Single-Input SSI:  7486 Quad 2-input XOR Gates
The 7404 Hex (six) Inverter – This IC package contains six (6) 2. Follow the diagram in the examples given for NOT, AND
inverters (NOT Gates) arranged as shown: and OR gates. Don’t forget to include the truth table for
this.
3. Sketch/draw your chosen gate as if it is inside an IC.
Input Output
A1 Y1 Input Output Note:
A2 Y2 A1 B1 Y1  NAND (NOT-AND) gate is the combination of NOT
A3 Y3 A2 B2 Y2 and AND gates. It is a logic gate which produces an
A4 Y4 A3 B3 Y3 output which is false only if all its inputs are true; thus
A5 Y5 A4 B4 Y4 its output is complement to that of an AND gate. A
A6 Y6 The LOW (0) output results only if all the inputs to
following
pin –outs
the gate are HIGH (1); if any input is LOW (0), a
also apply HIGH (1) output results.
for the following ICs  NOR (NOT-OR) gate is the combination of NOT and
B. Two-input SSIs in Dual-In-Line Packages 1. 7400 Quad 2-input NAND Gates OR gate. It is a logic gate which gives a positive
2. 7402 Quad 2-input NOR Gates output only when both inputs are negative.
 The numbers 1 to 3. 7486 Quad 2-input XOR Gates  XOR gate (sometimes EOR, or EXOR and
14 are called pin pronounced as Exclusive OR) is a digital
numbers logic gate that gives a true (1 or HIGH) output when
 Ai denotes input 1 the number of true inputs is odd. An XOR
of logic gate i gate implements an exclusive or; that is, a true
 Bi denotes input 2 output results if one, and only one, of the inputs to
of logic gate i the gate is true.
 Yi denotes output 4. Take a picture of your work and turn in it in our classroom.
of logic gate i For MDL: Send it to me via messenger
4. If you do have questions and clarifications, do not hesitate to ask
me. I am just a text/chat away. My CP# 09399232685
 ROBOTICS 5
**In our Next Lesson, we will explore the secret of game design in some cellular
phones. What is the Logic Circuit behind it.