Daily Grammar Practice Notes

Monday: Parts of Speech

Noun A person, place, or thing -Common noun: begins with a lower case letter
n or N -Proper noun: gives a name of a specific person, place,
or thing
The dog is friendly.
Pronoun Takes the place of a noun -1st person: I, we
pron -2nd person: you
-3rd person: she, he, it, they
I brought the friendly dog home.
Adverb Describes verbs and adjectives and -normally end in –ly
adv other adverbs -not is always an adverb
-tells how, when, where, to what extent
The friendly dog is quickly wagging his tail.
Adjective Describes nouns and pronouns -tells which one, how many, what kind
adj The friendly dog barked.

Articles Are a type of adjective -only 3 articles: a, an, the

art The friendly dog barked.
Preposition Shows relationships between a noun Across, after, against, around, at, before, to, for, by, near,
prep or pronoun and another word in the under, until, etc.
sentence
Lots of times tells the location of something
The dog ran around the tree.
Conjunction Joins words, phrases, and clauses -Coordinating conjunctions:
cc or sc For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
-Subordinating conjunctions: start dependent clauses.
After, since, before, even though, until, unless (NOTE:
Many prepositions can be subordinating clauses.)
Since I can’t have a dog in my apartment, I went to the
pet store and the humane society just to look at them.
Verb Shows action or helps make a -Action: shows action
av or lv or hv statement -Linking: links the subject to a word it is equal to later in
the sentence. Is, be, am, are, was, were, become, feel,
grow, look, smell, etc.
-Helping: “helps” a linking or helping verb do the action
The dog barked.
Gerund A verb that acts like a noun -ends in –ing
ger Reading is fun.
Participle Verb acting like an adjective -ends in –ing or –ed
part -I have running shoes.

Tuesday Notes: Parts of a Sentence

Prepositional Phrase Group of words beginning with the -Look for this first to help eliminate words
prep ph preposition and ending with a noun that can’t be the subject or direct object
or pronoun The dog ran around the tree.
Object of the Preposition Ends prepositional phrases --To find it, fill in the blanks…
op _________ what?
Preposition
The dog ran around the tree.

Subject Who or what the sentence is talking -must be a noun, pronoun, gerund
Simple subject- only the about -There and here are never subjects
subject -Can be an “understood you” when in a
SS command.
Complete subject-the subject The dog barked. SS
and everything about it The dog barked. CS
CS
Predicate What the subject is doing(verb) -can be action or linking(don’t forget
Simple predicate-only the verb about helping verbs)
SP The dog barked loudly. SP
Complete predicate-the verb The dog barked loudly. CP
and everything about it
CP
Predicate Nominative A noun or pronoun that is linked to -To find it, fill in the blanks…
pn the subject of a sentence by a linking __________ ________ what?
verb Subject linking verb

The dog is my best friend.

Predicate Adjective An adjective that is linked to the -To find it, fill in the blanks…
pa subject of a sentence by a linking __________ ________ what?
verb Subject linking verb

The dog is friendly.

Wednesday Notes: Clauses and Sentence Types

Independent Clause -Every complete sentence has at least one independent clause.
ind cl -Has at least one subject and one verb
-Doesn’t need any other information to make sense
The dog is my best friend.
Dependent Clause -Cannot stand alone
dep cl -Needs other clauses in order to make sense
-Can start with a subordinate conjunction
Since the dog is my best friend
Simple Sentence -Has only one independent clause
ss The dog is my best friend.
Compound Sentence -Has two or more independent clauses
cd The dog is my best friend, and I like to play with him.
Complex Sentence -Has a combination of independent and dependent clauses
cx Since the dog is my best friend, I like to play with him.
Declarative Sentence -Makes a statement
dec The dog is my best friend.
Interrogative Sentence -Asks a question
int Is the dog your best friend?
Imperative Sentence -Gives a command
imp Give the dog a bone.
Exclamatory Sentence -Shows strong feelings (NOTE: It does not show strong action!)
exc I love my dog!