SITE CLEANING

• Removal of Bushes, trees prickly pier, Shrubs, Weeds and

grasses thoroughly including roots
• Dismantling of old Structures
• Rubbish Disposal
• Provisions shall be made in Estimate for site cleaning,
dismantling and disposal.

2
 SITE FENCING
• Putting temporary fencing around a construction site is one of the first
safety measures that you should take.
• Fencing will fend off trespassers from accessing the building site and also
provide security for the construction materials.
Types Of Temporary Fences To Use
1.Wire Mesh Fencing
2.Barricades
3.Pounded Post Chain Link
4.Panel Chain Link

3
 EXCAVATING FOUNDATIONS

SHALLOW EXCAVATION DEEP EXCAVATION

-UPTO 3m DEPTH -MORE THAN 3m DEPTH
•MANUAL METHODS •BRACED CUTS
•MECHANICAL METHODS •SHEET PILES
•DEWATERING •CONTAGIOUS PILES
•SOIL NAILING AND
SHOTCRETING
•DIAPHRAGM WALLS
•DEWATERING

4
 EXCAVATING FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOW EXCAVATION
IS 3764:1992 (Re Affirmed :2002)
Indian Standard
EXCAVATION WORK-CODE OF SAFETY
• Depth of Excavation more than 1.5m is risk – Requires proper safety
• Before Excavation site Engineer has to ensure any Pipelines, Sewers,
Gaslines or Electrical conduits beneath the earth
• Scaffolds and Ladders are to be provided for workers inside the trench
• No excavation or earthwork below the level of any foundation of building
or structure shall be commenced or continued unless adequate steps are
taken to prevent danger to any person employed, from collapse of the
structure or fall of any part thereof.

5
• No material or load shall be placed or stacked or removed near the edge of
any excavation, shaft, pit or opening in the ground as it may endanger the
persons employed below.

• Excavated material is not to be placed nearer than 1 m from the outer edges
of the excavation but shall be placed anywhere within 50 metres.

• The bottom of foundation pits shall be dressed level in all directions and
before any concrete is put in, shall be well watered and thoroughly rammed.

• The foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of the lowest
step of the footing and the depth shall be in accordance with the plans, or as
may be otherwise ordered by Engineer.
6
• Excavation areas shall be adequately lighted for night work.
• warning lights shall be placed in proper sites to ensure safety of pedestrians
and the vehicular traffic.
• At every part of a trench likely to be frequented by the public such fences,
guards or barricades as will prevent a person or livestock from falling into
the trench shall be provided and maintained in place at all times.

7
Protection against hazards involving insects, vermins, leeches or
snakes shall include the following controls as are pertinent :

• Instructions regarding potential hazards.

• Boots, hoods, netting, gloves, masks, or other necessary
personal protection.
• Repellents.
• Drainage or spraying of breading areas.
• Burning or destruction of nests.
• Use of smudge pots for protecting small areas. Elimination of
unsanitary conditions which propagate insects or vermins.
• Extermination measures against rodents.
• Fumigation.
• Inoculation.
• Approved first-aid remedies for the affected.
8
 COMMON HAZARDS IN EXCAVATION
• Quick sand
• Water content or degree of saturation
• Effect of freezing and thawing
• Vibration from near by sources
• Adjacent Loose fills
• Surcharge imposed by Adjacent structures

9
• In firm soils. the sides of a trench stall be kept vertical up to a
depth of 2 metres from the bottom and for a greater depth.
the trench shall be widened by allowing steps of 50 cm on
either side after every 2 metres depth from the bottom so as
to give a vertical side slope of l/d to 1.

10
For excavation in loose soil IS. 3764/1966 shall be followed.
Where different foundation levels are necessary IS.1904-1966
may be followed.
• If by the contractor’s mistake the excavation is made
deeper or wider than shown on the plans, the extra width or
depth shall be made up with concrete-and not with earth or other
material ,..at the cost of the contractor

11
 DEEP EXCAVATION USING CONTIGEOUS PILES

• In Urban scenario, multiples, malls, auditoriums requires huge

parking space
• Metro stations below ground level required deep excavations
upto 20m etc.,
• In such type of excavation retaining soil is very big challenge
• Contiguous piles are proven solution with some limitations.

12
(e) Excavation for insertion of planking and strutting.
(f) Unless otherwise specified, removing slips or falls in
excavation.
(g) Bailing out water on Excavation from rains, subsoil water
etc..,
(h) Shifting or supporting pipes, electric cables, etc. met
during excavation.

13
 FILLING IN FOUNDATIONS
All foundation shall be refilled to the original surface of
the ground with approved materials, well watered and
rammed.

14
• The contractor shall not fill in around any work, until it
has. been approved by the Engineer.
• In cases where the excavated foundation soil is to be
used for refilling, it shall be brought back from the
place, where it was temporarily deposited, and the
trenches or other excavations shall be filled up to the
height of the original surface with this earth, carefully
rammed in regular layers of not more than 20 cm in
thickness.
• consolidated by the addition of water to each layer as
and if found necessary according to the directions of
the Engineer.

15
 FILLING IN BASEMENT
1. Materials for filling in basement shall be as defined in the general
specification The surface to receive the filling shall be first cleared free firm
all roots, vegetation or spoil and wetted.

2. Filling up to plinth level is to proceed in layers with the construction of the

building so that the earth, filling may be thoroughly consolidated by the
tramping of the workers.

3. Where sand filling is specified, the sand shall be clean, free from admixture
of foreign material and approved by the Engineer before filling is
commenced.

4. Filling in basement shall have optimum moisture content and, well

consolidated in layers of 15 cm. by ramming with iron rammers and butt
ends of crowbars

5. When tilling reaches finished level the surface shall be flooded with water
for at least 24 hours, allowed to dry and then rammed and consolidated
in order to avoid any settlement at a later stage."

16
PCC FOR FOUNDATION

17
GRADE BEAM / PLINTH BEAM

18
19
20
21
CHECKLIST BEFORE CONCRETE

22
23
24
25
26
27
 CURING
METHODS

Membrane
Water curing Miscellaneous
curing

1. Immersion
2. Ponding
3. Spraying or
fogging
4. Wet covering

28
 CURING

❖ Curing of concrete essentially means the provision of

a 100% humid atmosphere around the finished
concrete.
❖ It is necessary for ensuring proper hydration of
concrete.
❖ Curing also helps to some extent in the control of
early age cracking that may arise due to thermal and
shrinkage effects.

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
DO’S & DON’TS

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
 WRONG is WRONG
even if everyone is doing it

RIGHT is RIGHT
even if no one is doing it

47
 Thank you
• Civil Engineering is not an intellectual practice
even it has intellectual content but it is…….
Action oriented
-Prof. Ralph B.Peck

48