6/26/22, 10:58 PM Available Generation Control (AGC) Modeling

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Transient Stability Add-On (TS) > Transient Stability Overview > Available Generation Control (AGC) Modeling

Available Generation Control (AGC) Modeling

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Added in Version 19
Available Generation Control can be modeled in transient stability by defining an Area AGC model along with Generator AGC Controllers. The signals for
this structure are shown in the following image.

 
AreaAGC Model assigned to an Area object
Initially there in only one Area AGC Model which has the following 8 fields.
Parameter Description Units

Bus Specification of the bus at which frequency measurement is taken  

Bias Frequency Bias [MW/0.1Hz] MW/0.1Hz

Deadband No response if ACE within thisdeadband MW

PanicHighOn PanicMode is entered if the frequency goes above this Hz

If a panic mode is entered due to HIGH frequency, this is the frequency in Hz BELOW which the
PanicHighOff Hz
system must fall to exit the panic mode

PanicLowOn Panic mode is entered if the frequency goes below this Hz

If a panic mode is entered due to LOW frequency, this is the frequency in Hz ABOVE which the
PanicLowOff Hz
system must recover to exit the panic mode

UpdateTime AGC UpdateCycle Time in Seconds. AGC signals are updated at this interval Seconds
Notes about the Area AGC Model

Area Frequency is measured at the bus indicated by the AreaAGC Model.

The ACE calculation uses the Bias and Deadband terms as well as the list of Area to Area Tie-Lines that exist in the power system model.
Panic Mode is a special feature that will cause the response of the various Generator AGC Controllers to change. When in Panic mode then generators
with an AGC control model which has a mode of either LOCAL (2) or BASELOAD (3) will participate in AGC just like they were set to a mode of ON (1).
Also, when in panic mode, the ACE calculation will no longer include the tie-line flow portion of the calculation meaning that the ACE is only concerned
with returning the system to nominal frequency when in panic mode.

AGC update is done at user-specified interval of UpdateTime seconds (specificified in the AreaAGC). Within the numerical integration this is handled at the
start of each on each time-step and thus appears algebraic to the differential equations. When the update is done it performs the following steps

1. CalculateACE
2. Call UpdateAGCSignal on each generator in the area
3. Call RespondToAGCSignal on each generator in the area

This also requires an update of many other models which receive a MWReference input signal (such as Pref on most governor models), but this will be
discussed below.
 
AGC ACE Calculation
The area designation in the power system model determine the list of area to area tie-lines. ACE attempts to bring tie-line flows back to the initial
condition. The ACE Calculation is as follows

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Normal: ACE = (MeasBusFreq - NominalFreq)*10*Bias + (SumTieFlows - InitialTieFlow)

Panic Mode: ACE = (MeasBusFreq - NominalFreq)*10*Bias

For both there is also a Deadband applied so that if the absoluate value of ACE is less than the deadband, then the ACE = 0.0.
 
Determination of which Generators to respond and Participation Factor Summation
Use the ACE value for the entire area, each generator in the area is then processed to determine whether the generator will respond and the summation
of the participation factors. Below is some pseudo-code describing this response with each generator flagged as AGCActive as well as the summation
PartFactSum maintained.

 
Then using this list of generators and summation, each generator responds to the ACE signal and the participation factor summation based on its AGC
Controller which will be described next.
 
Generator AGC Controller Model
There are 2 primary types of AGC controllers: AGCSetpoint and AGCPulseRate. The AGCSetpoint controller will take the signals received from the AreaAGC
model and interpret them as an immediate change in the MWSetpoint of the generator. The AGCPulseRate controller will take the signals received and
instead either ramp up or ramp down its MWSetpoint at a predefined rate.
 
AGC Controller Mode
One thing which is common to the AGC Controller models however is the concept of a Mode for the controller. Each controller has an integer
parameter called mode which can have 4 values which are interpreted as follows

0 (OFF) : means the generator is ignored for AGC purposes (its MWSetpoint remains constant)
1 (ON) : means the generator participates in AGC
2 (LOCAL) : means the generator normally does not participate in AGC, but during Panic Mode it will participate
3 (BASELOAD) : means it only participates if moving its reference pushes the generator back toward its initial value

AGCSetpoint
The AGCSetpoint model has the follow 5 fields.
  Parameter Description Units
  Mode Integer Value 0 (OFF), 1 (ON), 2 (LOCAL), or 3 (BASELOAD). See description above for details.  
Integer Value 0 (No, use specific values), 1 (get values from case)
  Default If value set to 1, then PartFact, Pmax, and Pmin will be obtained from the power flow input data  
and stability record values are ignored
  PartFact Participation Factor for us in AGC  
  Pmax Maximum Power reference signal output MW
  Pmin Minimum Power reference signal output MW
AGCPulseRate

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The AGCPulseRate model has the follow 8 fields.
  Parameter Description Units

  Integer Value 0 (OFF), 1 (ON), 2 (LOCAL), or 3 (BASELOAD). See description above for  
Mode
details.

Integer Value 0 (No, use specific values), 1 (get values from case)
  Default If value set to 1, then PartFact, Pmax, and Pmin will be obtained from the power flow  
input data and stability record values are ignored
  PartFact Participation Factor for us in AGC  
  Pmax Maximum Power reference signal output MW
  Pmin Minimum Power reference signal output MW
  PulseRate Rate at which the MWReference signal changes MW/Second

Length of time that the pulse up or down occurs. This should normally be less than the
  PulseLength Area AGC Model’s UpdateTime. Thus the UpdateTime may be 10 seconds and Second
PulseLength is 2 seconds

  When Area AGC Model enters panic mode, then you can increase the length of the
PulseLengthPanic Second
pulse.
Response of Generator to AGC Signal
Each generator then responds based on PartFactSum calculated. The following is pseudo code for the AGCSetpoint and AGCPulseRate models

The following images demonstrate how the MWSetpoint of the geenerators respond for the two types of AGC Controllers.

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Passing the new MWReference Signal
The new MWReference will then be passed to the appropriate generator model to respond. This will depend on which generator models are defined
with the following precedence.

1. A Plant Controller is defined and active (REPC_A, REPC_B)

2. A Pref Controller is defined and active (LCFB1, WTGTRQ_A)
3. WT3P (special stabilizer model for first generation wind turbine models)
4. A Governor model is defined and active (most of the dozens of governor types have a "Pref")
5. Mechanical power for the active machine model will be changed appropriately
6. If there isn't even a machine model, then the algebraic Electrical Power of the generator will be changed.

Taking a a MWReference signal an modifying a particular transient stability model is unique for each model. This is done by Simulator using algebra with
the following assumptions.

Assume the generator is operating at steady state (nominal frequency)

Calculate Pref that would be needed when initializing the model from steady state if the MW output was equal to the new MWReference.

This makes the assumption that the AGC system is always trying to drive the system back to nominal frequency. It is important to realize that for some
models it is not possible to do this calculation. For example, isochronous governor models (Rselect=0 or R=0 on GGOV1 governor for example. Let's use
GGOV1 as an example.

Using these dependencies, the new value of Pmset and Pref for the GGOV1 model are updated as shown in the following pseudo-code.

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