Computers in A Networked Society U1

WUC 118/03
Computers in a
Networked Society
Unit 1 Knowing
and Using
Computers
Contents
Course overview 1
Unit overview 4
Unit objectives 4
1.1 Thinking about technology 5
Objectives 5
Introduction 5
Computer applications 7
Computers: Past, present and future 8
Computer fundamentals 11
Types of computers 17
Computers in society 23
Suggested answers to activity 29
1.2 The historical context of computers and the Internet 30
Objectives 30
Introduction 30
A brief history of computers 31
A brief history of the Internet 39
Technologies currently in use 41

1.3 Computer technology around us 50
Objectives 50
Introduction 50
Information Systems: Definition and concepts 51
Types of Information Systems 55
What is Information and Communications Technology (ICT)? 58
Summary of Unit 1 65
Unit practice exercise 66
Suggested answers to self-tests 67
Suggested answers to unit practice exercise 70
References 73
Glossary 74
Course Overview
Welcome to WUC 118/03 Computers in a Networked Society. This is a
3-credit compulsory course for all undergraduate students enrolled in
Wawasan Open University. There are no prerequisites for this course.
Computers are vitally important in the world today. They are used in
business, in personal life, and in schools and colleges. They connect
people around the world via the Internet. Most of us cannot imagine a
life without computers and so we must learn how to use them effectively
and safely.
In this course, you will explore how computers function and why people
use them. Computers come in different sizes and have different purposes,
but all are made from the same basic components and operate based
on the same fundamental principles. You will learn how the basic
components work together in a computer system. You will also learn
about the various types of hardware and software. Since the Internet
has become so significant that its use is considered to be an essential
part of computer use, an overview of the Internet and World Wide Web
will be provided in this course. In addition, this course will also cover the
legal and professional issues in computing.
As Microsoft Office has become an essential tool at work and at home,

this course will help you to discover the underlying functionality of two
of its applications — Microsoft PowerPoint and Microsoft Excel — so
that you can become more productive when using them.
1 WUC 118/03 Computers in a Networked Society

This course consists of five study units:
Unit 1 Knowing and Using Computers
This unit discusses the definition, history, and types of computers and
their operating systems. It also explains the difference between hardware
and software.
Unit 2 Computer Technology in Action
This unit focuses on the types and functions of hardware and software.
It also discusses mobile technologies and computer security.
Unit 3 Using the Internet: Issues and Concerns
This unit explains the functions of the Internet and World Wide Web. It
also explores the issues of security and privacy in relation to the use of
the Internet.
Unit 4 Legal and Professional Issues in Computing
This unit focuses on cybercrime, cyberlaw, intellectual property and

professional ethics.
Unit 5 Living in the 21st Century with Technology
The final unit of this course introduces the latest computing technologies,
and discusses their benefits and applications.
UNIT 1 Knowing and using computers 2

Each unit has been designed to take between 20 and 25 hours to
study, so to complete the whole course you will need about 120 hours.
The course takes approximately 18 weeks to complete.
After completing this course, you should be able to:
1. Compare the different types of computers, operating systems,

hardware and software available.
2. Use computer hardware and software in your daily activities.
3. Explain the functions of the Internet and World Wide Web.
4. Discuss the social, ethical, legal and professional issues related

to cyberspace.
5. Develop knowledge and skills in the latest information and

communications technologies.

Unit Overview
This unit introduces you to computers. It is divided into three sections. The
first section aims to familiarise you with computer technology. It describes
the information processing cycle and various computer hardware
devices. It also looks at how computer technology affects society.
The second section of this unit provides you with a brief history of
computers and the Internet. By looking at the past, you will gain a better
understanding of how technology has changed and made our daily lives
simpler.
The last section of this unit introduces you to information systems that
are used to fulfil business needs. Information and communications
technology and its fundamental roles will also be discussed in this section.
Unit Objectives
By the end of this unit, you should be able to:
1. Describe the four basic operations that a computer

performs.
2. Identify the computer hardware devices that are used for

input, processing, output and storage.
3. Discuss the various types of computers.
4. Explain how computers affect society.

1.1 Thinking about
Technology
Objectives
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
1. Define a computer.
2. Describe the information processing cycle.
3. Identify hardware devices that are used for data input,

processing, output and storage.
4. Identify the two categories of computers.
5. Describe the various types of computers.
6. Explain how computer technology affects society.
Introduction
Many of us use computer technology without knowing how or why it
works. For example, you can write an email using a keyboard and then
send it to recipients who are thousands of miles away without knowing
how this is possible. However, to use computer technology effectively and
safely, it is essential for you to understand the fundamental computing
process, and the basic components of computers and their functions.
For a start, you should know the definition of a computer. There are
numerous definitions of a computer. We will consider only two.

The Oxford English Dictionary (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/
definition/computer) provides the following definition:
A computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving

information (data) in a particular form and performing a sequence
of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set
of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form
of information or signals.
Another definition comes from the Goodwill Community Foundation’s

LearnFree.org website (www.gcflearnfree.org/computerbasics/what-is-
a-computer/1/):
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or

data. It has the ability to store, retrieve and process data. You can
use a computer to type documents, send email, play games and
browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets,
presentations and even videos.
In this section, you will first explore the applications of computers and
examine their past, present and future before learning their fundamentals.

Computer applications
The increasing use of computers has caused an increase in the diversity
of computer applications. There is a variety of computer applications
and devices available for you to use, but how many have you actually
used or encountered? The following is a list of computer applications:
1. Internet: This is a worldwide system of interconnected

computer networks which enables you to acquire information
quickly and perform communication activities such as video
conferencing, social networking and file sharing.
2. Online banking: Via the Internet, you can create your own
bank account, transfer money to your family members and
pay your creditors. All this can be done in the comfort of your
home.
3. Weather prediction: By using supercomputers and weather

satellites, meteorologists can determine weather patterns and
predict the location and severity of a weather event.
4. Smartphones: These are mobile phones with computing

capability. They have largely replaced fixed-line telephones
and offer additional features such as Internet access and
productivity applications (e.g., email, instant messaging and
word processing).
5. GPS systems: These are specialised computer devices, either

portable or embedded within vehicles, which provide navigation
assistance to drivers. They can help you to locate places such
as restaurants, hotels and petrol stations in unfamiliar areas.
You may encounter many more computer applications and devices on a

daily basis besides the ones listed above. Computers are used at work,
in educational institutions and at home. They are embedded in our cars,

phones and cameras. Most of the time, you will use computers to perform
specific tasks. However, you will only use computers optimally when you
start to understand and use the technology to gather information and
share it with others (locally or globally), and then singularly or collectively
use the information to make decisions.
Computers: Past, present and future

We will now take a brief look at the past, present and future of computers.
We will also briefly examine the evolution of computer interfaces.
The past
In the recent past, when people first attempted to do complex things such
as sending astronauts to the moon, there were no mobile phones and no
personal computers. At that time, people typed letters on a typewriter
or wrote them by hand. Communication was usually done face-to-face
or over fixed-line telephone networks. Cordless telephone handsets did
not appear on the market until the late 1970s and cell phones (mobile
phones) were only introduced to the masses in the 1980s. By the end of
the 1980s, most businesses were able to share documents across vast
distances via fax machines. The Internet was not in common use until
the 1990s. The global positioning system (GPS) became fully operational
only in 1995, the same year in which electronic commerce (e-commerce)
began to blossom with the launch of Amazon.com and eBay.
The present
The changes that have occurred in the past several decades have led to
technological innovations in computing. Today, billions of people use the
Internet daily in both their professional and personal lives. Furthermore,
cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDA) are important devices
for most people. Computers were once considered as tools for only

programmers and technical developers, but it is now hard to find an
activity that does not involve computers, technology and the sharing
of information. It is now vital for people to learn about computers
and become proficient in using application programs and the Internet
because of job demands. All organisations require their employees to
have computer skills. Learners need to have these skills as well.
The future
Knowing to use computers alone will not be sufficient in the computerised

world of tomorrow. To be a fully functioning member of society in the
future, you will need to understand the concepts that underlie computer
and Internet technologies. For instance, you will need to know the
difference between hardware and software, how to manage the large
number of files that are created each day, how to ensure the security and
privacy of data as it makes its way across a variety of new technologies,
and how to regularly evaluate your computing skills to determine the
need for improvement and fine tuning.
Computer interfaces
Computer interfaces have changed a lot through the years. The following
is a list of computer interfaces from the past, present and future.
1. The command line is the oldest computer interface. Commands

were originally input into a computer in batches, via paper
tapes or punch cards. Modern operating systems still emulate
the command line by allowing users to type commands into
computers via keyboards and then displaying the commands
and results on monitors.
2. The mouse is associated with contemporary computers and

played an essential part in the growth of the graphical user
interface.

3. The touchpad is a familiar interface for laptops and notebook
computers. When a user touches the touchpad with a finger,
the finger’s intrinsic capacitance disrupts an electric field and
this disruption is detected by the touchpad, which treats it
as an input.
4. The multi-touch screen existed even before desktop computers

became popular. Simple touch screens were used in ATMs.
With touch screens, people can use computers without
requiring a lot of training. The multi-touch screen became
popular with the introduction of Apple’s iPhone.
5. Gesture sensing uses compact magnetometers, gyroscopes

and accelerometers to track the motion of a handheld device
which is physically manoeuvred through the air. You can
control games and applications via gesture sensing.
6. Augmented reality is an approach that combines virtual

information with the real world. In its early days, this
interface required big and complex motion-sensing and
computer graphics equipment. Currently, people can use
this technology via smartphones which have powerful
microprocessors and sensors.
7. Brain-computer interfaces are surgical implants that allow

severely paralysed people to control a computer by using
brain activity only, without the need for muscle control. This
technology permits such people to control computer cursors
and do things such as steer a wheelchair or write a message.

Computer fundamentals
The word “computer” originates from the word “compute”, which
means “to calculate”. A computer is an electronic device that performs
four basic operations, which are part of the Information Processing
Cycle (IPC). The IPC consists of input, processing, output and storage
(Figure 1.1).
Output
Input
Storage
Processing
Figure 1.1 The information processing cycle: input, process, output and
storage
Imagine that you have completed typing an assignment paper for one
of your courses. However, you feel that it is likely your document has a
number of grammatical errors and misspellings. Thus, you decide to use
your word-processing program’s spell checker on your paper. Figure 1.2
shows the resulting IPC.

Input Processing Output Storage
User’s Role: User’s Role: Computer’s User’s Role:

Click on Execute Role: Save
assignment spell-checker Displays list corrected
document program of misspelled document
words and
Computer’s Computer’s suggests Computer’s
Role: Role: corrections Role:
Accept Spell-check Store final
assignment program User’s Role: document
document compares Accept or to hard disk
words in reject the drive
document suggested
to its built-in corrections
dictionary
Figure 1.2 The IPC in action in a word-processing program’s spell checker
The IPC is always performed in this sequence because these operations

depend on one another. To make this cycle possible you need a computer
system. A computer system is a system of connected elements which are
designed to cooperate with one another to meet your needs. There are
two categories in this system: hardware and software. Hardware includes
the system unit, monitor, keyboard, printer and communication devices.
For the hardware to function properly, you need software. Software is
divided into two categories: system software and application software.
You will learn more about hardware and software in the next unit.
Next, you will examine the operations of the IPC and the hardware devices
involved in each step. To do this, you first need to know the definitions
of data and information:
• Data is unprocessed material that will be used as input for data

processing; it is related to facts, events or transactions.

• Information is processed data that is produced as meaningful
output for an end user to use.
Assume that you have conducted a market research survey in which

you asked customers to complete a questionnaire on a new product.
The completed questionnaire contains data. This data is processed
and analysed to produce a summary of the survey. The final result is
information.
The operations of the IPC are:
1. Input: Getting data into the computer
The computer accepts unprocessed data such as words,

numbers, images, sounds or a combination of these. An
input device allows you to insert data into the computer for
processing. To input unprocessed data, you need to use
standard input devices such as the keyboard and mouse
(Figure 1.3).
Input data
Figure 1.3 Input: Getting data into the computer

2. Processing: Transforming data into information
A computer transforms data into meaningful information (Figure

1.4); data is interpreted and organised into a form that people
can use. The central processing unit or microprocessor carries
out operations on input data. The microprocessor is located
inside the computer system’s case, which is called the system
unit.
Data in Information out
Figure 1.4 Processing: Transforming data into information
3. Output: Displaying information
The outcome of the processing operation is displayed in

a manner that people can understand. The results of the
processing operation are output using devices such as
monitors, printers and speakers (Figure 1.5).
Displaying
information
Figure 1.5 Output: Displaying information

4. Storage: Holding programs and data for future use
The computer stores the outcomes of processing for future

retrieval. Storage devices like flash drives, hard disk drives,
CD-ROM drives and DVD-ROM drives hold the data and
programs that the computer system uses on different kinds
of media (Figure 1.6). These devices are mounted inside the
system unit or attached to it externally.
Internal/external
storage devices
Figure 1.6 Storage: Holding programs and data for future use
5. Communication: Moving data between computers
Communication is not actually part of the IPC, but is treated

as an extra step in the process. Communication involves the
transfer of data within a computer or between computers.
Communication devices are needed to transfer data between
computers. Most computers are equipped with a modem and
communication devices which permit them to communicate
with other computers and the Internet through wireless
connections, telephone lines and fibre optic cables.

Characteristics of computers
Knowing the IPC alone is not sufficient; it is also important to understand

the characteristics of computers. The following are the key characteristics
of computers.
Speed
• Computers are very fast devices.

• They can execute billions of instructions per second.
Accuracy
• The results from computer processing are highly accurate.

• However, the GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out) principle applies to
computers. If wrong instructions or data is supplied then the results
will also be wrong.
Reliability
• Computers have an extremely low failure rate.

• They can execute complex calculations and produce reliable results.
Versatility
• Computers are quite versatile due to their multi-processing features.
Communication
• Computers permit the sharing of data and work among groups of people
linked by computer networks around the world.
Storage capacity
• Computers have internal and external storage. A massive amount of

programs and data can be stored for future use.

Types of computers
Computers come in different sizes and can be divided into two groups:
computers for organisations and computers for individuals. Computers
for individuals store and process a smaller amount of programs and data,
like personal web pages and assignment papers. To meet the needs
of many people concurrently, computers for organisations are more
suitable because they have the capability to process and store massive
amounts of data and to execute more complex programs, such as those
that perform banking transactions or weather forecasts. Computers are
also categorised by the tasks they perform and their processing speed.
Computers for individuals
There is a variety of computers available in this category such as

microcomputers, which are also called personal computers (PCs). The
two most commonly used types of PCs are Apple’s Macintosh systems
(e.g., iMacs) and IBM-compatible PCs, which are made by manufacturers
such as Lenovo, Hewlett-Packard and Dell (Figure 1.7). “IBM-compatible”
PCs are so-named because IBM made them first. These computers were
designed for use at a desk in an office environment or at home. Hence,
a desktop computer is a PC that runs programs that allow individuals to
do their work more productively or to connect to the Internet.
Desktop PC Apple iMac
Figure 1.7 Personal computers

Portable computers are made for people who are on the go all the time
(Figure 1.8). Portable computers have improved in terms of their size and
capabilities. The following are the portable computers that are available
in the market today:
1. A notebook computer is designed to fit into a briefcase or bag.

It has almost all of a desktop computer’s peripherals, such
as a modem, speakers and a DVD drive.
2. Subnotebooks have fewer components than notebooks, but

they run full desktop operating systems. Because they have
fewer components, subnotebooks are lighter and smaller
than notebooks. One of the setbacks of this type of computer
is that users may need to carry external disk drives and their
wiring. Subnotebooks are usually used by delivery personnel
or by salespersons whose computing needs do not call for all
the peripherals that are available in desktops and notebooks.
3. Tablet PCs allow you to input data through a keyboard or

mouse. You can also use a special pen or stylus to write on
their screens. Tablet PC screens are built using liquid-crystal
display (LCD) technology. By using handwriting recognition
software, tablet PCs can convert your handwriting into standard
text, or they can save it as handwritten text.

Notebook Netbook iPads
Smartphones PDA
Figure 1.8 Various types of portable computers

Source: Wikimedia Commons
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license.
4. A netbook is primarily used for browsing the Web and handling

e-mail. Netbooks do not usually have large hard disk drives;
they are ideal for cloud computing, an online service that
provides applications and document storage remotely instead
of on the user’s hard disk drive. They are between 5 and 15
inches in size and weigh 2 to 3 pounds.

5. The iPad is smaller in size than a laptop but considerably
bigger than the typical smartphone. To operate an iPad, you
need to use its touchscreen interface. The iPad runs on
Apple’s iOS operating system. It comes with a number of
pre-installed applications (apps) and can also download
apps from Apple’s App Store. For example, you can use the
pre-installed iBooks app to download electronic versions of
books. iPad users can surf the Internet, send and receive
e-mail messages, upload or share photos, watch videos, play
games, and listen to music.
6. Handheld computers or personal digital assistants (PDAs)

are designed for portability. Users of these devices usually
use a stylus or virtual keyboard (which appears on the touch
screen) to manage contacts, send and receive e-mail, and
schedule appointments. They fit well in the palm of your hand
and in the pockets of your pants.
7. A smartphone fits in the palm of your hand or the pocket of

your pants. It is designed to be used as a mobile phone with
Web access. Smartphones have a variety of useful features
and are able to download applications from the Web. They
can perform the same tasks as handheld computers.
8. Electronic book (e-book) readers are dedicated devices such

as the Amazon Kindle DX reader and the Kobo Aura. They are
designed to download e-books from an electronic bookstore
and to display the books for users to read. Electronic bookstores
are accessed via the Internet and e-books are purchased online
and downloaded to electronic book readers, smartphones,
iPads, netbooks or other Internet-connected devices.

Computers for organisations
Users can be connected to servers via computer networks, and this

permits them to access hardware, software, data and network programs.
Such networks are centralised or operated from one location and users
can connect to them using clients, which can be desktop PCs, laptops,
workstations or any other computer in order to communicate with servers
and obtain needed information. This is called client/server computing,
and involves the connection of centralised servers with off-site or remote
clients through networks. Servers can be as small as a microcomputer
or as large as a mainframe. For example, a mid-range server is suitable
for 200 simultaneous users.
Computers for organisations come in different sizes and have different

capabilities (Figure 1.9). The following is a list of computers that
organisations use:
1. A minicomputer is a machine that is able to perform

multiprocessing. It is a mid-sized computer that can handle
the computing requirements of small corporations or
organisations. Users connect to minicomputers via PCs or
terminals (i.e., computers that lack processing capabilities,
receive input via a keyboard and display output on a monitor).
Minicomputers are slightly larger than microcomputers.
2. Mainframe computers are large, towering machines with lots

of processing power. The processing capabilities of these
computers are measured in millions of instructions per second
(MIPS). They are designed to be used simultaneously by
hundreds or thousands of users. Large corporations,
government agencies and banks use these computers to
process and store large quantities of data. Users connect
to mainframes using terminals or PCs. Mainframes are
located in dedicated, secure rooms that have a controlled
climate.

3. Supercomputers can process a significant amount of data
and then display hidden patterns in the data. They process
data at ultra-fast speeds. The processing capabilities of
these computers are measured in floating-point operations
per second (FLOPS), and some of them can execute up to
quadrillions of FLOPS. Supercomputers play a significant role
in the area of computational science, and are used for a broad
range of computationally intensive tasks, including calculations
in quantum mechanics, weather forecasting and nuclear
weapon design. Supercomputers are very expensive and big.
They are kept in large air-conditioned rooms.
Server Minicomputer
Mainframe Supercomputer
Figure 1.9 Computers for organisations

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Unported license.

Special-purpose computers
A special-purpose computer performs a sole function, eliminates the

need for excess memory and operates at high speed to complete its
task. It has a logical structure and data input-output devices that are
built to solve a strictly defined problem in an efficient manner.
Special-purpose computers use embedded systems or other unique

operating platforms. They are used in military planes, ships, surveillance
devices and other defence-oriented applications. They are also used
in traffic-light control and monitoring systems, weather forecasting
simulators, ATM systems, cash registers, washing machines and other
unique applications.
ATM machine Cash register Washing

machine
Figure 1.10 Special-purpose computers

Source: Pixabay
Computers in society
There are many ways that society can benefit from computers. No matter
where they are located, people can still communicate by using computers
connected to the Internet. By using computers, people can exchange
information through many different channels, including via satellite links
and telecommunication cables. There are also many ways computers

help keep people safe; for example, cars use computers to perform a
variety of safety-related tasks (e.g., anti-lock braking system and object
avoidance system).
Computers can perform mathematical calculations very quickly, far

quicker than human minds can. They also help people in education and
improve medical processes. Manufacturing industries use automation
technology to replace people with machines and computers. However,
it is not all about replacing people, as computers provide employment
as well (e.g., computer repair jobs and programming jobs).
Table 1.1 summarises the areas in which computers have an impact on

society:
Personal Community National Global Future
Business Employment National data Reporting of Shopping

transactions banks current events
Automated Traffic Vote counting Communications Learning
billing, credit control media
cards
Privacy and Law Defence and Worldwide Information
personal enforcement surveillance access to data processing,
rights storage and
retrieval
Job Urban Stock-market World The home
opportunities planning transactions government as a work
centre
The impact Electronic International The
that a funds transfer standards cashless
machine has society
on human
ergonomics
Table 1.1 The impact of computers on society

Advantages and disadvantages of computers
Although computers have had an impact in virtually all areas of our lives,
they also have their downsides. The advantages and disadvantages of
computers for society are outlined below:
Advantages
1. Tedious and repetitive work that was done manually is now

being done with the help of computers. Computers can
sometimes complete manual tasks which took days or even
months in minutes. Supercomputers can process trillions of
instructions in a second.
2. Computers can store massive amounts of data. Moreover, data

can be sent from secondary storage to memory in a computer
in microseconds. You can store documents, videos, applications,
games and photos on your computer. In addition, the storage
back-up process is fast and efficient, and you can retrieve data
whenever necessary.
3. The Internet is one of the most outstanding inventions. Your

computer allows you to connect to the Internet and access
information from around the world. People can communicate
faster through the Internet; you can receive and send e-mail,
use instant messaging services, make video calls and share
files with people far away. Social networks such as Facebook,
Instagram, Myspace, Pinterest, Twitter, Flickr, LinkedIn, Google+
and Tumblr allow you to connect with friends and colleagues.
Internet technology has also revolutionised the shopping
experience by enabling online shopping and electronic
payment.

4. When using computers, you will get the same result with the
same process. For instance, you can view a document that
you created on one computer on another computer without
seeing changes in the contents. Due to this flexibility, you can
edit and save documents by using different computers in
different locations.
Disadvantages
1. Computers have reduced the level of interaction among people.

There is less human interaction because computers can provide
all the data and information needed for work.
2. Computers are associated with various health hazards. Many

of us suffer from back pains, poor eyesight, and elbow, wrist
and neck injuries due to the incorrect and prolonged use of
computers. Mobile phones are also a health hazard because
people spend a lot of time on them using social network
services, watching movies and playing games.
3. Your private information may be easily leaked when you are on

the Internet. You may unknowingly download malicious software
(malware) into your computer. Malware can get into your system
and grant criminals access to your private information.
4. The computer manufacturing process and computer waste

can damage the environment. Discarded computers contain
toxic chemicals such as lead and mercury that can cause health
problems and harm the environment.
5. The integrity and safety of data are crucial for any business, but
data saved in a computer can go missing in many ways. A
computer may crash and all the information that had been kept
in it may be deleted. Hackers can also gain access to computers
and compromise the data kept in them.

Activity 1.1
Fill in the blanks in the following statements.
1. A(n) _______________ is a machine that performs four basic

operations: input, process, output and storage.
2. _______________ is a raw material for data processing.
3. __________________ is processed data which is produced as

meaningful output for an end user.
4. A(n) _______________ device allows a user to insert data into a

computer for processing.
5. The computer’s processing circuitry is called the __________.
6. A personal computer is also called a _______________.
7. Users can be connected to a ______________ via a computer

network.
8. ______________ computing involves centralised servers and

remote clients.
9. A portable computer that operates full desktop operating

systems and has fewer components than notebooks is
called a _______________.
10. A(n) ______________ screen is built with liquid-crystal display

(LCD) technology and requires a special pen or stylus.

Summary
In this section, you were introduced to various types of computer

applications and devices. You saw how computer interfaces have
changed over time. You also took a brief look at how people used
computer technology in the past. The present state of computing
and the possibilities of the future were also briefly described.
You learned about the information processing cycle (IPC): input,

process, output and storage. Data and information were defined
in this section because they are the key elements of the IPC. The
characteristics of computers were also discussed.
You examined the details of computers for individuals and computers

for organisations in this section. The areas in which computers have
an impact on society were discussed, and the advantages and
disadvantages of computers for society were listed.
Self-test 1.1
1. State the four processes in the IPC.
2. List the portable computers that are available.
3. Describe the different kinds of computers that are available

to organisations.
4. Discuss special-purpose computers.

Suggested answers to activity
Feedback
Activity 1.1
1. computer
2. Data
3. Information
4. input
5. central processing unit (CPU) or microprocessor
6. microcomputer
7. server
8. Client/server
9. subnotebook
10. tablet PC’s

1.2 The Historical Context of
Computers and the Internet
Objectives
1. Explain how computers came into existence.
2. Identify the different generations of computers.
3. Discuss the history of the Internet.
4. Describe the computing technologies that are currently

in use.
Introduction
Various inventors were involved in bringing electronic computers
into existence in the 20th century. In 1936, the first electrical binary
programmable computer, the Z1 computer, was invented by Konrad
Zuse. The Internet, which started about fifty years ago as a military
communications system during the Cold War, has a long history, and
many inventors were involved in its development. In this section, you
will learn more about the history of computers and the technologies that
are currently in use.

A brief history of computers
The concept of computers started 2000 years ago in Babylonia, where
the abacus was used to perform mathematical computations. There are
several different kinds of abacus. For instance, the traditional Chinese
abacus comes with two beads on the top rods and five beads on the
bottom rods (Figure 1.11). The Japanese abacus or soroban has one
bead on the top rods and four beads on the bottom rods. A professional
abacus operator can achieve the calculation speed of a person equipped
with an electronic calculator.
Figure 1.11 A Chinese abacus

In the 19th century, an English mathematician named Charles Babbage

invented the Analytical Engine (Figure 1.12), which was a general-purpose
programmable computing machine. It had all the essential components
that modern computer systems have and so is regarded to be the first
real computer system. Ada Lovelace is considered to be the world’s first
programmer because she wrote a program for the Analytical Engine.
The modern Ada programming language is named after her. Before
the Analytical Engine, Babbage designed the Difference Engine, which
was the biggest and most refined mechanical calculator of his time.
The Difference Engine was designed to perform addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division to 6 digits, and to solve polynomial equations.
Unfortunately, this project failed due to the difficulty in constructing the
engine. Although it was a failure, it did help improve the precision of
Britain’s machine-tool industry.
Figure 1.12 Analytical engine

Source: Science Museum, London
Generic license.
Today, computers are grouped into five different generations. Each

earlier generation was a stepping stone to the modern computers that
we currently use. Therefore, to truly know our computers, we need to
know a little bit about their “ancestors”.
First-generation computers (1940 – 1956: Vacuum tubes)
In the beginning, electronic computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry

(Figure 1.13) and magnetic drums for memory. The vacuum tubes were big
and so computers built using them took up entire rooms and were very
expensive to operate; they used an extraordinary amount of electricity.
They also generated a lot of heat, which often caused malfunctions.

The vacuum tube computers used the lowest-level programming language,
which is machine language. Machine language is only understood by
computers (it is made up of 0s and 1s). The main drawback of this
generation of computer was that it could only perform operations to solve
one problem at a time. As a consequence, to set up these computers to
solve a new problem could take days or even weeks. Additionally, paper
tape and punched cards were used for data input, while output was in
the form of printouts.
Figure 1.13 Vacuum tubes from a 1950s computer

Unported license.
First-generation computers included UNIVAC (Universal Automatic

Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).
ENIAC was the world’s first operational digital computer. It was used
by the US Army Ordnance Corps to calculate artillery firing tables. In
1951, the US Census Bureau purchased UNIVAC, the first computer for
commercial use (Figure 1.14).

Figure 1.14 UNIVAC at the US Census Bureau
Source: US Census Bureau
Second-generation computers (1956 – 1963: Transistors)
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in second-generation computers

such as TRADIC (Figure 1.15). Although transistors were invented in
1947, they were not used extensively until the late 1950s. Transistors
were smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy efficient and more reliable
than vacuum tubes. Although transistors also generated enough heat to
cause computers to malfunction frequently, they were a huge advance
over vacuum tubes.
Second-generation computers also accepted data input via punched

cards and produced output in the form of printouts. They were
programmed in assembly language, which allowed programmers to
specify instructions in simple words. Assembly language programs are
translated into a form that computers understand. During this time, high-
level programming languages such as the early versions of COBOL and
FORTRAN were introduced. Transistors still exist in current computers
in the form of the tens of millions of microscopic transistors which make
up modern microprocessors.

Figure 1.15 TRADIC, one of the first computers to be based on transistors
Third-generation computers (1964 – 1971: Integrated

circuits)
The invention of the integrated circuit (IC) (Figure 1.16) brought about
the third generation of computers. In an IC, miniaturised transistors
are integrated into silicon chips, which are semiconductors. There has
been a drastic increase in the efficiency and speed of computers since
semiconductor ICs were introduced. Users began interacting with
computers using keyboards and monitors. Punched cards were no
longer required. With the advent of the IC, computers became smaller,
more powerful and cheaper. Consequently, more people gained access
to computers.

Figure 1.16 The original IC developed by Jack Kilby in 1958. He received
the Nobel Prize in Physics for this invention
Web Reference
To know more about the history of ICs and to understand how

modern ICs are made, go to the following web page:
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/integrated_circuit/
history/
Fourth-generation computers (1971 – Present:

Microprocessors)
A microprocessor (Figure 1.17) has thousands of ICs embedded in a single

silicon chip. It is the building block of fourth-generation computers. Recall
that first-generation computers filled entire rooms. Fourth-generation
computers can fit into the palm of your hand. In 1971, the Intel 4004
microprocessor was invented. Apple introduced its Apple II computer in
1977; it used the MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor. Following this,

IBM introduced its Personal Computer in 1981, before Apple brought out
the revolutionary Macintosh computer in 1984. Handheld devices, the
mouse and graphical user interfaces (GUIs) were developed in tandem
with fourth-generation computers. Today, microprocessors are used in
many different types of products.
Figure 1.17 A microprocessor

Unported license.
Fifth-generation computers (Present and beyond:

Artificial Intelligence)
Fifth-generation computing devices will be built based on Artificial

Intelligence (AI). Voice-recognition applications, which are being
used today, are already applying AI. To make AI a reality requires the
development of parallel processing and superconductors. Examples of
AI applications include neural networks, natural language processing,
game playing, robotics and expert systems. In the future, nanotechnology,
quantum computing and molecular computing may completely transform
computing. The objective of fifth-generation computing is to evolve
devices which can respond to natural language input and are able to
learn and self-organise.
Figure 1.18 shows a compressed computer history timeline which focuses

on the critical events in the development of computers that laid the
foundation for the devices that we use today.

1939 1946 1965 1970 1976 1981
Hewlett- ENIAC unveiled Commodore Xerox launched Steve Wozniak IBM introduces
Packard (increased Business the Palo Alto designs the its PC
founded computing Machines Research Apple I
speed by founded Centre
1,000 times)
2007 2005 2000 1995 1994 1990
Amazon YouTube Microsoft’s Bill Microsoft Netscape and HTML

releases the founded, and Gates releases Yahoo founded developed and
Kindle, and Windows Vista relinquishes Windows 95 the World Wide
Google releases announced his title as CEO Web is born
Android
2009 2010 2011 2012 2015
Microsoft Apple unveils Google Facebook Apple releases

releases the iPad releases the reaches 1 billion the Apple
Windows 7 Chromebook users Watch.
Microsoft
releases
Windows 10
Figure 1.18 Computer history timeline

A brief history of the Internet
The Internet was created as a military communications system in the
United States in the 1960s, during the so-called Cold War. It has more
than one inventor. For many years, it was a mode of communication
and data sharing among scientists and researchers. Today, many of us
find it impossible to live without the Internet since we use it for almost
everything.
The launch of the world’s first artificial satellite called Sputnik by the
Soviet Union in 1957 motivated the US Department of Defence to analyse
how information could be dispersed and communications maintained in
the event of a nuclear attack. This led to the creation of the ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). Although the ARPANET
was considered to be successful, its use was limited to academic and
research organisations which had contracts with the Department of
Defence.
In the early days of the ARPANET, computer networks did not have a
standard method of communicating with one another. To remedy this
problem, the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
was introduced. TCP/IP allows different kinds of computers on different
networks to communicate with one another. In 1983, the ARPANET and
the Defence Data Network officially accepted the TCP/IP standard; hence,
the Internet was born. Today, networks around the world connect and
communicate by using this standard protocol.
Figure 1.19 shows a compressed Internet history timeline.

1957 1958 1966 1972 1973
USSR launches The US government ARPANET project Email was developed TCP/IP was created
Sputnik into space creates ARPA in initiated, the by Ray Tomlinson, and in 1983 it
and with it, global response to Sputnik foundation for today’s who decided to use became the standard
communications Internet the ’@’ symbol to protocol for the
separate sender Internet
and network name
1995 1993 1990 1988 1984

Commercialisation First graphical web The first commercial Internet Relay Chat Domain Name System
of the Internet (eBay browser for the dial-up Internet (IRC) is created for (DNS) — network
and Amazon); general public — provider; World Wide instant messaging addresses identified
Javascript is Mosaic Web protocols are and real-time chat by extensions (.com,
introduced completed .org and .edu) —
created
1996 1998 2001 2003 2004

The first webmail Google and Napster Wikipedia is Skype and MySpace Facebook is
service launched on are founded launched are launched launched by Mark
the Internet (Hotmail) Zuckerberg
2007 2006 2005

The Apple iPhone is Twitter is launched YouTube is launched
launched (inspired by Flickr)
Figure 1.19 Internet history timeline

Technologies currently in use
Today, computers are relatively easy to use compared to the time when
they occupied large rooms. Computer technology has moved to the Web
of Things, no-touch interfaces and so forth. In this subsection, you will
explore how older technology has been transformed into what we use
today.
The cloud
Computers used to be massive mainframes. Users would have to log on

to a mainframe system to use it to produce output on a screen or from
a printer; that is, if they managed to schedule some time on the system.
With the PC revolution, there is no more craving for computer time.
Moore’s Law, which basically says that there is an increase in the number
of transistors per square inch of IC every year, means that everyone is
enjoying higher computing power as time goes by.
The aggressive growth in storage and Internet bandwidth is driving the

growth of “cloud computing”. Through the cloud, we can borrow large
stores of data from anywhere, and at any time we desire. The cloud is
a term applied to services that are provided across networks by groups
of remote servers. This theoretical “cloud” of computers provides large
amounts of processing power and distributed storage, which can be
used by any Internet-connected device that has a web browser.
Client-side scripting
Back in 1989, Sir Tim Berners-Lee designed the World Wide Web for the
purpose of organising documents. The World Wide Web implemented a
universal standard for displaying documents online. In those early days,
web pages were static and more like electronic pages that were linked
together. Web pages only became dynamic with the implementation of new
programming languages such as JavaScript, jQuery, Flash and HTML5.

Client-side scripting means writing computer programs using languages
such as JavaScript that enable them to be run client-side (i.e., by the
user’s web browser), rather than server-side (i.e. on the web server). The
Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language (DHTML) concept prefers the client-
side scripting method, so that web pages can be scripted to have unique
and changing content depending on user input, environmental conditions
or other variables. Currently, social media use these technologies.
Linked data
Sir Tim Berners-Lee also invented linked data, which is an effective way
of designing and publishing data on the World Wide Web. Linked data
enables the creation of a web of data. For instance, the World Wide
Web is a linked web of documents. Linked data enables computers to
automatically read shared data using standard Web technologies. It
enables data from various sources to be linked and queried by computers.
While hypertext links permit users to move from one document to another,
linked data uses hyperdata to allow users to find data that was not
previously linked. The following are the four “golden rules” of linked data:
1. Apply the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), which is a general

name for all kinds of names and addresses that are used to find
objects on the World Wide Web.
2. Apply the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which determines

how messages are formatted and transmitted, and the types
of actions web browsers and servers will perform. Apply
HTTP URIs so that users can look up objects on the World
Wide Web.

3. Once users look up names using URIs, useful information is
provided using the RDF and SPARQL standards:
a. The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a basic

framework for explaining website metadata (i.e., data
about data). The purpose of RDF is to permit designers
to construct search engines that count on the metadata
and to let Internet users share website information
willingly. RDF provides information such as when a web
page was updated, keywords that search engines look
for, a website’s sitemap and the intellectual property
rights of web pages.
b. The Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL)

is a standard query language and protocol for data
access which is applied to the RDF data model.
4. Involve links to other URIs, so that users can explore a greater

number of things.
Mobile technology
We are moving into a post-PC computing era. A decade ago, only desktop
computers had high computing power, but today we are moving around
with multiple connected devices which are better than desktops. These
devices use cloud-based services and have apps to carry out tasks. They
have the ability to synchronise information between numerous devices.
Mobile technology has become more reliable and convenient to use.

Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is a field which aims to manipulate individual atoms

and molecules to create computer microprocessors, memory and other
devices which are thousands of times smaller than what is available
today. Currently, a process called lithography is used to imprint circuits
on semiconductor materials. However, this process is approaching its
technological limits. In order to reduce the size of microprocessors and
other devices further, nanotechnology will likely need to be applied in
the future.
Web Reference
To find out more about the possible uses of nanotechnology in

computing, please click on the link below:
http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/computing-and-
electronics/
No-touch interfaces
We used to perform tasks on a computer by using only a keyboard and

mouse. Today, we have moved on to more advanced technologies such
as no-touch interfaces, cameras and sensors. For example, certain
smartphones have no-touch interface features which allow you to answer
phone calls or browse pictures just by waving your hands over the
smartphone’s screen. For hands-free access to information, we can use
applications such as Google Now on Android and Siri on iOS. We can also
dictate text using Google Documents, which now has voice recognition
capability. Voice recognition technology has been integrated into cars,
allowing for hands-free calling and control of applications such as
navigation. There is a product called Kinect for Windows which surgeons

can use to control medical images and scans on a computer with hand
gestures. By doing this, surgeons do not have to touch unsterilised
computers and thus avoid repeating scrubbing up for operations. By
using conventional and infrared cameras, Intel has invented a gesture-
sensing device that can recognise faces, infer emotions and translate
spoken words in nine languages.
Activity 1.2
State whether each of the following statements is true or false.
1. IBM introduced their IBM Personal Computer in 1981. This

immediately legitimised personal computing in industry,
government and business.
2. The Internet was developed more than four decades ago.
3. Although the Internet has been in place for many years, it

was not until Java appeared in 1995 that the Internet
became the world’s premiere communication mechanism.
4. The launch of Sputnik initiated the USA’s desire to start

researching and developing new communications technology.
5. Today, the ARPANET is commonly known as the World Wide

Web.
6. The URL takes someone to a page on the World Wide Web.
7. Sir Tim Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web.
8. A web page is an electronic computer program.

Summary
In this section, you were given a brief history of computers. Five

generations of computers were described in this section. You also
learned a brief history of the Internet and World Wide Web.
Most of the technologies that were used in the first computers

and the early Internet are still being applied today, but in much-
improved form. In this section, you were introduced to some of
these technologies and learned how they have been modified and
improved to fulfil our current needs.
Self-test 1.2
1. This person is often called the inventor of the modern

computer. He created the first fully electronic computer.
A. Konrad Zuse
B. Byron Lovelace
C. William Gates
2. Among the golden rules of linked data are to use URI and
HTTP.
A. True
B. False

3. This invention helped to make computers much smaller and
faster.
A. Vacuum tube
B. Random access memory
C. Integrated circuit
4. Who invented the Internet?
A. Steve Jobs
B. William Shockley
C. More than one person
5. This person created a machine called the Analytical Engine.

His ideas were among the first that led to the creation of
computers.
A. Simon Konrad
B. Charles Babbage
C. John Lovelace
6. This computer was 1,000 times faster than any computing

machine built before it. It was so big that it filled up an entire
room.
A. Z3
B. ENIAC
C. Apple I

7. This person created what is now known as the first computer
program. The program was written to enable the Analytical
Engine to calculate numbers.
A. Charles Babbage
B. Konrad Apple
C. Ada Lovelace
8. Which invention replaced vacuum tubes?
A. ENIAC
B. Transformer
C. Transistor
Feedback
Activity 1.2
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False

6. True
7. True
8. False

1.3 Computer Technology
around Us
Objectives
1. Define Information Systems.
2. Identify the various types of Information Systems.
3. Explain the fundamental roles of Information and

Communications Technology.
Introduction
Information Systems (ISs) are valuable to organisations because they help
to assure regulatory compliance and enable better management decision
making. In addition, ISs incorporate the latest record-management
technologies and minimise dispute risks. To be relevant in the current
competitive market environment, a business needs to embrace the
benefits of modern ISs as they provide a cheap and transparent way
to stay in touch with partners and clients. It is important for us to know
the various kinds of ISs and the different levels of people involved with
or using these systems. ISs are not merely about computers; they are
also about organisations, management and technology. In this section,
we will discuss ISs and the fundamental roles of Information and
Communications Technology (ICT).

Information Systems: Definition and concepts
ISs are the backbone of every organisation. For example, without ISs
banks cannot process payments, governments cannot collect taxes and
supermarkets cannot stock their shelves. ISs play a prominent role in
every sector including in large or small businesses, healthcare, education,
government, finance and manufacturing.
ISs are a combination of hardware, people, software, data resources,

communications, policies, procedures and networks. They have the
capability of storing, retrieving, transforming and distributing information
in an organisation. Most of us depend on ISs to communicate with each
other using multiple hardware devices (physical devices), information-
processing instructions and software (procedures), stored data (data
resources), and networks (communications channels). ISs help in
coordination, decision making and control. They also assist managers
and workers in visualising complex subjects, analysing problems and
building products.
Figure 1.20 shows an IS. An organisation and its external environment

input unprocessed data into the IS, and the IS converts the unprocessed
data into meaningful information which it then outputs to users. The IS
obtains feedback from users to assess and correct the input stage.

Environment
Suppliers Customers
Organisation
Information systems
Processing
Classify
Input Output
Arrange
Calculate
Feedback
Regulatory
Stockholders Competitors
agencies
Figure 1.20 Functions of an Information System

Adapted from: Management Information Systems by Kenneth C. Laudon
To work with an IS, you need to acquaint yourself with management,

organisational and information technology concepts (Figure 1.21). Various
challenges are posed by the environment that an organisation is in; thus,
an IS is used to develop solutions to these challenges for the organisation
and its management.

Management Organisations
IS
Technology
Figure 1.21 Information Systems are more than just computers

Adapted from: Management Information Systems by Kenneth C. Laudon
Organisations
The fundamental components of an organisation are its structure,

business processes, people, culture and politics. The essential part
of an organisation is its IS. Most organisations would not be able to
function without their IS. An organisation consists of a structure; it has
a hierarchy and expertise. It has a senior manager who makes long-term
strategic decisions, ensures the financial performance of the organisation,
and decides on products and services to be offered. An organisation
also has middle management, whose role is to carry out the plans and
programmes of senior management. It also has operational management,
which oversees the organisation’s day-to-day activities. Organisations
usually have knowledge workers such as architects, engineers, scientists,
product designers and others who create new knowledge. Data workers
include clerks, administrators and secretaries who assist in scheduling
and communication at all levels of the organisation. Lastly, production
workers make products and service workers distribute services.

Management
The task of management is to understand the various situations

encountered by an organisation, to make decisions and to specify
systematic action plans to overcome organisational obstacles.
Management is also required to decide on new products and services
to be offered. They are also occasionally responsible for reviving
organisations. Management is an innovative task driven by new
information and knowledge. Managers can develop and distribute new
products and services and redesign and redirect their organisations with
the help of information technology.
Information Technology
One of the tools that managers use is Information Technology (IT). IT

consists of hardware, data management technology, software, and
network and telecommunications technology. All these technologies are
used to develop, manage and control an organisation’s IT infrastructure.
Skilled people are needed to develop an organisation’s IT infrastructure
and to produce resources that are shared throughout the organisation.
An organisation can build its ISs on the platform provided by its IT
infrastructure.
The following are examples of ISs:
1. The computerised catalogue in a library
A library user can find a particular book by entering the author’s

name, title of the book, subject of the book and/or other criteria
because the library catalogue system keeps book-related data
in an organised manner.

2. The cash register in your favourite fast-food restaurant
The cash register is part of an IS that can record products

sold, the level of inventory, the time of sale and the amount of
money collected.
Types of Information Systems

ISs can be classified in several different ways. For instance, they can
be classified according to their function, which could be to support
either managerial decision making or business operations. ISs such
as management information systems, decision support systems and
executive information systems fall under the category of support
for managerial decision making. On the other hand, process control
systems, transaction processing systems and office automation systems
(enterprise collaboration systems) belong to the support of business
operations category.
Transaction Processing System (TPS)
A TPS serves the operational level of an organisation; it is a core system

for a business. This computerised system can record and perform the
daily transactions of a business. It assists the lowest level of people in
an organisation in the day-to-day operations of the organisation.
Process Control System (PCS)
A PCS controls and monitors physical or industrial processes. For

instance, in an oil refinery electronic sensors are connected to computers
so that the refining process can be monitored continuously and immediate
(real-time) adjustments can be made to control it.

Office Automation System (OAS)
An OAS assists managers in controlling an organisation’s information

flow. It enhances workgroup and team productivity and communications.
An OAS is not used only by a particular level of users in an organisation;
it provides support to a broad range of users. It is developed to support
daily office tasks. Voicemail systems, multimedia systems, video
conferencing systems, electronic mail systems, file transfer systems and
group decision-making systems are considered to be OASs.
Management Information System (MIS)
Managers retrieve information from an MIS, which supports them

in making effective decisions and supplies feedback on day-to-day
operations. MIS users receive information in report format. The reports
are produced based on accumulated transaction processing data from a
TPS. An MIS is a combination of subsystems that are usually organised
conjointly with functional lines within an organisation. An MIS serves
middle management.
Decision Support System (DSS)
A DSS provides managers with information that they need to make

intelligent decisions. Managers require the capability to perform
calculations, formulation, modelling, comparison, prediction, summarising
and selection of the best alternatives in order to make effective decisions.
The DSS provides all these capabilities. Managers can use a DSS without
assistance from computer experts because it is an interactive computer
system. There are three basic components in a DSS:
1. Database Management System (DBMS): Data that is relevant

to an organisation’s problems is stored in the DBMS. The DSS
is designed to tackle the problems.

2. Model-based management system (MBMS): This component
provides information that is useful in decision making by
transforming data from the DBMS.
3. Dialogue generation and management system (DGMS): This

component supplies a user-friendly interface for managers who
have limited computer training.
Executive Information System (EIS)
An EIS enables immediate access to both internal and external

information. It can produce information about the entire operation of a
company in a simplified form for senior management. The information
is frequently displayed in graphical form but an EIS can provide more
detailed underlying data if needed. A large variety of critical information
comes from internal and external sources such as an organisation’s
MIS or DSS. Customised information needs of executives can also be
catered for.
Expert System (ES) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
The ES concept was first introduced in the 1970s. An ES adopts AI

technology to simulate the behaviour of a human or an organisation
that has the knowledge and experience of an expert in a particular area.
ESs are used in various industries such as healthcare, aviation, financial
services, customer services and telecommunications. An example of an
ES is ROSS, an artificially-intelligent attorney system based on the IBM
Watson cognitive computing system. ROSS is a self-learning system;
it uses deep learning, data mining and natural language processing to
imitate human brain functions and pattern recognition.

Web Reference
To know more about ROSS, please click on the following link:
http://www.psfk.com/2015/01/ross-ibm-watson-powered-lawyer-
legal-research.html
What is Information and Communications

Technology (ICT)?
The most important technology for information processing is ICT. It
includes electronic computers, software applications and communication
devices that are used to store, convert, protect, retrieve and transmit
information.
ICT has the following three components:
1. Information which is gained by reading, study, research or

investigation. Tools such as the television, radio and telephone
are used to transfer information. All of us use information for
making decisions and to forecast the future (e.g., making
weather forecasts). Moreover, information guides us in doing our
routine work.
2. Communication is the act of transferring messages. We

can exchange information with other people by using verbal
communication, symbols or signs. With advances in technology,
the use of these methods of communication has decreased
compared to the use of the Internet, video conferencing and
electronic mail.

3. Technology is our application of experience, scientific knowledge
and resources to build products and processes to conform to
individual requirements. Technology plays a significant role in
communication because it is used to transmit and receive
information. For example, we use technological tools such as
satellites, television, radio and the World Wide Web to broadcast
information.
The fundamental roles of ICT
ICT is used in various sectors such as education, banking, manufacturing

and electronic commerce. ICT plays many significant roles in society,
such as:
1. It improves productivity by reducing transaction costs.
2. It enables immediate connectivity (voice, data, visual),

transparency, accuracy and improvement in efficiency.
3. It is an alternative to expensive methods of transaction and

communication such as physical travel.
4. It presents widespread choices and provides access to

goods and services that may otherwise be unavailable in
certain markets.
5. It provides potential markets by enlarging the geographic

scope.
6. It is a pathway for all kinds of knowledge and information.

Activity 1.3
Fill in the blanks in the following statements.
1. A(n) ____________________ is a computerised system that

performs and records daily routine transactions.
2. ________________ are designed to support office tasks and

are used by a broad range of users.
3. ______________________ are a combination of subsystems

that support managers in making effective decisions by
supplying feedback on day-to-day operations.
4. A(n) _________________ enables immediate access to both

internal and external information; the information is usually
displayed in graphical form.
5. A(n) _______________ adopts _______________ technology

to simulate the behaviour of a human or organisation that has
the knowledge and experience of an expert in a particular
area.
6. __________________ is required for information processing,

mainly to handle electronic computers, software applications
and communication devices.
7. The three components of ICT are ____________________,

____________________ and ____________________.
8. The ____________ System enables calculations, formulation,

modelling, comparison, prediction, summaries and the
selection of the best alternatives.

9. The three fundamental components of a DSS are the
_______________, _______________ and _______________.
10. The three elements that are needed in information systems

are _______________, _______________ and _______________.
Summary
This section gave you a broader understanding of ISs and how

they are used in organisations. For you to use ISs efficiently, you
need to know management, organisation and IT. In this section,
these three elements are briefly discussed.
There are various types of ISs in the business world today. For
instance, there are ISs that support business operations and
managerial decision making. This section gave you descriptions
of the various types of ISs and the levels of the users that employ
them.
A definition of ICT was given in this section and how ICT plays a
significant role in society was also briefly discussed.

Self-test 1.3
1. Which of the following systems performs daily business

transactions and is used by the lowest level of people in an
organisation for day-to-day operations?
A. Process Control System

B. Transaction Processing System
C. Administrative System
2. What is the function of a management information system?
A. Supports daily office tasks and enhances workgroups

B. Supports managers in making effective decisions and
supplies feedback on operations
C. Contributes immediate access to internal and external
information
3. Which of the following is not an information system?
A. Business Automation System

B. Office Automation System
C. Decision Support System
4. An information system that controls and monitors physical or

industrial processes is a(n)
A. Office Automation System

B. Transaction Processing System
C. Process Control System

5. What type of system helps managers in decision making that
needs modelling and formulation?
A. Decision Support System

B. Tactical System
C. Knowledge-based System
6. Which type of system provides a large variety of critical

information?
A. Management Information System

B. Executive Information System
C. Knowledge Management System
7. A Decision Support System performs all of the following

EXCEPT:
A. Prediction
B. Simulate the behaviour of a human
C. User interaction

Feedback
Activity 1.3
1. Transaction Processing System
2. Office Automation Systems
3. Management Information Systems
4. Executive Information System
5. Expert System, Artificial Intelligence
6. Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
7. information, communication and technology
8. Decision Support
9. database management system, model-based management

system, dialogue generation and management system
10. organisation, management, information

Summary of Unit 1
Summary
The first section of this unit covered computer fundamentals, types

of computers and the impact of computers on society.
A brief history of computers and the Internet was presented in the

second section. Past technologies and current technologies were
also discussed to show the evolution of computing.
The final section covered the definition and concepts of ISs, and
the various types of ISs that are used in organisations. A brief
description of Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
was given and the fundamental roles of ICT were explained.

Unit Practice Exercise
1. Define a computer.
2. Explain the processes in the information processing cycle (IPC).
3. State the main characteristics of computers.
4. State the technology on which each generation of computer is

based.
5. Discuss how ISs are useful to organisations.

Suggested Answers to Self-tests
Feedback
Self-test 1.1
1. Input — getting data into the computer; processing —

transforming data into information; output — displaying
information; storage — holding programs and data for future
use.
2. Notebooks, subnotebooks, tablet PCs, netbooks, iPad,

handheld computers or personal digital assistants,
smartphones.
3. The mid-range server is suitable for 200 simultaneous

users. A computer that is able to perform multiprocessing
is called a minicomputer. It is a mid-sized computer that
handles the computing needs of smaller organisations.
Mainframe computers are large, towering machines with
lots of processing power. The processing capabilities of
these computers are measured in millions of instructions
per second (MIPS). They can be used simultaneously by
hundreds or thousands of users. Supercomputers can
process a significant amount of data and then exhibit
hidden patterns in the data. They process data at ultra-fast
speeds. The processing speed of these computers is
measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS).

4. Special-purpose computers have a logical structure and data
input-output devices that are built to solve strictly defined
issues in an efficient manner. They use embedded systems
or unique operating platforms to work independently of other
functions.
Self-test 1.2
1. A
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. C

Self-test 1.3
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. B

Suggested Answers to
Unit Practice Exercise
Feedback
1. A computer is an electronic device that manipulates data

or information. It can store, retrieve and process data. You
can use a computer to type documents, send e-mails, play
games and browse the World Wide Web. You can also use it
to create and edit spreadsheets, presentations and even
videos.
2. The following are the processes in the IPC:
a. Input: Getting data into a computer
A computer accepts unprocessed data such as

words, numbers, images, sounds or a combination of
these. An input device allows you to input data into
a computer for processing. To input unprocessed
data, you can use standard input devices such as a
keyboard and mouse.

b. Processing: Transforming data into information
A computer transforms data into meaningful information.

For instance, a computer interprets and organises data in
a manner that people can use. A CPU or microprocessor
carries out operations on the input data. The CPU is
located inside a computer system’s case, which is called
the system unit.
c. Output: Displaying information
The outcome of the processing operation is displayed

in a manner that people can understand. The outcome
is presented using output devices such as monitors,
printers and speakers.
d. Storage: Holding programs and data for future use
The computer stores the outcomes of processing for

retrieval later. Storage devices such as floppy disk
drives, hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives and DVD-ROM
drives hold data and programs that computer systems
use on different types of storage media. These devices
are mounted inside the system unit of a computer.
3. Speed, accuracy, reliability, versatility, power of remembrance,

communication, storage capacity.

4. Vacuum tubes are from the 1st generation of computers,
transistors belong to the 2nd generation, integrated circuits
were used in the 3rd generation, microprocessors are 4th
generation, and expert systems adopting AI are 5th generation.
5. ISs are a combination of hardware, people, software, data

resources, communications, policies, procedures and
networks. They have the capability of storing, retrieving,
transforming and distributing information in an organisation.
Most of us depend on ISs to communicate with each other
using multiple hardware devices (physical devices),
information-processing instructions and software
(procedures), stored data (data resources), and networks
(communications channels). ISs help in coordination, decision
making and control. They also assist managers and workers
in visualising complex subjects, analysing problems, and
building products.

References
Catherine, L (2011) Computers Are Your Future, Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.
Internet Society (2016) Internet History, http://internethalloffame.org/

internet-history/timeline (Accessed 1 Aug 2017).
Kenneth, C and Jane, P (2014) Management Information Systems,

London, UK: Pearson.
Zimmermann, K A (2015) History of Computers: A Brief Timeline, http://

www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html (Accessed 1 Aug
2017).

Glossary
ATM Automated Teller Machine — a
machine located outside a bank that
can disburse cash when a personal
coded card is inserted in it.
GPS Global Positioning System — a

navigation system that uses satellites
and computers to determine the
longitude and latitude of a receiver on
Earth.
HTML Hypertext Markup Language — a

markup language that forms text
and multimedia documents and
establishes hypertext links between
the documents used on the World
Wide Web.
Multiprocessing A method of computing in which

different parts of a task are distributed
between two or more similar central
processing units, enabling a computer
to accomplish a task more rapidly.
Server A computer that controls a central

storage area of data that can be
downloaded or manipulated by another
computer.

COURSE TEAM
Course Team Coordinator: Ms. Azrina P. Jamal Mydin
Content Writer: Ms. Parasathy C. Daivasigamani
Instructional Designer: Mr. Yeap Hock Aun
Academic Members: Dr. Ooi Chia Yi, Prof. Phalachandran Bhandigadi and Ms. Deehbanjli
Lakshmayya
COURSE COORDINATOR
Ms. Tan Cheng Peng
EXTERNAL COURSE ASSESSOR

Associate Professor Dr. Norhaziah Md. Salleh, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
PRODUCTION
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Graphic Designer: Ms. Audrey Yeong
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by the Malaysian People’s Movement Party (Gerakan) and supported by the Yeap Chor Ee Charitable
and Endowment Trusts, other charities, corporations, members of the public and occasional grants
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The course material development of the university is funded by Yeap Chor Ee Charitable and
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Computers in A Networked Society U1

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WUC 118/03

1.1 Thinking about technology 5

Computers: Past, present and future 8

Suggested answers to activity 29

1.2 The historical context of computers and the Internet 30

A brief history of computers 31

A brief history of the Internet 39

Technologies currently in use 41

Suggested answers to activity 48

Information Systems: Definition and concepts 51

Types of Information Systems 55

What is Information and Communications Technology (ICT)? 58

Suggested answers to activity 64

Unit practice exercise 66

Suggested answers to self-tests 67

Suggested answers to unit practice exercise 70

As Microsoft Office has become an essential tool at work and at home,

1 WUC 118/03 Computers in a Networked Society

Unit 1 Knowing and Using Computers

Unit 2 Computer Technology in Action

Unit 3 Using the Internet: Issues and Concerns

Unit 4 Legal and Professional Issues in Computing

This unit focuses on cybercrime, cyberlaw, intellectual property and

Unit 5 Living in the 21st Century with Technology

UNIT 1 Knowing and using computers 2

After completing this course, you should be able to:

1. Compare the different types of computers, operating systems,

2. Use computer hardware and software in your daily activities.

3. Explain the functions of the Internet and World Wide Web.

4. Discuss the social, ethical, legal and professional issues related

5. Develop knowledge and skills in the latest information and

3 WUC 118/03 Computers in a Networked Society

1. Describe the four basic operations that a computer

2. Identify the computer hardware devices that are used for

3. Discuss the various types of computers.

4. Explain how computers affect society.

UNIT 1 Knowing and using computers 4

By the end of this section, you should be able to:

2. Describe the information processing cycle.

3. Identify hardware devices that are used for data input,

4. Identify the two categories of computers.

5. Describe the various types of computers.

6. Explain how computer technology affects society.

5 WUC 118/03 Computers in a Networked Society

A computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving

Another definition comes from the Goodwill Community Foundation’s

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or

UNIT 1 Knowing and using computers 6

1. Internet: This is a worldwide system of interconnected

3. Weather prediction: By using supercomputers and weather

4. Smartphones: These are mobile phones with computing

5. GPS systems: These are specialised computer devices, either

You may encounter many more computer applications and devices on a

7 WUC 118/03 Computers in a Networked Society

Computers: Past, present and future

UNIT 1 Knowing and using computers 8

Knowing to use computers alone will not be sufficient in the computerised

1. The command line is the oldest computer interface. Commands

2. The mouse is associated with contemporary computers and

9 WUC 118/03 Computers in a Networked Society

4. The multi-touch screen existed even before desktop computers

5. Gesture sensing uses compact magnetometers, gyroscopes

6. Augmented reality is an approach that combines virtual