Day 2 Prefinals Reviewer

-CPAR-
THE ARTIST & THE CONTEMPORARY ARTS
-According to Dr. Nicanor Tiongson, there is a vital role played by contemporary artists in
“creating art that will contribute to social change by enlightening viewers and audiences about the
nature and causes of the problems they face as Filipinos today.”

THE PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION NO. 1001, S.

- 1972 created and established “The Award and Decoration of National Artist.”
-This law enabled the government “to give appropriate recognition and prestige to Filipinos who have
distinguished themselves and made outstanding contributions to Philippine arts and letters.”
-The NCCA and CCP together administer this award.
-The President of the Philippines grants this award to an artist after both institutions and give
recommendations for this particular artist.

Fernando Amorsolo.
-In 1972, the Philippines named its first national artist – world-class painter

WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO BE A NATIONAL ARTIST?

1. Living artists who are natural-born Filipino citizens at the time of nomination, as well as
those who died after the establishment of the award in 1972 but were Filipino citizens at the time of
their death.
-Filipinos who have lost and reacquired Filipino citizenship, through dual citizenship status for at least
the minimum period of 5 years, shall be eligible for nomination.

2. Artists who through the content and form of their works have contributed in building a Filipino
sense of nationhood.

3. Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style, thus earning distinction and
making an impact on succeeding generations of artists.

4. Artists who have created a substantial and significant body of works and/or consistently displayed
excellence in the practice of their art form thus enriching artistic expression or style.

5. Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through the following:

-Prestigious national and/or international recognition, such as the Gawad CCP para sa Sining, CCP
Thirteen Artists Award, and NCCA Alab ng Haraya.
-Critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works.
-Respect and esteem from peers.
BENEFITS RECEIVED BY FILIPINO ARTISTS
1. The rank and title of National Artist
2. The National Artist goldplated medallion minted by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and citation.
3. Lifetime emolument and material and physical benefits comparable in value to those received
by the highest officers of the land such as the following:
-A minimum cash award of 200,000 pesos, net of taxes for living awardees, and a minimum cash
award of 150,000 pesos, net of taxes for posthumous awardees, payable to legal heirs.
-A minimum lifetime personal monthly stipend of 30,000 pesos.
- Life insurance coverage
-A state funeral benefit not exceeding 500,000 pesos
THE NATIONAL ARTIST INSIGNIA
-It is a Grand Collar adorned by circular links representing the arts. The main medallion
commemorates the sun and the colors of the Philippine flag. The highly stylized three letter K’s stand
for “katotohanan, kabutihan, at kagandahan” (the true, the good and the beautiful).
-Gen Chem-
Naming and Writing Chemical Formulas
-Each element has a characteristic of an atom.

- Dalton differentiated the elements and their atoms through drawings. However, in present day,
elements are differentiated through symbols.

- Many symbols are abbreviations derived from the name of the element. Some symbols are
derived from their Latin names.

Ions
-When a neutral atom gains or loses one or more electrons, it
becomes an electrically charged particle called ion.

-Metals tend to lose electrons and become positively charged

cations. Nonmetals, on the other hand, gain electrons and
become negatively charged anions.

-An ion that consists of only one atom is referred to as a

monoatomic ion. Different atoms can also combine and form
polyatomic ions.

-Transition metals tend to lose electrons resulting to variety

of electrical charges of ions.

-Monoatomic ions are named based on the element. For

cations, the named of the element is unchanged.

-If the element can form two ions of different charges, the
name which is usually derived from its Latin name, is modified
by the suffix –ic for the ion with the higher charge, and –ous
for that with the lower charge
Examples:

-Several anions are polyatomic and are named based on the atomic constituents and the suffix -
ide. The most common example are:
OH – hydroxide ion
CN – cyanide ion

-A number of polyatomic ions containing oxygen atoms are named based on the root word of the
central atom and the suffix –ate for the one with more oxygen atoms and –ite for the one with
less oxygen atom.

-Some anions have common names ending with the suffix -ate. Examples are:

-The composition of a molecule or an ion can be represented by a chemical formula. The formula
consist of the symbols of the atoms making up the molecule. If there is more than one atom
present, a numerical subscript is used.
Types of Chemical Formula
 Molecular Formula – gives the composition of a molecule,
in terms of the actual number of atoms present.
Examples are the following:

 Empirical Formula – gives the composition of the molecule,

in terms of the smallest ratio of the number of atoms
present. Examples are:

Naming of Compounds

 Binary Compounds – made up of two elements.

A. Ionic Compounds – made up of a cation and an anion. They are named by giving the name of
the cation first, followed by the name of the anion. For anions, the name of the element is
modified by the suffix –ide.

Examples:

B. Molecular Compounds- made up of two non-metals. They are

named by giving the name of the first non-metal and then that of
the second non-metal is modified by the suffix –ide.

-A system of numerical prefixes is used to specify the number of

atoms in a molecule. Molecular compounds are usually gases.
 Ternary Compounds- made up of three elements.The naming of ternary compounds follow
the same rule as that of the binary compounds: the name of the cation is given first,
followed by the name of the anion.

Writing Chemical Formula

-The valence or charges on the ions must balance. The total positive charges of the cations
should be equal to the total of the negative charges of the anion. The net charge should be zero.

-When a compound consist of a metal and a non- metal, the name or symbol of the metal is
written first. Whereas non-metals are written on the right.

Superscript

Subscript

(Additional
notes)
-Nitrogen if
with cation
uses -3
oxidation
-Oxidation
states(Super
script)
-Anion when
writing
chemical
formula in
inside a
parenthesis
-Use Latin version for element name that does not match the symbol
-When super script becomes subscript switch the oxidation level of the element with the other
element

Electronic Structure of Atoms

The Quantum Mechanical Model of an Atom
The modern model of the atom is based on many
ideas, two of which are:

1. Electrons behave as both matter and energy

(waves) as demonstrated by the double slit
experiment.

2. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible

to determine simultaneously both the exact position
and the exact momentum of an electron or any other
particle with any great degree of certainty.

SCHRODINGER’S THEORY
❖ He agreed that electrons have a specific amount of energy.
❖ Quantum refers to the amount of energy needed to move
from one energy level to another.
❖ The electrons move in regions of probability around the
nucleus called orbitals.
❖ Orbitals refers to the three dimensional regions in space where
there is a high probability of finding an electron around an atom.

QUANTUM NUMBERS
In the mathematical solution of the Schrodinger's equation,
three quantum numbers are obtained. These are the principal
quantum number (n), the angular quantum number (ℓ), and the
magnetic quantum number (m l).

The Principal Quantum Number (n)

❖ Determines the energy of an orbital
❖ Determines the orbital size
❖ It is related to the average distance of the electron from the nucleus in a particular orbital; the
larger the n value, the farther the average distance of the electron from the nucleus.
❖ Orbitals with the same n are said to be in the same shell.

ENERGY LEVELS
❖ Known as the principal
quantum number (n = 1, 2, etc.)
❖ 1-7 energy levels
❖ 1 = lowest energy; 7 = highest energy
❖ 1 = closest to nucleus; 7 = farthest from nucleus
❖ Each energy level overlaps the next

ORBITALS
❖ Known as the 2nd quantum number (s, p, d, f)
❖ Region in the electron cloud where an electron is likely
to be located.
❖ Different orbital shapes: s, p, d, f (lowest to highest energy)

S - ORBITAL
❖ Sharp
❖ One orientation
❖ Each orientation can hold 2 electrons (for a total of 2
electrons)
❖ Spherical

P - ORBITAL
❖ Principal
❖ 3 orientations
❖ Each orientation can hold 2 electrons (for a total of
6 electrons)
❖ Located on three different axes
❖ Dumb bell-shaped

D - ORBITAL
❖ Diffuse
❖ 5 orientations
❖ Each orientation can hold 2 electrons (for a total of 10
electrons)
❖ The shape is like a fourleaf clover

F - ORBITAL
❖ Fundamental
❖ 7 orientations
❖ Each orientation can
hold 2 electrons (for a
total of 14 electrons)
❖ Complex appearance

❖ 3rd quantum number (m l)= orientation of orbitals

❖ 4th quantum number (m s ) = spin (+1/2, -1/2)
❖ The four quantum numbers compose the numbers that describe the electron in an atom. The
quantum number shall be in order: energy level (n), sub-level or orbital type (ℓ), the orientation of
the orbital specified in ℓ (m l), and the orientation of the spin of the electron (m s ).
❖ No two electrons in an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers.

DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS
IN THE MAIN ENERGY LEVELS

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Electron configuration is a representation of the number of
electrons of an atom or ion and the orbitals in which they lie.

Example:
Be =1s2 2s2
C =1s2 2s2 2p2
Ne =1s2 2s2 2p6
Main Energy Level

Sub Energy Level