Electronic Symbols
Electronic symbols represent each
electronic component.
Electric Current Direction
Conventional Current
Benjamin Franklin (1752) - positive charge
carriers flowed from positive to negative
terminals.
-commonly used in daily conversations,
especially in Automotive Systems.
-carrier positive charges (holes)
Electron Flow
Franklin, Joseph John (1897)- discovered
Electrons.
-negatively charged particles associated
with current along the wire.
-commonly used in Electronics.
-carrier electrons
Voltage Source (dry cell or battery)
-pushes electrons to the load and recycles
the excess electrons.
Electron flow = Conventional Current
“The movement of electrons in one
direction is equivalent to the movement
positively charged particles in opposite
direction.”
Household Electrical Wiring
Series Circuit
- Single path for current flow.
-Electronic components are connected in
successive order.
-Current is the same at all points.
Parallel Circuit
-Multiple path for current flow.
-Electronic components are directly
connected to a voltage source.
-Voltage is the same at all points.
-Often used in our households.
Electricity’s journey to your household
1. Produced at a very high voltage in a
generator.
2. Transmitted through transmission
lines.
3. to the sub-stations where the voltage
is regulated using transformers
4. Distribute electricity at 220 V by
letting it pass through another
transformer.
5. Passes through an electric meter.
6. to service panel (circuit breakers or
fuse protects your household wiring
from overloading)
7. House charaannnn!!
Electric shock- It is when electricity flows
through a portion of the body
causing shock.
Current- causes electric shock, when
electricity flows through a portion of the
body causing shock.
“In a given circuit of
constant resistance, current and voltage are
proportional to each other.” - George Simon
Ohm
Voltage
– AKA Electric Potential, Voltage Drop,
Electric Potential Difference, Electromotive
Force.
- Amount of electric force needed to move a
test charge from point a to b.
-Change in electric potential energy per unit
charge. Hence, 1 volt is equal to 1 joule per
Coulomb.
Current

- AKA’s Intensite du courant (Fr. Current

Intensity), and flow of charges
- Passes through the wire’s full cross section
at any point per unit time.
Only flows in a complete circuit and not in
an open circuit.

Since us humans are made up of mostly Resistance

water, and water is good conductors of
electricity, we can get shocked by electricity
and it’ll flow through our bodies.
-Against the flow
Ohm’s Law
-An increase in a wire’s resistance is a
George Simon Ohm (1787-1854)-Current (/)
decrease in current or a given amount of
in a metal wire is proportional to the
voltage.
potential difference (V) applied to its two
ends.
 Kirchhoff’s Rules
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824- 1887)
V= IR devised two guides in analyzing circuits that
are too complicated for Ohm’s Law:
Flow of
charges
I
1. Junction rule
R= V/I
Ohm (Conservation of
Charge)- At any
junction (node),
Series
the sum of all
currents entering
the junction must
be equal to the
sum of all current
leaving the junction.

Parallel 2. Loop Rule

(Conservation of
Energy)- The sum
of all voltages
around any closed
loop, considering
the polarities, must
be zero.

Series- Parallel Circuit The voltage across the battery has a polarity
-Combination of series and parallel opposite the polarities of the potential
-Series components for ma series string differences across the resistors.
-Parallel components from a parallel bank
-To simplify all resistors into single resistor,
which will have the equivalent resistance of
all these resistors combined.

-solve the parallel first then the series