3.

DC-DC CONVERTER

3.1 DC-DC converter DC chopper DC

DC
ON OFF chopping DC voltage
battery forklift hoist
DC voltage regulator ON OFF
2
+

VIN
-

IO

Vo

+
Vo

load

VIN

TON

3.1 DC DC converter
ON OFF 2
1. Constant frequency chopper time period ( T )
ON time (TON ) pulse width
modulation (PWM)
2. Variable - frequency chopper time period
ON time OFF time ( T - TON) frequency modulation
filter
2
1. ( forced commutation) SCR

2. (self commutation) Power Transistor

Power MOSFET GTO IGBT
1

DC -DC Converter Drives

diode
polarityvoltage
chopper
1 Single Quadrant Chopper
quadrant 2
- A quadrant I
load

+
VIN

VIN

Io

load

+
-

Vo
Io
IINmax

Vo

3.2 chopper A
- B quadrant II
load active load regenerative braking dc
drives

+
VIN
-

D
S

Vo
VIN
Io
load

+
-

Vo

-IINmax

Io

3.3 chopper B

2. Two Quadrant Chopper

2 quadrant 2
- C Io S1
D1 IO S2 D2 IO
quadrant I II S1 S2

D1

VIN

S2

Io

VIN
D2 S1

load

Vo

Vo

-IINmax

IINmax

Io

3.4 chopper C
- D IO polarity
quadrant I IV

S1

VIN
D1

Vo

Io load

D2

VIN

S2

Vo
Io
IINmax

-VIN

3.5 chopper D
3. Four Quadrant Chopper ( E)
4 Quadrant S1 S2
polarity (quadrant I ) S3 S4
polarity (quadrant III ) quadrant II IV
regenerative D1 D2 D3 D4

D2 S1
D3 S4

Io load

VIN

D4

VIN

S3
S2

D1

Vo
Io
IINmax

-IINmax
-VIN

3.6 chopper E
3.2 Chopper with R load
load R
7
Vo

IO

VIN

VIN

chopper

Vo
-

0 TON
Io

VIN
R

TON

3.7 Step Down Chopper R load

T chopping period
TON ON time
K duty cycle

TON
T

(VAV)
VAV
V AV

1
T

TON

v O dt

= K V IN

TON
VIN
T

(1)

(IAV)
4

I AV

VAV
R

KVIN
R

......................... amp ( 2 )

RMS
1

VRMS

1 KT
2
= v 02 d t
T 0

VRMS

K VIN

.................. volt ( 3 )

3.8 Average voltage and current characteristic chopper load R

RMS (IRMS)
I RMS

K I IN

.................. amp ( 4 )

loss chopper (PO) chopper

 3.9 RMS voltage and current characteristic chopper load R

(PIN ) chopper

PIN
PIN

=
=

1
T

KT

v O i dt

0
2

K V IN
R

1
T

KT

v o2
dt
R

.................... watt ( 5 )

(effective resistance)
Reff

R
K

(6)

duty cycle (K) 0 1 TON T

0 volt VIN K

3.3 Chopper with R-L load load resistive

inductive 10 2
11
12

VIN

VR

IO +
chopper

- +

VL L

+
- Eb

Vo

3.10 Step Down Chopper R-L load

Vo
VIN

Imax
Imin

0
io

TON T

TON

3.11 IO VO R-L IO

chopper ON t 0< t
<TON
L

di (t )
dt

+ R i (t )

= V IN

Eb

..................(5)

take Laplace
V IN ( S ) Eb ( S )
S

L S I ( S ) L i (0 + ) + R I ( S ) =
V IN ( S ) Eb ( S )
I (S ) =
R
L S (S + )
L
invert Laplace

i (0 + )
R
(S + )
L

R
R

.t
t
V IN Eb

i (t ) = (
) 1 e L
+ I min e L

...................(6)

chopper ON t TON i( t ) Imax

(

L
R

)
TON

I max

TON

V Eb
= ( IN
) (1 e ) + I min e
R

...................(7)

chopper OFF t TON < t < T IO free wheeling

diode (D)
L

d i (t )
dt

+ R i ( t ) = Eb

(8)

take laplace ( 8 )
E (S )
+
L S I ( S ) L i ( TON
) + RI (S ) = b
S
Eb

I (S ) =

LS (S +

R
)
L

+
i ( TON
)
R
(S + )
L

invert Laplace

E
i (t ) = b (1 e
R

( t TON )

) + I max e

( t TON )

( 9 )

chopper OFF t T Imin

I min

E
= b (1 e
R

( T TON )

) + I max e

( T TON )

.( 10 )

( 7 ) ( 10 ) Imax Imin ( 11 ) ( 12 )

TON

I max

)
E
V IN (1 e
=
b
T
R
R
(1 e )

I min

V IN ( e 1)
=

T
R

(e
1)

(11)

TON

Eb
R

(12 )

( 11 ) ( 12 ) chopper ( TON = T
)
I max

= I min

V IN Eb
R

(13 )

TON T*ON t IO
IO Imin = 0 ( 12 )

Eb
VIN

KT

(e
T

(e

1)
1)

(14)

Vo
VIN

Eb

Imax

0
io
0

TON T1 T

3.12 IO VO R-L
(14 )
IO

Eb
R

 3.13

I min

= 0 .................amp

I max

V IN Eb
R

( 15 )

.......amp

( 16 )

V AV

T *

*
( T TON
)
TON
Eb
VIN +
T
T

( 17 )

= T

V AV

TON
V IN
T

freewheel diode
T = T

ON

I SW

VIN Eb
R

( 18 )

10

 freewheel diode
inductance
ID
ID

ID

T TON TON VIN Eb

T
T
R
( V Eb )
= (1 K ) K IN
R

(19 )

19 freewheel diode
d
I DAV
dK

( V Eb )
d
(1 K ) K IN
= 0
dK
R
( V Eb )
= (1 2 K ) IN
= 0
R
=

0.5

duty cycle 0.5 19 freewheel

diode
I DAVMAX

= 0.25

( V IN Eb )
R

( 20 )

11