BIOLOGY CLASS-9

ANSWERS FOR ALL TEXTUAL QUESTIONS

ENGLISH MEDIUM

Prepared By:-
-

KIRAN.JANGAM. M.Sc,B.Ed.
S.A. BIOLOGY
Z.P.H.S.JAGANNADHAPURAM
-

MOGALTHUR M.D,W.G.DIST.
 మ ుందుమాట.

Respected teachers and dear students ,

ప్రస్ు ుత సి.సి.ఇ .విధానుంలోని కొతు పాఠ్యప్ుస్ు కుం ,ప్రశ్న ,స్మాధానాల స్రళి విద్ాయర్థినీ ,విద్ాయరథిలు

స్ులభుంగా అరి ుం చేస్ుకోవడుం కోస్ుం నావుంతు స్హాయుం చేయాలనే ఉద్ేేశ్యుంతో పాఠ్యప్ుస్ు కుంను పారమాణికుంగా తీస్ుకుని

ప్రతీపాఠ్ుం చివరన ఉనన ప్రశ్నలనినటికీ స్మాధానాలు తయారథచేయడుం జర్థగన

థ ద్ి.

విద్ాయర్థి భవిష్యతు
ు ను తీర్థిద్ిదేడుంలో మారథులు పారతిప్ద్ిక కాదని, “ చదువుకోవడుం అుంటే

నేరథికోవడుం ”అని ,ఒక తరగతికి ఎకుువ పారధానయత ఒక తరగతికి తకుువ పారధానయత ఉుండదని ,పాఠ్యప్ుస్ు కుంలోని ప్రతీ

ై ద్ేనని ,ప్రతీ అుంశ్మ విద్ాయర్థి భవిష్యతు

పాఠ్ుం మ ఖ్యమన ు ను తీర్థిద్ిదేడానికి రూప ుంద్ిుంచబడుంద్ేనని నమ్మి విద్ాయబో ధన

చేసే ఉపాధాయయ లలో నేనూ ఒకర్థని కావాలనే తాప్తరయుంతో చేసన

ి ఈ చినన ప్రయతనుం మీకూ ,మీ విద్ాయబో ధన ,

అభయస్నలో కొుంత వరకు ఉప్యోగప్డాలని ఆశిస్ూ

ు .....

Yours,

Kiran .Jangam.

What is in side …...

1.CELL ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS. 2-7

2.PLANT TISSUES. 8-12

3 .ANIMAL TISSUES. 13-18

4 .MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE. 19-22

5.DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGONISMS. 23-27
6.SENSE ORGANS. 28-32

7. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR . 33-35

8.CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS. 36-41

9.ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS. 42-46

10.SOIL POLLUTON. 47-47

11. BIO GEO CHEMICAL CYCLES. 51-56

Kiran Jangam

1.CELL ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

1. Differentiate between (A.S 1)

(a) Plant cell and animal cell

A. Plant cell Animal cell

1 Cell wall is present in plant cells.
2 Plastids chloroplast, chromoplast,
leucoplasts are present.
3 Centrioles appear at time of cell division
time.
4 In plant cell vacuoles are large in size.
(b) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
1 Cell wall is absent in animal cells.
2 Plastids chloroplast, chromoplast
leucoplasts are absent.
3 Centrioles are present.
4 In animal cell vacuoles are small in size.

A. Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic ceII

1 In Prokaryotic cell nuclear membrane 1 In Eukaryotic cell nuclear membrane
absent around the nucleus. present around the nucleus.
2 Nucleolus is absent. 2 Nucleolus is present.
3 It contains a single chromosome. 3 It contains more than one chromosome.
4 Most Prokaryotes are unicellular. 4 Most Eukaryotes are multi cellular.
2. What happen to cell if nucleus is removed? Give reasons to support your answer? ( AS 1) A.
1. The nucleus regulates and controls all the functions of a cell and determines the
characteristics of the organism.
2. Nucleus consists of all genetic information.
3. The nucleus is also involved in the process of cell division.
4.If the nucleus is removed into the cell all these functions are disturbed.
3. Lysosomes are known as suicidal bags of the cell? Why? (AS 1)
A. 1.Lysosomes are cell organelles its contains the destructive enzymes.
2.the materials or cells that need to be destroyed are transported to the Lysosomes.
3. then the Lysosomes burst and the enzymes are released to digest the materials or cells.
4.Hence Lysosomes are known as the suicide bags of the cell.
4.Why does plant cell posses large sized vacuole? (AS1)
A. 1.Plant vacuoles are an osmoregulators and waste reservoirs.
2. vacuoles presses out against the cell wall keeping the cell shape.
3. In plants cell vacuoles use the internal pressures in cell elongation for controlled growth.
4. plant cell vacuoles do more functions than the animal cell vacuoles.
Hence plant cell vacuoles are large in size.

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5. “Cell is the basic unit of life”, explain the statement.(AS 1)

A. 1.The cell theory states cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
2. All living organisms are composed of cells.
3.The cellular level of an organism is where the metabolic processes occur that keep the
organism alive.
4.Hence the Cell is the basic unit of life.
6.Who and when proposed cell theory. What are salient features of it? (AS 1)
A. 1. Schleiden and Schwann together formulated the cell theory but they did not explain as to
how the new cells were formed.
2 . Rudolf Von Virchow first explained that cells divide and new cells can be formed only by the
division of the pre-existing cells.
salient features:-
3. All living organisms are composed of cells and product of cell.
4. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
7.What happens if plasma membrane ruptures or breaks? (AS 2)
A. 1.All the cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins.
2. The plasma membrane is the outermost layer of the cell that separate and protect cytoplasm
from the external environment.
3.It is a selectively permeable membrane and defines the shape and size of the cell.
4.It maintain the balancing of inner and outer substances of the cell.
If plasma membrane ruptures or breaks cytoplasam comes out and the cell will be die.
8.What would happen to the life of cell if there was no golgi complex? (AS 2)
A. 1. The function of the golgi bodies is to package various substances before they are
transported to other parts of the cell.
2.The proteins and other substances produced in the ribosome reaches the golgi body through
these vesicles.
3. These substances are either sent towards the cell membrane or to another organelle, the
lysosome.
4.After reaching the cell membrane these substances are secreted from the cell, and
sometimes even used to regenerate or repair the membrane.
If the golgicomplex is absent in the cell the above functions are disturbed.
9. when you observing the nucleuso of cheek cell in laboratory, what precautions do you
take?(AS-3)
A. Precautions:-
1. Do not scrap the cheek too hard as it may injure you (buccal mucosa).
2. Scrapped material should be spread uniformly on the slide.
3. Excess of stain should be drained off.
4. There should be no air-bubble under the cover slip.

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10.Read the chapter carefully collect the information about the functions of different cell
organelles and make a table which contains serial number. Cell organelle, function. Don’t forget
write your specific findings below the table? (AS 4)

A. Cell organelle Function

1 Nucleus The nucleus regulates and controls all the functions of a
cell and determines the characteristics of the organism
2 Mitochondria Mitochondria are powerhouse of the cell and its
responsible for cellular respiration.
3 Lysosome Intracellular digestion ,destroys the cell contents.
4 Golgi apparatus Proteins are altered slightly and regenerate or repair the
cell membrane.

5 Ribosomes Synthesis of proteins

6 Vacuoles vacuoles are an osmoregulators and waste reservoirs.
7 Endoplasmic reticulum Transport of substances, cytoplasamic frame work for
biochemical activities.
8 Plastids Chromoplast:- these are responsible for the coloured
fruits, flowers.
Chloroplast:- photosynthesis.
Lecoplast:- It stores food materials.
specific findings:-
1. Nucleus:- Nucleus consists of all genetic information.
2.Mitochondria:- powerhouse of the cell.
3.Endopiasamicreticulum:-Smooth ER-Lipid synthesis, Rough ER-Protein synthesis
4.Lysosome:- suicide bags of the cell.
11.Prepare a model of plant cell or animal cell. (AS 5)

A.(Activity)

(OR)

PREPARE ABOVE MODELS

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12. Prepare a temporary mount of any leaf peel observe the stomata draw their picture? Write
a short note on the same.(AS-5)

1.Stomata enclosed by two guard cells.

2.Stomata guard cells are bean shaped.
3.Nucleus,chloroplast are seen in the guard cells
4.It helps in exchange of gases.
13.Draw the Typical Animal cell and label its parts?

A. ANIMAL CELL

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14.Look at the following cartoon of a cell. Find out the functions of cell organelles (AS 5)

A Cell organelle Function

1 Nucleus The nucleus regulates and controls all the functions of a
cell and determines the characteristics of the organism
2 Mitochondria Mitochondria are powerhouse of the cell and is
responsible for cellular respiration.
3 Lysosome Intracellular digestion ,destroys the cell contents.
4 Golgi apparatus Proteins are altered slightly and regenerate or repair the
cell membrane.

5 Ribosome’s Synthesis of proteins

6 Vacuoles vacuoles are an osmo regulators and waste reservoirs.
7 Endoplasmic reticulum Transport of substances, cytoplasamic frame work for
biochemical activities.
8 Plastids Chromoplast:- these are responsible for the colored
fruits, flowers.
Chloroplast:- photosynthesis.
Leucoplast:- It stores food materials.
15.How do you appreciate about the organization of cell in the living body?(AS- 6)
A.1 .The cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
2. It forms unicellular and multi cellular organisms.
3. Generally there are five levels of organization of cell in the living body1.Cell 2.Tissues
3.Organs 4.Organsystems 5. Organism
4.Cell make up tissue, tissue make up organs to organ systems finally organism.
16.If the organization of cell is destroyed due to physical and chemical influence what will
happen? (AS 6)
A.1. The fundamental organizational unit of life is the cell.
2.Cell is capable of carrying all living functions.
3.If the organization of cell is destroyed due to physical and chemical influence then the ability
of cell is effected.
4.If the life processes like Nutrition Respiration Excretion Reproduction are disturbed organism
will die.

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17.How could you appreciate function of tiny cell in a large body of an organism (AS 6)
1.As per cell theory cell is the smallest unit of the life.
2.All cells vary in size, shape and function.
3.All living organisms made up of cell are capable of carrying all living functions.
4. The functions of living organism depends up on the cell carrying functions.

So I appreciate the function of a tiny cell in a large body of an organism.

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2.PLANT TISSUES.
1.Define the terms (AS 1)
A. Tissue:- Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure, and performing similar functions
Meristematic tissue:- Meristematic tissue is the dividing tissue, present in the growing regions.
Dermal tissue:- Dermal tissue covers the plant body and gives protection.
2. Differentiate in between the following (AS 1)
Meristematic tissue and Ground tissue:-
A. Meristematic tissue
1 Tissues that bring about overall growth
and repair are called Meristematic
tissues.
2 The cells are divide continuously.
3 Cells are living .
4 Dense cytoplasm is present in the cell.
Apical meristem and lateral meristem:-
A. Apical Meristem
1 Meristematic tissues at the
growing tip that bring about growth in
length are called apical Meristematic
tissues.
2 This tissues is present at , tip regions of
root and stem.
3 Helps root and stem growing in lenth.
4 This tissue grows very fastly.
Parenchyma and collenchymas:-
A. Parenchyma
1 The cells of the parenchyma are soft,
thin walled.
2 The Parenchyma which contains
chloroplasts is involved in
photosynthesis ,food and air storage.
3 Cell wall is made up of cellulose
4 Intra cellular spaces are present.
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Ground tissue
1 Tissues that form the bulk of the plant
body, helping in packing other tissues are
called as Ground tissue
2 Cells do not divide continuously .
3 Cells may be living or non living.
4 Thin cytoplasm is present in the cell.
Lateral Meristem
1 Tissues present around the edges in a
lateral manner and giving rise to growth of
the stem are called lateral Meristematic
tissues
2 Tissues present around the edges in a
lateral manner.
3 Helps root and stem growthing lateral
manner.
4 This tissue grows slowly.
Collenchymas
1 Collenchyma tissues have thicker walled,
longer.
2 They give mechanical strength in young
tissue of stem.
3 Cell wall deposition of extra cellulose.
4 Intra cellular spaces are absent.
Kiran Jangam

Sclerenchyma and parenchyma:-

A. Sclerenchyma Parenchyma

1 sclerenchyma cells are thick walled .
2 It is a dead tissue.
3 It provides mechanical strength.
4 Intra cellular spaces are absent.
Xylem and phloem:-
1 Parenchyma cells are soft, thin walled.
2 It is living tissue
3 The Parenchyma which contains
chloroplasts is involve photosynthesis,
food ,air and storage.
4 Intra cellular spaces are present

A. Xylem Phloem

1 Xylem is responsible for transport of 1 Phloem helps in the transportation of the

water and materials away from the root.
2 In the xylem water flows in single
direction.
3 Xylem contains elongated tracheid cells,
tubular vessels, fibers and parenchyma.
4 tracheid cells, tubular vessels, fibers are
non living only parenchyma is living.
Epidermis and bark:-
material away from the photosynthetic
parts of the plants.
2 In the phloem materials flow in two
directions.
3 Phloem contains long sieve cells and sieve
tubes, companion cells, fibers and
parenchyma.
4 long sieve cells , sieve tubes, companion
cells, and parenchyma are living only
fibers is nonliving.

A. Epidermis Bark

1 The tissue outer most layer of the plant 1 In big trees the dermal tissue forms
parts root ,stem and leaves are called several layers above the epidermis. It is
Epidermis. called bark.
2 It is living tissue. 2 It is non living tissue.
3 It is secrete gum at time of plat body 3 It dose not secrete gums. because It is
injury. dead tissue
4 it the outer layer of root stem and 4 It is the outer layer of root and stem only.
leaves.
3. Name the following (AS 1)
A. Growing tissue, which cause growth in the length of the plant:- Apical Meristematic tissues.
Growing tissue, which cause growth in the girth of the plant:- Lateral Meristematic tissues.
Large air cavities in the aquatic plants:- Aerenchyma.
Food material in parenchyma:-Storage tissue.
Pores essential for gaseous exchange and transpiration:-Stomata.

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4. Compare and contrast the following (AS 1)

Xylem and phloem:-

A. Xylem
1 Xylem is responsible for transport of
water and materials away from the root.
2 In the xylem water flows in single
direction.
3 Xylem contains elongated tracheid cells,
tubular vessels, fibers and parenchyma.
4 Tracheid cells, tubular vessels, fibers are
non living only parenchyma is living
tissue.
Meristematic tissue and Dermal tissue:-
Phloem
1 Phloem helps in the transportation of the
material away from the photosynthetic
parts of the plants.
2 In the phloem materials flow in two
directions.
3 Phloem contains long sieve cells and sieve
tubes, companion cells, fibers and
parenchyma.
4 long sieve cells , sieve tubes, companion
cells, and parenchyma are living only
fibers is nonliving.

A. Meristematic Dermal tissue

1 Tissues that bring about overall growth 1 Tissues that form the bulk of the plant
and repair are called Meristematic body, helping in covering parts of plant
tissues. called as Dermal tissue.
2 The cells divide continuously. 2 These cells are not capable of dividing.
3 It present in root and shoot tip regions. 3 It is present in epidermis and endodermis
of plant.
4 It helps in the growth of plant. 4 It protects plant from parasites and
waterloos due to transpiration.
5. Give reasons to the following (AS 1)
A. Xylem is a conductive tissue:-1. Xylem is responsible for transport of materials like water and
minerals away from the root.
2.Conduction of water by xylem is unidirectional from root to apical part of the plant.
Epidermis gives protection:-1. The dermal layer protects the plants from parasitic and disease
causing organisms.
2.It is also protects the plants from loss of water, mechanical damage.
6. Through Chlorenchyma, Aerenchyma and storage tissue – Even though these three are
parenchyma. Why do they have special names? (AS 1)
A. Chlorenchyma, Aerenchyma and storage tissue these three are parenchyma tissues but vary
in functions.
Chlorenchyma:-The chlorenchyma contains chloroplasts it perform photosynthesis.
Arenchyma:-It contains large air spaces help the aquatic plants to float.
Storage tissue:- Tissue that stores food water and wastes is called storage tissue.

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7. Describe the functions of - Meristem, Xylem and phloem (AS 1)

A.Meristem:-1. Meristematic tissues at the growing tip that bring about growth in length are
called as apical Meristematic tissues.
2. Tissues present around the edges in a lateral manner and giving rise to growth in girth of the
stem are called lateral Meristematic tissues.
Xylem:-1. Xylem is responsible for transport of materials like water and minerals away from the
root.
2. Conduction of water by xylem is unidirectional from root to apical part of the plant.
Phloem:- 1. Phloem helps in the transportation of the food material prepared by
photosynthesis to the other parts of the plants.
2. Hence they are known as conducting or vascular tissues.
8.If you want to know more about tissues in plants what questions you are going to ask? (AS 2)
A.1.Which tissue stores food and water tissue in the plant? - Storage tissue.
2.What is the tissue present in the seed coat? -Sclerenchyma.
3. Stomata’s and hairs arise from which tissue? -Epidermal tissue.
4. Which tissue provides mechanical strength to the plant? –Collenchyma tissue.
9. “Bark cells are impervious to gases and water”. What experiment you will perform to prove
this? (AS 3)
A.1. In big trees the dermal tissue that forms several layers above the epidermis is called bark.
It is used for prepare perfume, alcohol boatel caps.
2.Take one piece of bark and wood and put in to the water beakers each one.
3 After some time wooden peace observe some water and air it is thick.
4.But the bark piece dose not observe water and air. It has not any changed. so bark cells are
impervious to gases and water.
10.Collect information about dermal tissues of plants in what way they help to them. (AS 4)
A. 1. The dermal layer protects the plants from parasitic and disease causing organisms.
2.It also protects the plants from loss of water, mechanical damage.
3.Stomatal pores and root hairs are arise from dermal tissue.
4.Gum is secreted from the dermal layer of some trees at the time of injury .
11. Draw and label the diagram of the T.S. of stem (AS 5)

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12. While observing internal parts of plants how do you feel about its structure and functions?
(AS 6)
A.1.By observing the internal parts of the plant I understood there are different types of cells,
tissues to perform various functions.
2. Cells make up tissue, tissues make up organs , organ systems and finally organism.3 .Various
tissues in the plant perform different functions like collenchymas provide mechanical strength
and flexibility.
4.The xylem and phloem are responsible for transportation of water, minarals and food.

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3. ANIMAL TISSUES.
1. What do you understand by the term tissue? (AS1)
A.1. Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and functions.
2. All cells in a tissue arise from a single cell.
3. In a tissue cells are most probably similar in structure.
4. In a tissue all the cells equally part in work division.
2. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle? (AS1)
A.1. The cardiac muscle cells are long branched and have nucleus.
2. . All the muscle cells in cardiac muscle have striations.
3. Though it resembles the striated in its structure, it is an involuntary muscle.
4. The cardiac muscles present in the heart are responsible for pumping of blood.
3. Differentiate between striated, un striated muscles on the basis of their structure and site /
location in the body. (AS1)

A. Striated muscle Un striated muscle

1 Striated muscle is voluntary in nature.
2 These muscles also called as skeletal
muscles as they are mostly attached to
bones and help body movement.
3 these muscles show alternate light and
dark bands or striations .As a result, they
are also called striated muscle.
4 The cells of this tissue are long,
cylindrical, un branched and having
many nuclei in the body.
1 Un striated muscles are in voluntary in
nature.
2 Its controls movement of food in
alimentary canal or the contraction and
relaxation of blood vessels .They are also
found in the Iris of the eye, in uterus and
in the bronchi of the lungs.
3 these muscles do not show alternate
light and dark bands or striations .They
are also called un striated muscle.
4 The cells are long with pointed ends and
having a single nucleus.

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4. Name the following. (AS1)

a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth:- Squamous epithelium.
b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans:- Tendon
c) Tissue that transports food in animals:-Blood
d) Tissue that stores fat in our body:- Adipose tissue
e) Connective tissue present in the brain:- Nervous tissue

5. Identify the type of tissue in the following :- Lining of the organs, skin, bone, Internal lining of
kidney tubule. (AS1)
A. Lining of the organ:- Epithelial tissue.
Skin:-Stratified Squamouse epithelial tissue.
Bone:- Connective tissue.
Internal lining of kidney tubule:- Cuboidal epithelial tissue.
6. If you touch at elbow, you get a shock like feeling. Why? (AS 7)
A. 1. In human beings ulnar nerve runs from the shoulder to the hand.
2. The ulnar nerve comes close to the surface near the elbow.
3. The superficial location it is not protected by muscle, fat or other soft tissue.
4. That is the reason for getting a shock like feeling if we touch at elbow.
7. Why the blood is called connective tissue?(AS 1)
A.1.Blood connects different organs of our body together by carrying oxygen and CO2
2.It also carrying nutrients and hormones to different tissues.
3.Blood also removes the waste materials from different tissues.
4.Blood is a tissue have different cells in one tissue like RBC ,WBC, Platelets.
8. If the platelets are not present in the blood what happens? (AS2)
A.1. Blood platelets are a separate group of cells which do not have a nucleus.
2. Whenever a blood vessel is injured, platelets accumulate at the site of injury and help in the
formation of a blood clot.
3. The clot seals the wound in blood vessels and prevents further blood loss.
4.If the platelets are not present in the blood excessive loss of blood occurs and the injured
person ultimately dies.

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9. Show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres with diagrams. (A S 3)

A. Striated muscle Un striated muscle cardiac muscle

1 Striated muscles are
voluntary in nature.
2 These muscles also called as
skeletal muscles as they are
mostly attached to bones and
help body movement.
3 these muscles show alternate
light and dark bands or
striations. As a result, they are
also called striated muscle.
4 The cells of this tissue are
long, cylindrical, un branched
and having many nuclei in the
body.
Un striated muscles are
involuntary in nature
Its controls movement of food
in alimentary canal and the
contraction and relaxation of
blood vessels. They are also
found in the Iris of the eye, in
uterus and in the bronchi of the
lungs.
these muscles do not show
alternate light and dark bands
or striations .They are also
called un striated muscle.
The cells are long with pointed
ends and having a single
nucleus.
Cardiac muscle muscles are
involuntary in nature.
These muscles are present in
the heart and responsible for
pumping of blood.
All the muscle cells in cardiac
muscle have striations. Though
it resembles the striated in its
structure.
The cells are long branched and
have nuclei. Cells are
joined to each other at their
end.

10. Write the procedure to identify your blood group with the help of kit? (A S 3)
A. Aim : Identification of Blood Groups
Apparatus : Blood Identification Kit, Glass Slide, Wax Pencil, Disposal Needle.
Materials Required : Cotton, 70% alcohol, toothpicks.
Procedure: 1. Take one porcelain plate, clean and dry it. The plate must be very clean so that it
does not interfere with the reaction.
2. With a wax pencil, draw three circles on the plate to divide the surface into three parts and
draw three circles. A B Rh

3. Place one drop of the corresponding antiserum near the edge but within each of the circles .

A B Rh

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4. Choose a left ring finger Clean this fingertip with an alcohol in a cotton ball and let it dry.
Keep the cotton ball nearby, as it is needed again. Dangle the hand down to increase the
amount of blood in the fingers.
5. Press on the bottom of the fingertip with the thumb of the same hand and quickly prick the
fingertip with the help of a needle.
6. Quickly, let one drop of blood get into each circle but not touching the anti-sera. Do not
touch any of the anti-sera.
7. After putting three drops of blood, apply gentle pressure to the wound with cotton ball.
8. Use a toothpick to mix the blood and antiserum and stir gently.
9. Watch to see if any of the samples show agglutination. The agglutination will appear as the
grainy clumps of red blood cells (RBCs) suspended in a clear solution.
10.Rh is slower to agglutinate, so do not give up too soon.

A B Rh

Precautions:- 1.The needle is sterile, so do not touch the tip with anything before using it.
2. Properly dispose the used needle.
3. Do it for each of the circles using a fresh tooth pick every time.
Result and inference : Determine the blood type depending on the result. Following table can
be used to determine the blood type.

Anti-A Anti-B Blood Type

Yes No A
No Yes B
Yes Yes AB
No No O

If the agglutination occurs in anti RhD serum the Rh factor is positive and if it does not, the Rh
factor is negative

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11 .Collect he blood reports of your friends/ relatives and prepare a project report on the
contents of the blood?(AS 4)

Project report:-

A.Name: Jangam Cherith. Age: 14

Date: 18-07-2017 Name of the doctor: Dr.Haswanth M D

Result Narmal
Total R B C 5.4Mil/cum 4.5-5.5Mil/cum
Hemoglobin% 14.9 gms% 13.5 grm-Male
11.5-16 grm-Female
TLC 6500 cells/cum 4000-10000cells/cum
DLC
Netophils 57% 40-75%
Limphosites 37% 20-40%
Esidophils 05% 01-06%
Monocites 01% 02-10%
Basophils 00% 00-01%
Q B C for Malaria:- -Negetive
Thyphaid:- -Negetive
As per the above report cherith health condition is normal.
12. Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron. (AS 3)
A.

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Kiran Jangam

13.Ramu felt weak Ramu father took him to hospital. The doctor advised a blood test. The
report says that he does not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What are its ill effects?
(AS 6)
A.1.Low haemoglobin levels get very early tired as their cells do not get enough oxygen.
2.Abnormal haemoglobin level in the blood might be sign of anemia.
3.Low haemoglobin levels many aggravate extant heart problems.
4. Low haemoglobin levels get swelling of organs.
14.How is blood test useful to diagnose the disease. Explain with daily life situation?( AS 7)
A.1.Blood test is useful to diagnose disease such as malaria, typhoid, HIV… Etc.
2.Abnormal hemoglobin level in the blood might be sign of anemia.
3.high level glucose levels in the blood might be a sigh of diabetes.
4.High level enzyme like Trypsin and Creatine is sign of heart attack.

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4. MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS ACROSS THECELL

MEMBRANE.
1.The structure which controls the entry and exit of the materials through the cell is (AS-1)
a. cell wall b. cell membrane c. Both d. None of them (a)
2. Fill in the blanks(AS-1)
A.(a).The smell of flower reaches us through the process of Diffusion
(b).The MIC gas of Bhopal tragedy was spread throughout the city. the process of Diffusion
(c ).water enter the potato osmometer due to the process called Osmosis
(d).The fresh grape wrinkles , if kept in salt water because of Osmosis
3.what do you mean by permeability of membrane? Explain with suitable example.(AS-1)
A.1.Allowing only certain materials to pass through is called permeability.
2.Plasma membrane is selectively permeable because it allows entry of certain substances.
3.Exit of some substances while preventing passage to remaining substances.
4.plasma membrane is a living flexible membrane.
4.If the dried vegetables are kept in water they became fresh . What is the reason?(AS-1)
A.1. The dried vegetables have less water and high salt concentration in cells.
2. So the vegetables look like dried.
3. When they are kept in water absorb by a process known as osmosis.
4.The water enter in to the vegetables they become fresh.
5.Name the process by which we can get fresh water from sea water?(AS-5)
A.1.By reverse osmosis process we can get fresh water from sea water.
2. Reverse osmosis process is opposite process of osmosis.
3. Semi permeable membrane is used in the osmometer.
4.Applide pressure on the salt water in osmometer it is converted in to fresh water.
6.What will happen to a marine fish if kept in fresh water aquarium? Support your answer with
reasons.(AS-2)
A.1.Marine fishes have high concentration of uric acid and salts in their body.
2.When Marine fishes kept in to the fresh water aquarium the fresh water enters the body of
fishes.
3.More amount of fresh water enter in to the cells of fish due to osmosis.
4.Now it results bursting the fish cells and it dies.
7. Why do the doctors administer saline ( salt solution) only , Do not distilled water.(AS-2)
A.1. 0.9% of sodium chloride solution is called saline.
2. By injecting distilled water into vein will cause some degree of hemolysis.
3. Hemolysis is the rupture red blood cells and also cause brain damage or heart attack.
4.Large amount of distilled water would cause disturbance of osmoregulation.

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8.What will happen if 50% glucose solution is injected intravenously (in to vein)?(AS-2)

A.1.5% glucose solution is called dextrose solute.

2. If dextrose solution is injected in to vein it causes allergic reactions.

3. Some effects like joint site tissue, necrosis veins thrombosis on body.

4. Hence dextrose should be admitted in to vain only after dilution.

9. What will happen if cells do not have ability of permeability?(AS-2)

A1.Allowing only certain materials to pass through is called permeability.

2. Glucose ,fats ,proteins and O2 pass through plasma membrane caused by cell permeability.

3 .waste materials removed from cells help ability of permeability.

4. If cells do not have ability of permeability they become impermeable to any molecules to
enter in to cell.
10.What are you observation in experimentations to know about diffusion?

A.1.I observed KMno4 experiment in the class room.

2.KMno4 kept in to water it is dissolved fastly.

3.The molecules move from high concentration to low concentration.

4. these molecules spread equally throughout the water.

11 .Discuss with your friends and write the list of incidences where diffusion occurs?

A.1.Enjoying of Jasmine flower smell is a processes of diffusion.

2.Scent molecules spared in to the room when a scent bottle cap is opend by the processes of
diffusion.

3.Coffe powder dissolve in to the water.

4.The smell of recipes diffuses through the house.

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12. Draw the flowchart showing different stages in doing the experiment with egg.(AS-5)

A.
Egg put in to Hcl 5 hours

De shelling of egg using dil.HCL

Remove egg , yolk in to egg

membranes

Prepare tow sacks with egg

membranes

Fill with 10ml of water in second

Fill with 10ml of sugar solution
egg membrane sac
in first egg membrane sac

In second day measure water in In second day measure water in

side of the egg membrane sac side of the egg membrane sac

Keep the first sac in a beaker

Keep the second sac in a beaker
Filled with 100ml water for the
Filled with 100ml water for the
hole night
hole night

Increase water level in the egg

Nat change water level in the egg
membrane sac
membrane sac

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13. You have purchased a coconut in the market. By shaking you found that there is less water
in the coconut. Can you fill the coconut with water without making a holes in it?

A.1.The husk of coconut is made up of sclerenchyma cells.

2.All the sclerenchyma cells are dead cells.

3.osomosis do not takes place in dead cells.

4.So it is not possible to fill the coconut with water without making a holes.

14.How is diffusion useful in everyday life?(AS-7)

A.1.Air fresheners, mosquito repellents work on principle of diffusion.

2.If a scent bottle is opened in the room the scent spread whole room.

3.Sugar dissolves in the water to make a sugar solution.

4.Coffe powder dissolves in the water.

15.Give example of three daily life activities in which osmosis is involved.(AS-7)

A.1.Plants absorb water from the soil by the processes of osmosis.

2. When dried vegetables are kept in water they become fresh.

3. Osmosis processes is involved in the filtration of blood in kidney.

4. Grains observe water and its use in making of food items.

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5. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGONISMS.

1. Variations in organisms lead to diversity in living organisms? State reasons (AS1)

A.1.Difference between species to species and organism to organism in same species is called
variation.

2.Variation between different species is always grater then the variation with in a species.

3.Habitation of the organism influence to the variation of organisms.

4.Variations in organisms lead to diversity in living organisms.

2. What was the basis of early classifications? (AS1)

A.1 . Charak and Sushrut had classified the plants on the basis of their medical importance.

2. Parasar in his book ‘Vrikshyurveda’ documented the classification mainly deals with the
structure of the flowers.

3.Linnaeus classified basing on similarities and dissimilarities of organisms.

4.Whittaker specified whether the organisms possessed a true nucleus or not, distinguish
themselves by the general manner in which they acquire food.

3. What are the advantages of classifying organisms? (AS1)

A1.Classificatin helps explain the diversity of organisms.

2. Classification helps to understand the inter relationships among different phylum of

organisms.

3.Classification is used for the study of various organisms and characters easily.

4.Classification gives information of geographical distribution of plants and animals.

4. How do monocots differ from dicots? (AS1)

A Monocots
1 Monocot seed bears a single cotyledon
2 They have fibrous root system
3 Monocot leaves have parallel venation
4 Internal structure of root have
Ex:-paddy, wheat
Dicots
1 Dicot seed bears two cotyledons
2 They have tap root system
3 Dicot leaves have reticulate venation
4 Internal structure of root have
Ex:-Cotton ,Ground nut

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5. Name the kingdom to which these organisms belong according to Whittaker.(AS1)

A . PARAMISIUM FISH MASHUROOM BACTERIA

PROTISTA ANIMALIA FUNGI MONIRA

6.Which phylum do I belong to (AS1)

a) My body is made of pores. I live in water. I do not have back bone also -Porifera

b) I am an insect. I have jointed legs - Arthropod

c) I am a marine living animal with spiny skin. My body is radially symmetrical -Echynodermata

7. Write some common characters of Pisces, Reptilians and Aves. (AS 1)

A. 1.Reptals ,pisces and aves belongs to vertebrata.

2.All these animals have closed type of blood circulatory system, blood flow in blood vessels.

3.Swet glands are absent in this three phylum organisms.

4.These organism of this three phylum are oviparous and lays eggs.

8. What is the need of classification? What questions you will ask for this? (AS 2)

A. 1. How dose Classification helps us understand the evaluation?

2.What are the advantages of classification?

3.Who made the classification first time?

4.What are the recent modifications being done?

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9. Oneday Kavitha soaked seeds of green grams, wheat, maize, peas and tamarind. After they
became tender, she tried to split the seed. Name which would split, which would not and
identify them according to the characters. (AS 4)

A.

S.NO Name of the seed Split into half (Y) Monocot Dicot
does not Split (N) (M) (D)

1 Green gram Yes - Dicot

2 Wheat No Monocot -

3 Maize No Monocot -

4 Pea Yes - Dicot

5 Tamarand Yes - Dicot

10. Platypus or Echidna is a group that forms a link between reptiles and mammals. Think and
write about some characteristic features that these would have. (AS 4)

A. 1Platypus and echidna both belongs to the living Australia Tasmania.

2.Platypus and Echidna both are egg laying animals like mammals.

3.Bothe do not have teeth on jaws like reptiles.

4.They are worm blooded animals, body temperature do not change with the change in
environmental temperature.

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11. Make a flow chart of invertebrates in the kingdom Animalia, based upon their characteristic
features. (AS 5)

A. Animalia

Porifera Tissue level organisms

(Cellular level organisms)

Platyhelminthes Nematoda Coelomate

Body cavity absent Pseudocoelom

Annelida,Mollusca,Arthopoda Coelom formed from the

(Mesodermal cells from endoderm

Coelom fromed from the
asingle cell during growth

of the embryo)

Echinodermata Chordata

(Notocard absent) (Notocard present)

Urochordata Cephalochordata Vertebrata

(Notochordata present (Notochordata present ( Notochordata

in larval forms) Throught out life) replaced by vertebral

column in adults)

Fish Amphibians Reptals Aves Mammals

(Brething through (Gills in larva ( Exoskeliten of (Exoskeliten of ( Exoskeliten

of Gills ) lungs in adult) scales ) feathers) hair)

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12. Explain how animals in vertebrata are classified into further sub groups.(AS1)

A. Vertebrata

Fish Amphibians Reptals Aves Mammals

(Brething through (Gills in larva ( Exoskeliten of (Exoskeliten of ( Exoskeliten

of Gills ) lungs in adult) scales ) feathers) hair)

13.How can you appreciate the effort of scientists in classifying a wide range of organisms?
(AS 6)

A. 1.Classification makes the study of characters of organisms easily.

2.It is also useful to know the inter – relationships between organism to organism and species
to species.

3. Classification gives information about the geographical distribution of plants and animals.

4.. Classification gives us an idea of evolution of organisms.

14. Sujata says Bat is not a bird but a mammal. How can you support Sujata’s statement? (AS7)

A. 1.Bat is not a bird it is mammal A baby bat feeds on its mother milk after it is born.

2.Bats have hair or fun on their bodies.

3.They are worm blooded animals, body temperature not change in to the environmental
temperature change.

4.Bats are only mammals that can fly.

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6.SENSE ORGANS.
I. Give reasons for: (AS 1)
1. We usually do not see bright colour in dim light.
A.1. The retina contain photoreceptors. These photoreceptors are two different types of
specialized cells the rods and cones.
2. Rods containing the pigment Rhodopsin that is see in the dark.
3. Rhodopsin detect low intensities of light at night.
4. Rods cannot make the fine distinctions of light colour in dim light.
2. Removal of wax layer too often will raise incidence of ear infection.
A.1. Pinna has ceruminous wax producing, and sebaceous glands oil producing.
2. These help to keep the ear canal lubricated prevent the dust and other particles from
entering into the ear canal.
3. If we removal wax layer ear effected diseases , bacterial and fungal infection.
4. Insects may be entering in to the ear at the sleeping time.
3. During severe cough and cold we lose taste of food.
A.1. Like smell, taste is also a sense based on identifying chemicals in food and the texture of it.
2. The senses of taste and smell have a close and cooperative working relationship.
3. when you have a cold, you’ll notice that food seems tasteless because your nasal passages
are blocked.
4.So food becomes tasteless as we are unable to smell the foods delicious aromas.
4. While cutting onions our tears start flowing.
A.1. the onion cells contains methainonine and enzyme cystine.
2. when we cut onions enzymes start mixing and produce propanethiol, sulpheroxide.
3. The sulphuric acid enter in to eye caused by burning sensation.
4.That is the reason we end up with watery eyes every time we cut onions.
II. Find out the false statements and rewrite them as correct ones. (AS 1)
1. The rationale behind seeing is just the impression of the image in the retina. -TRUE
Explanation:- the eye gathers light through a convex lens, focuses it, and forms an image in the
retina at the back of the eye. The lens, turns the image left to right and upside down the eye
forms an image that gets extensive further processing in the brain.
2. Ear functions only to hear. . -FLASE
Correct:- Ear helps in hearing and also balancing of our body
3. Iris patterns are like finger prints used in identifying individuals - TRUE
Explanation:- Iris patterns are like finger prints used in identifying individuals so it is help for
biometric attendance marking.

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4. Saliva helps the taste buds in taste sensation. .
Explanation:- Saliva helps the taste buds in taste sensation. Food dissolves in saliva to easy to
testing receptors of tongue.
5. We are not able to adapt to sensations.
Correct:-We have sensory organs like skin, tongue, nose, ear and we are able to adapt to
sensations.
III. State the difference between the two (AS 1)
1.Rods and Cones.
A Rods
1 Rods are responsible for detecting the
dim lights only with black and white.
2 One twenty million rods are present in
retina.
3 Rods containing the pigment
Rhodopsin.
4 Defect in rods causes night blindness.
2.Iris and Pupil.
A Iris
1 The part formed by the choroid layer
around the pupil is iris.
2 Radial and circular muscles are present
in the iris.
3 It is the coloured part of our eye around
pupil iris may be blue green or grey.
4 It is not contract according to the
intensity of light.
3.Pinna and Tympanum.
A Pinna
1 Pinna is the visible part of the ear on
either side of our head.
2 It is the first part of the external year.
3 It is a flap like structure leads to the ear
canal.The pinna is made up of cartilage.
4 The pinna is crumpled and made up of
cartilage.
29
– TRUE
- FLASE
Cones
1 Cones are responsible for detecting the
bright light with colour.
2 Seven million cones are present in
retina.
3 Cones containing the pigment Iodopsin.
4 Defect in Cones causes colour
blindness.
Pupil
1 pupil is the hole located in the center of
eye.
2 Eye lens is present immediately behind
the pupil.
3 The colour of pupil is black
4 It is contract according to the intensity
of light.
Tympanum
1 A thin layer is present at the end of the
ear canal is called tympanum.
2 other name of tympanum is ear drum.
3 It is present in between the external
and middle ear.
4 Sound waves strikes first the
tympanum, than The vibrations from
the tympanum reach the malleus,
incus and stapes. then vibrates reach.
Kiran Jangam

4.Nasal cavity and Earcanal.

A Nasal cavity Ear canal

1 Our external nose has two nostrils.
They lead to the nasal cavity.
2 Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity
into two halves.
3 The nasal cavity is lined with mucus
membrane and small hairs.
4 Olfactory receptors are present in the
mucus membrane.
1 The ear canal is the part of external
ear.
2 The ear canal is also called Auditory
Meatus.
3 A thin layer, called tympanum is present
at the end of the ear canal .
4 Its carries the sound waves from
external year to Tympanum

IV. How do the following processes occur? (AS 1)

1.When we see an object, a real inverted image is formed on the retina.
A.1. The eye gathers light through a convex lens, focuses it, and forms an image in the retina at
the back of the eye.
2. The lens, turns the image left to right and upside down.
3. This visual reversal may have influenced the very structure of the brain.
4. That image that gets extensive further processing in the brain.
2.The sound waves, collected by the pinna are changed as vibrations.
A.1 Ear pinna collects the sound waves.They magnify the intensity of the sound vibrations
2. They enter into the auditorymeatus. Then they strike the tympanum.
3. The vibrations from the tympanum reach the malleus, incus and stapes.
4. They magnify the intensity of the sound vibrations.
3.We move our hand away from a hot object.
A.1. moving our hand away from a hot object is an unconditional reflex.
2. Unconditional reflexes not learned behavior.
3. . Unconditional reflexes are inherited and show from by birth.
4.These are present in all individuals and are basically same.
4. A pungent odour, makes us close our nose.
A.1.The olfactory receptors sense pungent odour.
2.That information is sent to brain in the form of nerve impulses through sensory nerve.
3.It send message to our hand to close the nose immediately.
4.The brain interprets the information and identifies it is pungent odour.
V. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. Then give reasons why the words are suitable. (AS 1)
1. Chroid layer provides ……………… to the eye.-Protection
2. The relationship between the tongue and ……………… is more.-Nose
3. Iris pattern is used for individual ……………… -Identification
4. Area where optic nerve leaves the eye is called the ………………-Blind spots
5. The ear drum is the ……………….-Vibrating membrane

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VI Choose the correct option (AS 1)

1. This vitamin is essential for the health of eye (a)
a) Vitamin ‘A’ b) Vitamin ‘B’ c) Vitamin ‘C’ d) Vitamin ‘D’
2. Sensation is a complex pathway involving (c)
a) Sense organs b) Sense organs and nerve impulses
c) Sense organs, nerve impulses, brain d)Brain and nerve impulses
3. The sound waves if not focused by external pinna and ear cannal will result in (b)
a) Hearing several types of sound loudly b) Not hearing anything
c) Slight hearing d) Not being able to make out the type and origin of sound
4.The muscles of the eyeball of a person becomes non functional, the invariable effect would be
. (b)
a) The person fails to close eyes b) Fails to move eye and see colours clearly c) Feels pain in the
eye d) The nerves reaching the muscles become nonfunctional.
5. The tongue of a person is exposed to a high salty taste then (d)
a) The person learns to taste salty things better b) Loves tasting salty things
c) Hates tasting salty things d) Fails to taste a less salty thing just after the exposure.
VII Draw and label the diagrams, showing the structure of the (AS 5)
1.Eye 2. Ear 3. Tongue

Eye Ear Tongue

VIII How would you pay concern towards disabled people who is lacking sensory organs?
A.1. I will show disable blind persons in my village are any ware I give suggestion to learn bra ily
and admit in blind school.
2.Give my support to deaf people by giving symbols and signals to understand things.
3.I will give my full cooperation bring confidence among normal lives.
4.I help see that disabled people get the government help in a proper way.
IX How do you appreciate the functions of sensory organs which helps us to enjoy the beauty of
nature? (AS 6)
A. 1. Sensory organs helps us to enjoy the beauty of nature. we enjoy nature beauties with our
eyes.
2.The melodious music enjoy with our ears, test of food with our tongue.

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3.Smell with our nose and feel the cool breeze on our skin.
4.Our sense organs are not just part of us because nothing that we experience in our life.
X Form a group with five students in your class and collect eye diseases and its characteristics
by talking with ophthalmic assistant. (AS 4)

A Eye Disease Characteristics

1 Astigmatism It is an imperfection in the curvature of retina
2 Conjunctivitis It is the swelling of the conjunctiva .the eye
became red. Burning sensation in the eye,
releases water.
3 Glaucoma It is a disease that damages the eye optic nerve.
This leads to high pressure in the back of the eye.
4 Xeropthalmia or Dry eye It is conduction where the eyes do not produce
enough tears or the right quality of tears to be
healthy or comfortable and eye became dry
5. XI What happens if our skin loss its sensory nature? (AS 2)
1. The sense of touch had received supreme importance in the sphere of senses from ancient
time organ involved that is our skin.
2. The skin contains numerous sensory receptors which receive information from the outside
environment.
3.Skin is sensitive to touch, temperature and pressure.
4.If the skin loses its sensory nature we cannot experience the pain, heat ,cold ,touch and
pressure.
XII Sagar is not able to listen things properly. Guess what would happen to him. What
suggestions you would like give to him? (AS 7)
A.1.Sagar may be exposed to too much loud noise caused by not able to listen things properly.
2. Hearing problems may be caused by a virus, fungal and bacterial infection.
3. Some time small accident caused hearing problem.
4. I also advise him to consult doctor audiologist in ear problems.

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7.ANIMAL BEHAVIOR.
1. What is advantage of reflex action? (AS 1)
A. It does not have to be learned. ( C )
(a) It has to be learned (b) It happens differently each time
(c) It does not have to be learned (d) None of them
2. If a rat is given a mild electric shock when it goes to a certain part of its cage, it eventually
avoids going there. This is because of- (AS 1)
A. Conditioning. ( B )
(a) Imitation. (b) Conditioning.
(c) Instinct. (d) Imprinting.
3. Describe all four types of behavior discussed in the lesson with appropriate examples. (AS-1)
A.1) Instinct:- Instinctual behaviors are behaviors that need not be learned.
Ex:- Making nest by birds, choose mates and forming into groups for protection.
2 Imprinting:- Chickens and ducklings are able to recognize their mother almost immediately
after hatching from the egg because of a behavior type called imprinting.
Ex:- Chickens and ducklings are able to walk almost immediately after hatching from the egg.
3.Conditioning:- Conditioning is a type of behavior involving a response to a stimulus that is
different from the natural one.
Ex:- Standing attention when we hear national anthem is one type of conditioning.
4.Imitation:- Imitation is a type of behavior where one animal copies another animal. Humans
often imitate each other.
Ex:-Students imitate there favorite teachers.
4. Differentiate between (AS 1)
(a) Imitation and Imprinting.

A Imitation
1 Imitation is a type of behavior where
one animal copies another animal.
Imprinting.
1 Chickens and ducklings are able to
recognize their mother almost
immediately after hatching from the egg
because of a behavior type called
imprinting.

2 Humans often imitate each other, often
without realizing it.
3 Kohler conducted experiments on
imitation in chimpanzees.
4 Students imitate there favorite teachers.
2 Imprinting lets young animals recognize
their mother from a young age.
3 Konard Loreng conducted experiments
on imprinting in white geese.
4 Chickens and ducklings are able to walk
almost immediately after hatching from
the egg.

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(b) Instinct and Conditioning.

A Instinct Conditioning.
1 Instinctual behaviors are behaviors that 1 Conditioning is a type of behavior
need not be learned. involving a response to a stimulus that is
different from the natural one.

2 It is an in born behavior. 2 It is not in born behavior

3 Reflexes are also a type of instinct 3 This is a natural response to a
behavior. stimulation.
4 Making nest by birds, choose mates and 4 Standing attention when we hear
forming into groups for protection. national anthem is one type of
conditioning.
5.How behaviour of human is different from behaviour of other animals? Explain with an
example. (AS 1)
A.1.Human behavior more complex because we are more intelligent.
2.Hangry persons might want to start eating immediately when they sit down at the dining
table.
3.Humans also have emotional control and angry.
4.Humans have learned that good manners mean they should wait until every read
6.Observe ants going on a line. Meanwhile two talk each other to communicate infectives ask
you teach how they communicate and write a note on this. (AS 4)
A.1.Ants talk to each other using chemical signals called pheromones.
2.Ants use their antennas to pick up smells and direct contact to each others.
3. Most ants live on the ground they use the soil surface to leave pheromone followed by other
ants.
4. Some ants produce sounds using gaster segmants and there mandibles.
7. "Understanding of animal behavior creates positive attitude towards animals." how you
suppot this statement? Explain with suitable examples. (AS 6)
A.1.Cattle make sounds whenever they need food and water.
2. When a crow dies ,all the other cows come around making sounds show there saidness.
3. Animals usually make sounds when it is danger.
4. Understanding of animal behavior help creates positive attitude towards animals.

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Kiran Jangam

8. Look at this picture. How do you feel about sibbiling care nature of animals. Do you ever see
such kind of situations in your soroundings? Expalin in your own words. (AS 7)

A.1.Every animal take care of their young ones until they are grow.
2.The newly hatched chickens are taken by their mother to surrounding places to feed and al so
giving to protection.
3. Cat changes its living place by transferring young kitten protect from enemies.
4.Monkeys always take their young ones and give food and protection.

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Kiran Jangam

8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING
AGRICULTUREPRODUCTS.
1.Suggest some ways in which our country could increase the production of rice to meat atleast
global limits. (AS1)

A.1 Increasing the crop yielding in existing land aria.

2.Developing high yielding and hybrid verities in cultivation.

3.Management of crop protection and suitable irrigation methods.

4.Alternative and mixed crop methods followed in cultivation.

2. How are biofertilizers more beneficial as compared to chemical fertilizers? (AS1)

A..1.Biofertilizers increases soil organic mater and humus improve the soil structure.

2.It improves water holding capacity of the soil and reduces soil crusting problems.

3. Biofertilizers increases natural nutrients in soil.

4.They finally help in increasing crop yielding.

3. (a) Find out the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers needed for growing the high yielding
varieties of crops? (AS1)

A.1.Chemical fertilizers pollute lakes rivers ,streams. and caused by utrification.

2.They destroy the beneficial soil life due to death of earth worms.

3. The chemical fertilizers destroy the biodiversity.

4. Its reduce water holding capacity of the soil ,increase soil crusting problems.

(b) Can high yielding varieties be grown without them as well? How? (AS1)

1.High yielding varieties be grown with out chemical fertilizer.

2.By using of Biofertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers we get high yielding.

3. Usage of biofertilizers increasing water observation capacity of plant.

4.Its change soil stricture help for grow thing of high yielding varieties.

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4. What are the adverse effects of using high yielding varieties of seeds? (AS1)

A.1.High yielding varieties can be grown with out chemical fertilizer.

2.By using Biofertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers we get high yielding.

3. Usage of biofertilizers increase water observation capacity of plant.

4. It changes soil stricture which is helpful for the growth of high yielding varieties.

5. What are the essential measures that a farmer needs to take before sowing the seeds of a
crop? (AS1)

A. 1.First select government labeled seeds only.

2.Seed treatments against soil born diseases to reduce the incidence of disease.

3 .The soil is ploughed to loosen and break the solid pieces of soil.

4.Fiield is watered before sowing seeds.

6. Suppose you had a farm in a drought striken area of your state what crops would you grow
and how? (AS1)

A.1. less water crops are beneficial for stricken arias.

2.Sorgam Red gram can be grown in stricken arias.

3.We can grow these crops by rain water harvesting and check dames.

4.Ground nut and corn can be grown using of drip irrigation and spllinkers.

7. What measures will you take to save your field from seasonal outburst of insects?

A.1.Crop rotation is best method to save field from seasonal outburst of insects.

2.Use predatory insects to control the harmful insects and they are called friendly insects, Like
Spiders, dragon fly, Krisopa, myriads, lady bird and beetle.

3. lighted bulb (Deepapu Teralu) is placed in a field, insects would cluster around it.

4.usage of pheromones in insect bones is other method to control insects.

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8. A farmer had been using a particular insecticide for a long time. What consequences will it
have on- a) insect population b) soil ecosystem? (AS 2)

A. a) Insect population:-1. Using a particular insecticide for a long time insects develop
immunity to the insecticides.

2.Over insecticides effect on plant growth hence decrease crop yielding.

b) Soil ecosystem:-1.Large percentage of insecticide destroy soil structure.

2.these chemicals kill the worms like earth worms destroying biodiversity.

9. Ramaiah has soil testing done in his field. The percentages of nutrients are 34-20-45. Is it
suitable for cultivating sugar cane crop? Which crops can be cultivate without using pesticides
in Ramaiah’s field? (AS 2)

A.1. Ramaiah field is not suitable for cultivating sugar cane crop.

2. For cultivating sugar cane crop essential 90%nitogen in soil is required.

3. Ramaiah field have only 34% of nitrogen.

4.It is sutable for maize and ground nut cultivation.

10.Oberve the fields in your surrounding and collect the information from farmers about the
process to remove weeds?

A Name of the farmer Weed control method

1 K. Esupadham He is removing weeds manually by pulling them out of the field.
2 B.Esupadham Using 2,4-D for dicot weed control.
3 M,Sai baba Use plugging include filling of soil.
4 S. Sundharam He uses crop rotation method for weed control
11. What basis would you adopt to explain to a farmer using chemical fertilizers switch over to
organic fertilizers? (AS 4)

A.1. Organic fertilizers increases the soil fertility and maintain natural balance in soil.

2.It is low-cost and high benefits for using in cultivation.

3. Organic fertilizers increase the crop yielding.

4.They protect certain crops from diseases.

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12. Make a list of the major weeds in your area (you have already conducted the project). Find
out the weeds which are grown in different crops? (AS 4)

A. Name of crop Weed that grown on crop

1 Paddy 1 Eichornia,digitaria longi folia.
2 Maize 2 Solanam nigram,Cynodon dactylon.
3 Ground nut 3 Commalina bengalensis, Leucas asperia
4 Chilli 4 Commalina bengalensis, Cynodon
dactylon.

13. Draw a block diagram of water resources in your village? (AS 5)

A.

WE

S WATER
DRINKING R AGRICULTURE FEILD R BORU BAVI
U WATER C C
FISH B R
R POND
C AGRICULTURE FEILD
C C
POND O
O TANK
R H H H H
A R
N A
A O O
A R C C ROAD
D
D A A H
L H H H H H H H H H H H H
S D D HHHHHH N
S S S S S S S S S S S S H

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MAIN ROAD

R MAIN CANAL
FISH O
A Z.P.H.SCHOOL FISH
POND D C C C C C POND AGRICULTURE

E W

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WATER RESOURCES IN OUR VILLAGE

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14. What threats to nature do chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and herbicides pose?
(AS 6)

A.1. Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and herbicides remain in the soil.

2. They destroy water recourses and increase weeds caused by utrification.

3. At the spraying time they causes by human diseases due to air pollution.

4. Insecticides killed all insects in witch same of them are useful in pollination.

15. Organic manure is helpful to Bio diversity. How do you support this statement? (AS6)

A.1. Some bacteria ,fungi decompose animal and plant bodies make organic manures in soil

2. Organic manures increasing the soil fertility and maintain natural balance in soil.

3. Its turns to more suitable soil for future crops.

4. Organic manures are helpful increasing worms in soil witch change soil stricture.

16. Spraying high dose of pesticides is hazardous to bio diversity and crop yielding. How can you
support this statement? (AS 6)

A.1. High dose of pesticides kills the germs in the soil.

2. These pesticides destroy the water bodies and kill aquatic animals.

3. At the spraying time people effects by these chemicals causing health problems.

4. Pestisides destroy the useful insects causing hazardous to bio diversity and crop yielding.

17. Venkatapuram village is in drought prone area. Somaiah wants to cultivate sugar cane in his
fields. Is it beneficial or not? You want to convey him-which questions will you ask him? (AS 7)

A.1. Venkatapuram village is in drought prone area sugar cane cultivation is not beneficial.

2. Sugarcane is rich water crop where do you get water to cultivate sugar cane?

3. Why don’t you cultivate less water crops like maize?

4. What are the alternative water resources in your village to cultivate sugar cane?

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18. Natural pest controlling methods are useful to Bio diversity. Comment it? (AS 7)

A.1. Natural pest controlling methods control only harmful pests only.

2. Useing predatory insects control the harmful insects and they are called friendly insects. Like
Spiders, dragon fly, Krisopa, myriads, lady bird beetle It is useful to Bio diversity.

3. Trycoderma Bacillus Thurangensis bacteria kills only harmful pests.

4. . Natural pest controls do not pollute water resources it’s useful to Bio diversity.

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9. ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT
ECOSYSTEMS.
1. What do you understand by adaptations in organisms and why do they adapt? (AS 1)
A.1.Organisms adjust to diverse conditions of the ecosystem for better survival by adaptations.
2. Organisms adopt or develop over a certain period of time in different conditions.
3. We may also say that adaptation is a feature that is common in any population because it
provides some improvements for better survival.
4. Man grooves have evolved a curious way to deal with the problems of growing in a wet and
salty place, They have evolved to have curious looking projections from their roots called
pneumatophores is maintaining adequate root respiration.

2. With the help of two examples, explain how these organisms have adapted themselves in the
ecosystem? (AS1)
A.1. Organisms adjust themselves to diverse and distinct changes in ecosystems, organisms
have to adopt different means for better survival.
2.Mangrooves and cypress have evolved a curious way to deal with the problems of growing in
a wet and salty place. They have evolved to have curious looking projections from their roots
called pneumatophores is maintaining adequate root respiration.
3. In pebble plants swollen leaves are adapted to desert conditions, minimizing water loss and
storing water.
4. All such ways and means that organisms adopt or develop over a certain period of time in
different conditions for better survival are adaptations of organisms.
3. What special adaptations can be seen in the following organisms? (AS1)
a) man groove trees b) camel c)fish d) dolphins e)planktons
A.a)Mangrove trees:-1. Man grooves have evolved a curious way to deal with the problems of
growing in a wet and salty place.
2. They have evolved to have curious looking projections from their roots called
pneumatophores for maintaining adequate root respiration.
b) Camel:-1. In Camel Hump stores fat for later use. Long eye lashes Protects eye from sand.
2. Nostrils closes voluntarily to protect from blowing sand. Long legs - keeps the body away
from hot ground.
c)Fish:-1.As the body is covered with scales, they respire with gills.
2.Fish bear specialized structures to swim like fins.
d) Dolphins:-1. Dolphins have a blowhole that allows the mammal to take in air at the surface.
2. Dolphins have keen eyesight, with good vision above and below the water.
e)Planktons:- 1. Plankton have adaptations that include flat bodies, lateral spines.
2.Planktons have droplets of oil in their cells that keeps them float.
4. If an animal of euphotic zone has to survive in Abyssal zone, what adaptations are
required to survive there? (AS1)

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A.1.To live in Abyssal zone adaptations are required to survive as Deep sea animals are mostly
predators and scavengers. .
2.The larger forms have wide mouths and huge curved teeth which prevent escape of any prey.
3. Absence of skeleton, flattened bodies are some other characteristics observed.
4. Also have special structures that produce light on their bellies, around their eyes. Some
animals glow shows bio luminescence in the dark waters.
5.Marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes. Do you agree? Justify
A.1.Yes, Marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes.
2.Genarally marine fishes contain lower internal salt concentration comparative surrounding
sea water.
3.So marine fishes tend to dehydrate as water is lost by osmosis.
4. Marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes to maintain water in the body.
6.Write the effect of temperature on the organisms adapted in a lake and pond in a
tabular form. (AS1)
Effect of Temperature on the Organisms
A Lake Pond
1 In tropical regions water gets heated up 1 1.During average temperature] the water
and evaporates in lakes. in the pond heated up and evaporates.
2 In deeper lakes during summer only the 2 2.During summer the ponds dry up.
surface water is heated.
3 Oxygen and nutrients gets descries in 3 3.Oxygen and nutrients gets descries in
the lake. the lake.
4 In cold regions upper layers of the lake 4 4.The entire pond gets frozen during
gets frozen during winter and lowers winter
dose not.
7.In the chapter on ecosystem, we had studied about the mangrove ecosystems. What
kind of abiotic conditions did you study in them?(AS1)
A. Kinds of abiotic conditions like 1.soil:- soil semi salty and mud condition.
2.Nutrients:- Rich amount of nutrients are present in this regaion.
3. Humidity:-Sea sore regain high amount of humidity in the wind.
4.Salinity ;_ Semi salty water and rich amount of oxygen dissolve in the water .
8.How the frog gets protected themselves from cold and heat(AS1)
A.1. Frog protect themselves from the extremes of hot and cold conditions they burrow deep in
the ground and remain motionless until the conditions are favorable.
2. During this period the rate of metabolic activities slow down.
3. The animal goes into a nearly unconscious sleepy condition called Hibernation (winter sleep)
and Aestivation (summer sleep).
4. These are called seasonal adaptations in frogs.
9. The murrel (korramatta) and Rohu are fishes found in rivers will also be able to live in the
coring ecosystem ? Give reasons four answers.(AS2)
A.1. Coring ecosystem gets fresh water from river coring Gadheru and distribution of Godavari
River.

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2. Murrel (korramatta) and Rohu fish’s water can be excreted in the form of urine but to
maintain a suitable salt balance.
3. These fishes need to reabsorb salt through the kidney and salt collecting cells in gills.
4. So the Murrel (korramatta) and Rohu fishes are able to live in coring ecosystem with salinity
of water.
10.Collect some aquatic plants- cut the leaves and stems Observe them under microscope and
record your observations like presence of air/absence of air spaces etc., and answer the below.
(AS 3)
a) Why do they float on water?-Air chambers of aquatic plants body is filled with air, it helps for
floating.
b) What make them float? - Areolar tissue makes them float.
c) Are there any other reasons for their floating?-The bodies of aquatic plants are delicate with
more than 80% of their weight consisting of water.

d) Draw a diagram of what you have observed under microscope?

STEM LEAF

11. Visit a nearby pond or a lake. Record the organisms you have observed and their
adaptations? (A S 4)

A. 1. Nearby pond or lakes have three zones Littoral zone, limnetic zone, profundal zone.

1. Littoral zone: Living organisms snails and insects are found these have adaptations for fast
swimming with good eye sight.

2. Limnetic zone: These zone organisms are Daphnia, cyclaps and fresh water fishes these have
adaptations like floating body.

3 profundal zone: Scavengers like crabs live in this zone; these have adaptations are feeding
dead bodies of organisms.

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12. Collect information of one lake from internet and prepare a table of organisms
adapted at different zones? (AS 4)
A.
SNO Zone Name Living organism Adaptation
1 Littoral zone Plants:-Water lily, Adaptations are fast swimmers and good
Hydrilla eye sight.
Animals:-Tortoise ,
Snakes.

2 Limnetic zone: Plants:-Wolffia, Pistia. these adaptations are floating body.

Animals:-Daphnia,
Cyclops.

3 Profundal zone Animals:-Snail, crabs Adaptations are feeding dead bodies of

organisms.

13. Are there any rivers meeting in the Bay of Bengal in the Coringa ecosystem collect
Information and make a note on them? (AS 4)
A.1Godavari:- Godavari river form coringa ecosystem south of Kakinada, the river meeting in
the bay of Bengal.
2. Gowthami:-Gowthami is one branch of Godavari river is part of coring ecosystem.
3 .Coringa:-Coringa is one branch of gowthami Godavari is meeting in bay of Bengal.
4. Gadheru:-Gaderu also is one branch of gowthami Godavari is meeting in bay of Bengal.
14.Draw a lake showing different zones. Why are they called so? (AS 5)
A.1.Littoral zone: 1.The shallow zone near the shore is also called as littoral zone.
4 High photosynthetic activity occurs in this zone.
2. limnetic zone:1 .limnetic zone is the open water zone at the top of the water body and
consequently receives a good deal of light.
3 profundal zone : 1.profundal zone is dimly lit and cold. Mostly heterotrophic animals that eat
dead organisms are found in this region.

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15.Amphibians are wonderful creatures on the earth. How do you appreciate their?
adaptation? (AS 6)
A.1.Amphibians have wonderful body structure moist skin and without neck.
2. These organisms perform both coetaneous and pulmonary respiration.
3.mouth is very large and long moist tongue can able to catch and eat large prey.
4.eyes are positioned on top of head gives the frog a wide angled visual field.
16.How do you appreciate the processing protection of pebble plants from the enemies (AS-6)
A.1. pebble plants are also called living stones. they are capable to live desert conditions.
2. The swollen leaves are adapted to desert conditions, minimizing water loss and storing
water.
3. Each pebble is actually a leaf with a cut window that lets in light.
4.The stone like appearance deceives the animals and saves it from being eaten by enemies .
17.Some animals and plants survive only in certain conditions. Now a days, human
activities cause damage to these conditions. What do you think about this? (AS7)
A.1.Human activities are causing a lot of damage to biodiversity.
2. Human activities such as deforestation, conversion of forest land to agriculture.
3.Hunting and killing of animals and cutting of trees are reasons for animals and plants survive
only in certain conditions.
4 If proper care is not taken plants and animals may disappear totally from the surface of the
earth.

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10.SOIL POLLUTON
1. Define soil pollution. (AS1)
A 1.Soil pollution can be defined as increasing toxic substances in soil structure.
2.Orgonic substances , chemicals, salts ,radioactive materials are increasing in high ratio in the
soil structure is called soil pollution.
3.Diseased caused agents ,virus, bacteria and bad smell components are also soil pollutants.
4.These have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health.
2. Describe an environmental friendly method to profitably dispose of human wast and cattle
waste. (AS1)
A.1.Huma waste and cattle wastes are useful for the increasing soil fertility.
2.Now a days an alternative method is used to obtain energy from human wastes instead of
cattle wastes.
3.Using of cattle wastes produce a gas witch can be used as fuel called biogas.
4.In resent years human wastes is also used for the production of biogas in some countries.
3. Chemical fertilizers are useful to crops. In which way do they cause environmental pollution?
(AS1)
A. 1.Formers use chemical fertilizer for high yielding in agriculture cultivation.
2.By using fertilizers and excessive use of chemical soil becomes an indestructible poison for
crops.
3. Excessive use of chemical Fertilizers can end up polluting lakes, rivers and streams.
4.This leads to promote the growth of weds and algae in water bodies,is called eutrification.
4.What steps can be taken to reduce pollution due to particulate matter from industries?(AS1)
1. Industrial waste can be treated physically chemically and biologically until they are less
hazardous.
2. Acidic and alkaline waste should be first neutralized.
3. The insolvable materials if biodegradable should be allowed to degrade under controlled
conditions before being disposed.
4. Solid waste materials of industries are burnt in absence of oxygen and the process is called
phyrolisis.
5. What is a medical waste? Why it is called hazardous waste? What is the safe way to dispose
medical waste? (AS1)
A.1. Waste produced from hospitals is known as Medical waste.
2. Needles, syringes, saline bottles, instruments used in surgeries bandages are called Medical
wastes.
3. Medical wastes also spread diseases and generates bad smells in the surroundings.
4. Burying the medical wastes in the locations sited away from residential area is simple
method to dispose medical wastes.

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6. What farm practices impact soil? Do they impact soil in a positive or a negative way?(AS1)
A.1. Uncontrollable usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides negative impact on the soil.
2. Non till farming and growing same crop in all seasons are the farm practices with has
negative impact on soil.
3. By using chemical fertilizers we can get high yielding for some period only After that the soil
became reluctant to plant growth.
4.Tilling activity can lead to compaction of soil ,loss of organic matter in soil.
7. Rank the negative impact practices in your area in the order in which you think they should
be eliminated. (AS1)
A. 1.Usge of hybrid seeds in the forming.
2. Crop rotation method followed in the agriculture forming.
3. Organic weedicides and manures usage.
4. Predatory insect’s usage in forming.
8.Rank the positive impact practices in order in which you think they should be used forthe
most benefit on your farm. (AS1)
A. 1. Usage of chemical fertilizers in the agriculture forming.
2.Usage of Locally prepared seeds in forming.
3. Only one are two crops should be cultivated in all seasons. Crop rotation method not flowed
in the agriculture forming.
4. Usage of chemical weedicides, herbicides in the agriculture forming.
9 .What are the three main physical properties of soil? What effects do this have on the plants?
(AS1)
A.1.The physical properties of soil consists of minerals, organic matter water and air.
2. Soil physical properties al so include colour texture, structure and porosity.
3. The composition and proportion of these components greatly influences soil physical
properties.
4. These properties regulate and affect air and water movement in the soil.

10. What is pH? What is its range? What are the negative impacts if the pH of soil is too low or
too high?(AS1)
A.1. The term pH is used to indicate the level of acidity or alkalinity of a soil.
2. The range of pH values of a good soil lies from 5.5 to 7.5.
3. Below pH 7 the soils are termed as acidic and above pH 7 alkaline.
4. The pH of soil is important in determining the type of vegetation that will grow in the soil and
the type of organisms.

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11. What is soil fertility? What are the sources of soil fertility? (AS1)
A1. Soil fertility defined by its capacity to hold water and nutrients and supply them to plants
when they need them, independent of direct application of nutrients.
2. Transfer of nutrients from the soil’s organic matter to the mineral stage strongly depends on
the soil organisms’ activity and diversity.
3. Soil organisms also contribute to buildup soil organic matter, including humus, the soil’s most
important nutrient reservoir.
4. Therefore, soil fertility can be described in terms of soil organic matter content of the soil,
with good living conditions for soil organisms and growing conditions for the plants.
12. What is organic matter? Why it is important to plants? (AS1)
A.1. Organic matter is the organic component of soil which includes decomposed material of
plant and animal body’s.
2. It consists of nutrients necessary for plant growth.
3. Organic matter in soil improves water holding capacity of soil.
4. The micro organisms present in the organic matter help to convert it back to nutrients due to
the processes of decomposition.
13. What are the factors affecting organic matter levels in soil? How this level of organic matter
can be increased? (AS1)
A.1.Natural vegetation:-Natural vegetation of forest and grass land affecting organic matter
levels in soil
2.Temparature:-Decomposition of organic matter is accelerated in worm climates as compared
to cooler climates.
3. Rain fall:- High rain fall increases high organic matter in the soil.
4.Crop rotation:- Crop rotation of legume plants results in higher organic matter in the soil.
14.What is solid waste? Explain best practices for solid waste management. (AS1)
A.1. The solid wastes which are accumulated on the soil will pose a great problem to us.
2. Pyrolysis is a process of combustion in absence of oxygen or the material burnt under
controlled atmosphere of oxygen. It is an alternative to incineration.
3. Industrial wastes can be treated physically, chemically and biologically until they are less
hazardous. Acidic and alkaline wastes should be first neutralized; the insoluble material if
biodegradable should be allowed to degrade under controlled conditions before being
disposed. 4. Anaerobic/aerobic decomposition of biodegradable municipal and domestic waste
is also being done and gives organic manure.

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15.What is bioremediation? How it helps in controlling soil pollution? (AS1)

A1. Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
2.This makes it different from remedies where contaminated soil or water is removed for
chemical treatment or decontamination, incineration, or burial in a landfill.
3. Microbes are often used to remedy environmental problems found in soil, water, and
sediments.
4. Plants have also been used to assist bioremediation processes. This is called phyto
remediation.
16. How would soil texture affect the nutrients in soil? What would be its impact on crop
production? (AS 2)
A.1. Soil texture is made up of minerals and decomposed organic matter, along with air and
water.
2. Soil is one of the major nutrients natural resources, alongside air and water.
3. High nutrients of soil is promote high growth in plants and high yielding in crops.
4. Healthy nutrient soil is fundamental to the quality of food it produces.

17.Why soil conservation is important to us? What will happen if no preventive measures
would be taken? (AS 2)
A.1. Soil conservation is important to us because it is the only source of habituate to animals
and plants.
2.We have to conserve soil because it has lot of nutrients that is good for plant growth
3.Due to over usage of chemical fertilizers soil becomes an unproductive soil.
4.If no preventive measure are taken for soil conservation, soil erosion takes place.

18.Name 5 living things that live in soil. What do these things do to affect the soil? (AS-4)
A Name of the living organism Effects on the soil.
1 Bacteria. _ Decomposition of animal and plant
bodies and helps in soil fertility.
2 Fungi. _ Decomposition of animal and plant
bodies and helps in soil fertility.
3 Earthworms. _ Burrow the soil and help aeration and
peculation of water.
4 Dung beetle. _ Burrow the soil and help aeration and
percolation of water.
5 Rats and ground squirrels. _ Burrow the soil and help aeration and
percolation of water.

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19. Prepare flow chart to describe soil pollution its causes and methods of control.(AS 5)
A.
SOIL POLLUTION

Fish pond pollutants House wastes. Hospital wastes. Chemical pesticides

Dumping Fish wastes far Cleaning drains every day, Dumping hospital wastes Using of bio pesticides
away the living arias. develop planed drainage far away the living arias
burying. and burying.

20 . Look at the following symbol what does its mean.(AS5)

A.1.It is the symbol of Bioremediation.
2 .Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
3.This makes it different from remedies where contaminated soil or water is removed for
chemical treatment or decontamination, incineration, or burial in a landfill
4. Plants have also been used to assist bioremediation processes.

21. Why are plastic bags a big environmental nuisance? (AS 6)

A.1. The inpact of Plastic bags on environment are extremely at a wide range.
2. Plastic bags can also contaminate food, when the food is packed in plastic bags.
3.Plastic bags do not decompose in the soil easily.
4. Usage of Plastic bags disturbs soil microbial activity and also effects on decomposition of soil.

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22. What soil problems do you find in your area? Prepare a list of those problems andsuggest a
method for each of them to control those problems.(AS 7)

A Soil pollution problems Reason control method

1 Fish, prone pond wastes.
2 House wastes.
3 Hospital wastes.
4 Stools and urine.
Dumping Fish, prone wastes
at living arias.
Not cleaning drains, Un
planed drainage system.
Dumping hospital wastes in
the living arias.
Using rode sides for
discharging stools and urine.
Dumping Fish, prone wastes
far away the living arias and
burying.
cleaning drains every day,
develop planed drainage
system.
Dumping hospital wastes
far away from the living
arias and burying.
Using toilets for
discharging stools and
urine.

23.Ravi said soil health is important? How can you support him? (AS 7)
A.1. When the soil have high organic matter and decomposed material and holding capasity of
air and water that soil is healthy soil.
2.Healthy soil is fundamental to the quality of food and its gives high yielding of crops.
3.We can get good health by eating the food produced by plants grow in healthy soil.
4.When the soil components are present in appropriate percentage .the productivity is high.

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11. BIO GEO CHEMICAL CYCLES.

1. What is the importance of different biogeochemical cycles in the nature? (AS1)

A.1. The cycles that involve the flow of nutrients in on earth from environment to organisms
and back through certain pathways are known as biogeochemical cycles.
2. These interactions consist of transfer of matter and energy between the different
components of the biosphere.
3. Biogeochemical pathways determine the path of transfer of matter on earth.
4. Biogeochemical cycles link living organisms with living organism, living organism with
non living organisms and non living organisms with non living organisms.

2. What emissions from human activities lead to ozone depletion? And what are the principal
steps in stratospheric ozone depletion caused by human activities? (AS1)

A.1. certain industrial processes and consumer products result in the emission of ozone
depleting substances to the atmosphere.
2. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), used in almost all refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
3. Some of these gases then participate in reactions that destroy ozone.
4. Cotrole CFC gases and plantation is best methods to protect ozone layer.

3.How can we say that biogeochemical cycles are in “balance”? (AS1)

A.1.The components of various gases present in atmosphere does not change Biogeochemical
cycles in balance.
2.Molecules move from living and nonliving things but the percentage of molecules not
change.
3.The substances of the biogeochemical cycles change from one ecosystem to the other, their
percentage in soil ,water and atmosphere remain same.
4.We can say that the Biogeochemical cycles are in balance.

4.If all the vegetation in the pond died, what effects would it have on the animals? Why? (AS2)

A.1.plants and algae in pond are producers. Producing food for consumers.
2. Pond animals are depending up on vegetation in the pond
3. Secondary consumers depending up on primary consumers for food.
4 .When all the vegetation in the pond died all animals of the pond dies due to lack of food
materials.

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5.Write an experiment to prove Green house effect on temperature?(AS3)

A. Aim: Test the effect of a greenhouse on temperature

Materials required: Plastic bottle, nail, 2 thermometers, notebook and pencil.

Procedure: 1.Make a hole near the top of the plastic bottle with the nail.
2. Insert the first thermometer into the hole. Place the second thermometer next to the bottle.
3. Make sure that the same amount of sunlight reaches both thermometers.
4. After 10 minutes, note temperature values from both thermometers.
Observation: 1.We can observe that the vinegar and baking soda in the first bottle react with
each.
2. This CO2 absorbs and retains more heat from the bulb than the normal air in the second
bottle.

Result: This proves the green house effect increases the temperature of the earth.

6.Go to a nearby pond observe organisms living in the pond and bio degradable substances
mixing in water. How they effect on those organisms? write your observation.(AS4)

A Pollutants Effected organisms

1 Synthetic fertilizers relishing from fish
ponds
2 Plastic pipes ,bottles and polythin cover
bag wastes.
3 House wastes like sops and shampoos
4 Food processing fish meat factory
wastes.
Utrification, uncontrollable weed grow takes
place..
Un decomposable growing disturbance of
aquatic animals.
Increase hardness of water so the fishes and
aquatic animals die.
Diseased causing bacteria growing and OD
problem in water.

7. Describe interdependence of biotic and a biotic components by taking Nitrogen cycleas an

example. Draw Nitrogen Cycle. (AS 5)
A. 1. Nitrogen is both the most abundant element in the atmosphere.
2.It is building block of proteins and nucleic acids.
3.In the nitrogen cycle nitrogen is converted from its inert atmospheric molecular form (N2)
into a form that is useful in biological processes.
4. 1. Nitrogen fixation 2. Nitrification 3. Assimilation 4.Ammonification 5.Denitrification are
steps in the nitrogen cycle

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Atmospheric N2

Lightings and Thunders Dentrification Nitrogen fixing bacteia

Bacteria

Soil Nitrogen

Clay, Rocks,Sedimantation Detrivores Plants

Consumers

8.. What do you understand by Ozone layer? Write an essay to participate in elocution
compitation on importance of ozone layer. (AS 6)

Introduction:- Most atmospheric ozone is concentrated in a layer in the stratosphere, about

15-30 kilometers above the Earth’s surface .Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen
atoms. It is blue in color and has a strong odor

.Explanation:- The small amount of ozone plays a key role in the atmosphere. The ozone layer
absorbs a portion of the radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the planet’s
surface. Most important of all it absorbs the portion of ultraviolet light which causes many
harmful effects, including various types of skin cancer and harm to some crops, certain
materials, and some forms of marine life.

Conclusion:-ozone is protecting our life so control pollution and protect ozone layer than our
life is safe.

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9..Burning of fossil fuels a concern for scientists and environmentalists, why?

(AS 6)
1. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources.
2.It is estimated that the available supply of fossil fuels will get exhausted in another 50to 100
years.
3. Fossil fuels are pollutants it is increasing pollution.
4. It releases carbon dioxide carbon monoxide So2 when it is burning and caused by green
house effect.
10.What role does carbon dioxide play in plant life processes? (AS 7)
1. Carbon dioxide play important role in plant life processes like photosynthesis the light
energy converted to chemical energy.
2.In plants some carbon remains as simple glucose for short term energy use.
3.Some are converted to large complex molecules such as starch for energy storage.
4.The carbohydrates /starch became the source of chemical energy that is used as fuel by living
cells in all plants and animals.
11.How human activities caused an imbalance in biogeochemical cycles? (AS 7)
1. Usage of chemical fertilizers mainly has affected The Biogeochemical cycles.
2. Industrligation and de forestation s destroy the biogeochemical cycles .like carbon cycle.
3. Aditionally clearing of vegetation that serves as carbon sinks has increased the concentration
of CO2 in the atmosphere.
4. Humans have interfered with carbon cycle where fossil fuels have removed from the earth
crust.
12List three ways we, as humans, have affected the water cycle.(AS 7)
1. Usage of chemical fertilizers mainly water cycle polluting the water in rivers, streams,
reservoirs.
2. Deforestation and high plant cutting is the main causes by destroying of water cycle.
3. Domping of waste in to the oceans and reveres destroys of water cycle.
4 .As population increases and living standards rise this can increase demand of water.
13.Prepare an article for newspaper on the item ”How human activities effects the environmen
(AS -7)
A. Our surrounding things like soil, water, air are called environment. If any factor disturbed
the things ratio are called pollution .Human activity are destroy these things.

Usage of chemical fertilizers mainly destroy the water in rivers, streams, reservoirs. and caused
by water cycle disturbance as population increases and living standards rise this can increase
demand of water. Usage of chemical fertilizers destroy the soil structure Industrialization and
de forestation s destroy the biogeochemical cycles .like carbon cycle. In industrialization
released carbon dioxide carbon monoxide, So2 when it is burning and caused by green house
effect.
Deforestation and high plant cutting is main causes by pollution.Dumping of waste in to the
oceans and reveres destroying of water bodies. So necessity every one protect our
environment.
ALL THE BEST
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“In All Things of Nature There Is

Something of The Marvelous ”