West Somerset College Mathematics

Knowledge Organiser

GCSE Maths - Higher

 Real Life Graphs
Ready Reckoner Graphs Conversion Graphs Finding the Gradient
Ready reckoner graphs are any graph that allow you to make Conversion graphs are used to convert between 2 measures. Gradient or m is a measure of the steepness of a line. The
calculations. These could be for cost such as taxi journeys or higher the value of m, the steeper the line.
This could be currencies, distances, weights etc.
mobile phone bills, where you have an initial fixed charge
then a cost per unit. To read from a
Gradient from a Graph
conversion 8
Example: The graph shows the fixed cost and cost per mile graph you need When calculating gradient you need to find two points on
for a taxi journey. to find the value the line where you can identify a set of coordinates.
6

British pounds (£)

you have, either
along the 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦
4
m=
bottom or up 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥
the side, then 3
m= or 1.5 𝑦𝑦
read to the line 2 2
then to the
other axis. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
French Francs (F)

(0,3)
35 Examples:
30
25
50 French Francs
• If the journey was 6 miles long you would read from 6 up
to the line and across to read off the total cost. The cost 20 would equal £5 3
Feet

would be £5
15 Or
10
• The Initial cost is £2 as this is the value for 0 miles. 5 30 feet is equal to
9 meters. 𝑥𝑥
(-2,0) 2
0
• To work out the cost per mile you need to calculate the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Meters
gradient.

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Fixed Cost - Gradient - Coordinates - Distance Time Graphs
- Conversion - Axis - Reading Graphs - Velocity Time Graphs
- Steepness - Gradients

10H.1.1
 Distance Time Graphs
Features of a Distance Time Graphs
The vertical axis of a distance-time graph is the distance travelled
from the start, and the horizontal axis is the time taken from the start.
Distance time graphs show distance away from a point.
When an object is stationary, the line on the graph is horizontal.
Drawing Distance Time Graphs
Example: A car drives for 1.5 hours at a steady speed of 60mph, then stops for
30 minutes. The car then drives back to where it started at 45 mph.
1) For the first part of the journey the car is travelling at 60 mph so every
hour the car will have gone 60 miles, plot this point on your graph.

When an object is moving at a steady speed, the line on the graph is 2) This part takes 1.5 hours so draw a line from 0 through your point up to 1.5
straight, but sloped. The steeper the line, the greater the speed of the hours.
object. 3) The car is stationary for 30 minutes to the horizontal line goes from 1.5 hrs
to 2 hours.
Calculations
4) For the final part of the journey the car is travelling at 45 mph. For every
To calculate the average speed of a section of the
hour the car will go 45 miles. So trace across for 2 hours to 3 hours and
journey you need to find the distance travelled and
down 45 miles and plot your point.
the time taken for that section.
5) Draw a
Example: Find the average speed of the first
line
section of the red graph. 90
through
1) The distance for this section is 8 meters and this point

Distance (miles)

45 miles
8 meters
the time taken is 4 seconds. back to 60
𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃 the start. 1 hour
2) To calculate Speed you need to do
𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓

60 miles
30
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 8
→ =2 Your graph is
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 4 4 seconds now 1 hour
0
3) The average speed is 2m/s, because your complete. 1 2 3 4
calculation units were meters and seconds. Time (hours)

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Speed - Distance - Time - Real Life Graphs - Formulae
- Average speed - m/s, mph, km/h - Gradient - Compound Measures
- Stationary - Consistent/Steady - Time

10H.1.1
 Linear Graphs – Finding Equations
𝒎𝒎 = 𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮 𝒄𝒄 = 𝒚𝒚 − 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰
m is a measure of the steepness of a line. The higher the value of m, the steeper the line. c is the y-value where the line crosses the y-axis.
Finding the Equation of a Line from a Graph Finding the Equation of a Line given two points
When the only information you are given is the line drawn on a graph you need to find Use the two points to calculate the gradient. Then
Finding the Equation of a Line given a two exact sets of coordinates to be able to calculate gradient. repeat the method for Finding the Equation of a
point and a gradient Line given a point and a gradient using the found
When looking for exact coordinates,
gradient and either of the points.
Substitute in the gradient (m) and the find 2 places where the line crosses (2,8)
coordinates (𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚) in to the equation the intersection of the grid lines. Example: Find the equation of the line passing
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝒄𝒄 and solve for c. through (6,11) and (2,3)
Example:
Example: Find the equation of the line There are often more 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦
𝑚𝑚 =
with gradient 4 passing through (2,7). than 2 points that will 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥
work. 14 11−3 8
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚 = → =2
On the graph to the 6−2 4
(7) = (4) × (2) + 𝑐𝑐 right the 2 sets of The gradient of the line is 2.
7 = 8 + 𝑐𝑐 coordinates could be Now substitute in the gradient and one set of
(-5,-6) and (2,8). coordinates into 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐.
−8 from both sides (-5,-6)
Calculate the gradient 7 11 = 2 × 6 + 𝑐𝑐 Solve for c
𝑐𝑐 = −1 from these points.
Put your value for c into the format 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 11 = 12 + 𝑐𝑐 −12 from each side
𝒎𝒎 = = 𝟐𝟐, The gradient of the line is 2.
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐 along with the gradient 𝟕𝟕
Two lines are parallel if they have the same gradient. 𝑐𝑐 = −1
given in the question. You can see from the graph that the y-intercept is (0,4) so 𝒄𝒄 = 𝟒𝟒.
The equation of the line is 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟒𝟒. A line which is parallel to 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 1 would be any so
𝒚𝒚 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝟏𝟏 equation in the form 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 + 𝒂𝒂, where 𝑎𝑎 is any number,
You can use this same method to find equations of Conversion Graphs. 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏
for example 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 4, 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 − 2 or 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 100.

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Point - Gradient - Coordinates - Gradient - Solving Inequalities
- Intercept - Equation - Solving Equations - Plotting Graphs - Simultaneous Equations
- Substitute - Conversion Graphs - Substitution

10H.1.2
 Linear Graphs - Plotting
Plotting using a Table of Values Plotting using the Gradient Intercept Method Plotting using the Cover Up Method
Example: Plot the graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑 for −3 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3. Example: Plot the graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏 The cover up method is used when plotting equations in
the form 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 + 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝒄𝒄.
1) Draw a table of values and substitute each x-value into 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝒄𝒄 is the equation for a linear graph, where m is
the formula to find the gradient and c is the y-intercept. Example: Plot the graph of 2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 = 6
the corresponding You will need to find 2 sets of coordinates to plot your
1) Plot your y-intercept.
y-value. graph, the easiest way to do this is to find 𝑦𝑦 when 𝑥𝑥 = 0
This is at +1.
Your x values will be and to find 𝑥𝑥 when 𝑦𝑦 = 0.
from -3 to 3 because 2) The gradient is 2. 2

− 3 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3. Therefore for every 1

1 you go across you
𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑 when go 2 up.
𝑥𝑥 = 0 becomes,
𝑦𝑦 = 2 × 0 − 3 Start at +1, the point
𝑦𝑦 = −3 you have already
plotted. Your 2 sets of
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
3) Connect with a line. coordinates are:
y -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3
3
(0,2) from 𝑥𝑥 = 0
2) Plot each pair of (0,2)
What about 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1
coordinates: (-3, -9), 2 and
(3,0)
(-2, -7), etc. The intercept is still at +1 (3,0) from 𝑦𝑦 = 0
3) Draw a straight line 3
This time the gradient is this Plot these coordinates
through all of the 2 and connect with a
means you need to go 2 across
points that goes all line that goes all the
and 3 up to create your
the way across your way across your
gradient.
graph. graph.

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Table of Values - Substitution - Gradient - Substitution - Equation of a Line - Solving Equations
- Intercept - Coordinate - Cover Up - Plotting Points and Lines - Parallel and Perpendicular - Gradient
- Quadratic and Cubic Graphs

10H.1.3
 Linear Graphs – Parallel Lines
Finding the Gradient of a Line Parallel Lines
Gradient or m is a measure of the steepness of a line. The Two lines are parallel if they have the same gradient.
higher the value of m, the steeper the line. Example: Give the equation of a line which is parallel to
𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 1.
Gradient from a Graph
When calculating gradient The answer to this is any line
with equation 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 + 𝒂𝒂,
you need to find two
(0,3) where 𝑎𝑎 is any number, for
points on the line where
example 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 4, 𝑦𝑦 =
you can identify a set of
5𝑥𝑥 − 2 or 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 100.
coordinates.

m=
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦 3 You may need to rearrange equations of lines to compare
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥
gradients (they need to be in the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐 and
m=
3
2 𝑥𝑥
(-2,0) 2 must equal the same number of 𝑦𝑦).
Example: Are the lines 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 − 1 and 2𝑦𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 10 = 0
parallel?
Gradient from two points
𝑦𝑦2 −𝑦𝑦1 To compare these equations second equation needs to be
m= where y2 and y1 are just different y coordinates, and x2 and x1 are the related rearranged into the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐.
𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥1
x coordinates. 2𝑦𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 10 = 0 You can now compare 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 − 1
Example: Find the gradient of the line segment between (2, -3) and (6, 9). −10 → 2𝑦𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑥 = −10 with 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 − 5.
9 −−3 12 +6𝑥𝑥 → 2𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑥 − 10 Since the two gradients are the
m= = =3
6 −2 4 same (3), the lines are parallel.
÷ 2 → 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 − 5
So the gradient of this line segment is 3.

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Gradient - Line Segment - Division - Coordinates - Finding Equations of Lines
- Parallel - Perpendicular - Rearranging Formula - Solving Equations - Calculating the length of a line segment
- Reciprocal - Substitute - Reciprocals

10H.1.4
 Linear Graphs – Perpendicular Lines
Perpendicular Lines Proof
Two lines are perpendicular if the product of their Consecutive Integers n, n + 1, n + 2,…
You will sometimes be asked to prove that a
gradients equal -1. The gradient of one line will be the statement is true you can do this by using Even Numbers 2n
negative reciprocal of the gradient of the other line. algebra. Odd Numbers 2n + 1
Example: Give the equation of a line that is perpendicular On the right are some useful generalisations … Consecutive Evens 2n, 2n + 2, 2n + 4,…
to 𝑦𝑦 = ½𝑥𝑥 + 3.
When answering questions to do with parallel Consecutive Odd 2n +1, 2n + 3,…
The inverse reciprocal of ½ is −2, or perpendicular lines you will need to use that
(−2 × ½ = −1), so answer to this knowledge together with the algebra to prove the statement.
would be any line with a gradient
of −2, for example 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 − 2 Proof Examples
or 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 22. The sum of any three consecutive integers is a multiple of 3.

Example: Find the equation of the line perpendicular to Let the consecutive integers be 𝑛𝑛, 𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 + 2.
𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 which passes through (6,5). So 𝑛𝑛 + 𝑛𝑛 + 1 + 𝑛𝑛 + 2 = 3𝑛𝑛 + 3
As they are perpendicular, the gradient of the new line will Factorise to give 3 𝑛𝑛 + 1
1
be − 3 as this is the negative reciprocal of 3. The 3 in front of the brackets prove that this is a multiple of 3.
To find the equation we put this gradient into the format Prove that the square of an odd number is always odd.
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐, with the (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) values substituted in;
Let the odd number be 2𝑛𝑛 + 1.
1
5= −3× 6 + 𝑐𝑐 Solve to find c 5 = −2 + 𝑐𝑐 So (2𝑛𝑛 + 1)2 = 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 2𝑛𝑛 + 1
+2 𝑐𝑐 = 7 = 4𝑛𝑛2 + 4𝑛𝑛 + 1
1
You have now found that 𝑚𝑚 = − 3 and 𝑐𝑐 = 7, remember = 2 2𝑛𝑛2 + 2𝑛𝑛 + 1
1
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐 so 𝑦𝑦 = − 3 𝑥𝑥 + 7 As 2 2𝑛𝑛2 + 2𝑛𝑛 is even, then when we add 1, the number must be odd.

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Gradient - Line Segment - Division - Coordinates - Finding Equations of Lines
- Parallel - Perpendicular - Rearranging Formula - Solving Equations - Calculating the length of a line segment
- Reciprocal - Substitute - Reciprocals

10H.1.5
 Quadratic Graphs
Quadratic Graphs Sketching Quadratics
Quadratic graphs are always a ‘U’ shape. The highest To sketch the graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 you will need to factorise.
power of 𝑥𝑥 in a quadratic graph is 2. 1) Because the 𝑥𝑥 value is positive the ‘U’ shape (parabola) will be open at the top.
2
The graph (right) shows 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 , other examples of 2) Now factorise the quadratic. Identify 2 numbers whose sum is −8 and the product is 12 .
quadratic graphs could be 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 or 𝑦𝑦 = The numbers are −2 and −6. So 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = (𝒙𝒙 − 𝟐𝟐)(𝒙𝒙 − 𝟔𝟔).
𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 4.
3) Find the values for 𝑥𝑥 when 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎𝟎.
Quadratic graphs can be plotted using a table of values, 𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 12 = 0 → 𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑥 − 6 = 0.
by substituting in the x value to give your y coordinate, So the values of 𝑥𝑥 are 2 and 6.
e.g. when 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 22 = 4 so 𝑦𝑦 = 4 the coordinate is (2,4).
4) We now know where the graph crosses the 𝑥𝑥-axis, (2,0) and (6,0). These are called the
Below left is a version of a 𝑦𝑦 =– 𝑥𝑥2 graph where the roots of 𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 12 = 0.
inclusion of – 𝑥𝑥2 has flipped the ‘U’ shape (reflected in the
x axis). A 𝑦𝑦 =– 𝑥𝑥2 graph will always look like this. 5) The 𝑥𝑥-coordinate of the vertex (turning point) is the midpoint of the 𝑥𝑥-coordinates in (4).
2+6
= 4, the x-coordinate is 4.
The turning point of a quadratic graph is the exact point where the graph changes direction. 2
6) Substitute 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟒𝟒 in the equation
In the example (left) the
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 12 to find the 𝑦𝑦-coordinate
coordinates of the turning
of the vertex.
point are (-2,-3).
𝑦𝑦 = (4)2 −8 × 4 + 12
When reading solutions 16 − 32 + 12 = −4
from quadratic graphs there
7) The vertex (turning point) is at (4, -4)
can sometimes be more
than 1 solution. Now we have 3 points (4,−4) , (2,0) and (6,0)
which are on the parabola (line of the graph).
Example: Value of x when
Plot the points, joining them with a smooth
𝑦𝑦 = 1.5. 𝑥𝑥 = −5 and 1.
curve and extend the parabola to fill the grid.

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Quadratic - Cubic - Linear Graphs - Solving Quadratics
- ‘U’ Shape - Turning Point - Equations - Transformation of Graphs
- Solutions - Table of Values - Indices

10H.1.6
 Cubic and Reciprocal Graphs
Cubic Graphs Reciprocal Graphs Sketching Cubics
The highest power of 𝑥𝑥 in a cubic Graphs of the form 𝑦𝑦 = A cubic is in the form 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝟑𝟑 + 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 + 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 + 𝒅𝒅.

You can use a table of values to plot a cubic graph. You can also read off solutions.
graph is 3. 1 2 3
, , , etc., are known as
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
The graph (right) shows 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 , 3
reciprocal graphs, and they all
other examples of cubic graphs have a similar shape.
could be 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 5, 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 3 or
1 2
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 1. The graph shows in blue,
𝑥𝑥
If the 𝑥𝑥3 is negative (𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥3), the 3 the 𝑥𝑥 3 in the general
in red and in green.
graph will be the other way up (it 𝑥𝑥
will be reflected in the x axis, as all
There are asymptotes at the x and
the y values will now be negative).
y axes – this means that the graph
The graph below right shows the
gets closer and closer to the axes
equation 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥3.
without ever touching them.
𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 = −
𝒙𝒙
𝑥𝑥
Left is a negative reciprocal
graph, again the graph has been
reflected in the x-axis.
The "basic" cubic
function, 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 , is
graphed to the right in
blue.
The coefficient (𝑎𝑎) with
equation makes the
graph ‘wider’ or
‘skinnier’, or reflects it
in the 𝑦𝑦-axis if negative.
Note a big number
makes it skinnier or
steeper a small number
makes it wider.
The constant 𝒅𝒅 in the
equation is the 𝑦𝑦 -
intercept of the graph.
The graph, right, shows
the movement up the
grid if this value is
positive and down if The effects of 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑐𝑐 on the
negative. graph are more complicated.

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Quadratic - Cubic - Linear Graphs - Solving Quadratics
- ‘U’ Shape - Turning Point - Equations - Transformation of Graphs
- Solutions - Table of Values - Indices

10H.1.7
 Circles 1 - Area
A circle is a shape consisting of a curved line completely surrounding an area. Every Calculating the Area of a Circle
part of the line is the same distance from the centre of the area.
𝑨𝑨 = 𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐 → 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝝅𝝅 × 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐
Circumference: The outer edge Radius: The distance from the
of a circle. centre to the edge (half the In the diagram the 𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 5𝑚𝑚, so we would need to substitute 5 into
length of the diameter). the formula.
The plural is Radii. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋 × 5 2 → 25𝜋𝜋 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 78.55(𝑚𝑚2 )
Diameter: The distance When writing 25𝜋𝜋 you are giving your answer in terms of 𝜋𝜋.
from edge to edge Arc: A part of the
passing through the circumference.
centre. If the diameter is given you will need to halve this first to get the radius
before substituting into the formula.
Sector: The area
enclosed by an Using the example, left. The 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 12.7𝑚𝑚, 12.7 ÷ 2 = 6.35
Chord: A straight line
joining any two points on arc and two radii. Now we would need to substitute 6.35 into the formula.
the circumference of a circle. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋 × 6.35 2 → 40.3225𝜋𝜋 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 126.68(𝑚𝑚2 ) to 2dp.
Segment: The area
enclosed by an
Reverse Area:
Tangent: A straight line which touches a circle at one point only. arc and a chord.
If the area is 28.27cm2 what is the radius? Use the area formula (A = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2 ).

𝝅𝝅 ≈ 𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 Substitute in the values you know, 28.27 = 𝜋𝜋 × 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 2 , remember you know the
Use the 𝜋𝜋 button on the calculator, value of 𝜋𝜋 (3.142…).

28.27 28.27
Rearrange, ÷ 𝜋𝜋 → = 𝑟𝑟 2 , → = 𝑟𝑟, Solve using a calculator, 𝑟𝑟 = 3.
Use 𝜋𝜋 = 3 when asked to estimate. 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Radius - Diameter - Arc - Chord - Naming Shapes - Circular Graphs
- Sector - Segment - Tangent - Area - Area and Perimeter
- Pi 𝜋𝜋 - Composite - Circumference

10H.2.1
 Circles 2 - Circumference
Circumference:
𝑪𝑪 = 𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫 → 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝝅𝝅 × 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
You may also be familiar with the formula 𝑪𝑪 = 𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓, this formula will give you the exact same result so use the one you know.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 × 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 → 2 × 5 = 10𝑚𝑚

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝜋𝜋 × 10 → 10𝜋𝜋 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 31.42(𝑚𝑚)

Reverse Circumference:
If the circumference is 31.4cm what is the diameter? Use the circumference formula (𝐶𝐶 = 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷). 𝝅𝝅 ≈ 𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Substitute in the values you know, 31.4 = 𝜋𝜋 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, remember you know the value of 𝜋𝜋 (3.142…). Use the 𝜋𝜋 button on the calculator,
31.4
Rearrange, ÷ 𝜋𝜋 → 𝜋𝜋 = 𝑑𝑑, Solve using a calculator, 𝑑𝑑 = 10 (to the nearest whole number).
If you were asked to find or needed the radius you would need to halve the diameter. Use 𝜋𝜋 = 3 when asked to estimate.
Area to Circumference:
Some questions require you to move from Area to Circumference, here is an example. The area of a circle is 49.7359cm2, what is the circumference?

1) First use the area formula in reverse to find the radius. 𝑨𝑨 = 𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐 → 49.7359 = 𝜋𝜋 × 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 2

49.7359 49.7359
2) Rearrange, ÷ 𝜋𝜋 → 𝜋𝜋
= 𝑟𝑟 2 , → 𝜋𝜋
= 𝑟𝑟, Solve using a calculator, 𝑟𝑟 = 3.98 (2dp. But you should store this number in your calculator for further calculations)

3) Now you have a radius double it to get you circumference (3.98 × 2 = 7.96), the diameter is 7.96 (2dp.), again store this figure.

4) The final step is to use the found diameter in the Circumference formula, 𝑪𝑪=𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫 = 𝜋𝜋 × 7.96 → 7.96𝜋𝜋 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 25(𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚) to the nearest cm.

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Radius - Diameter - Arc - Chord - Naming Shapes - Circular Graphs
- Sector - Segment - Tangent - Area - Area and Perimeter
- Pi 𝜋𝜋 - Composite - Circumference

10H.2.2
 Circles 3 – Arcs and Sectors
Arc Lengths: Area of Sectors:
An arc is part of the circumference so the formula 𝐶𝐶 = 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷 is A sector is part of the area so the formula 𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2 is used
used and multiplied by the fraction of the circle you are finding. and multiplied by the fraction of the circle you are finding.

𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷 × 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2 ×
360 360

In this case the area formula multiplies by the given

𝒓𝒓 = 𝟐𝟐
The circumference formula multiplies by the given 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐° angle over 360
angle over 360
Example:

Example: Radius = 8
Diameter = 2 × 2 (because the radius is 2), D = 4
60
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋 × 4 ×
28
→ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0.98(2𝑑𝑑. 𝑝𝑝) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝜋𝜋 × 82 × → 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 33.51(2𝑑𝑑. 𝑝𝑝)
360 360

60
28 You would use because the given angle was 60.
360
You would use because the given angle was 28.
360
60
Composite Shapes: Sometimes you can simplify the angle fraction, e.g. 360 would
With a composite shape involving circles you can use the same method as 1
simplify to 6 meaning you could fit 6 of these sectors in a full
with any other shape. Split the shape into bits that you can calculate
circle.
separately, then add the bits together.

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Radius - Diameter - Arc - Chord - Naming Shapes - Circular Graphs
- Sector - Segment - Tangent - Area - Area and Perimeter
- Pi 𝜋𝜋 - Composite - Circumference

10H.2.3
 Surface Area
Surface Area only applies to 3D objects and is the total area of all the faces added together. Example 2:
The surface area is the area of the shapes net or it would be how much paper you would For a cylinder this is the area of the 2 circles plus the area of the rectangle that joins them.
need to cover the whole object. 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 × 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉
You need to make sure you calculate the area of every face.
Example 1: 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅 (𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)
The quickest way to calculate the surface area of a prism is to find the area of the
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑨𝑨𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = (𝟐𝟐 × 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 ) + (𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫).
cross-section and the perimeter of the cross section.
1 Substitute in the values.
Area of the cross-section = 2 × 4 × 6 = 12 × 2 = 24
2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 2 × 𝜋𝜋 × 8 + 𝜋𝜋 × 16 × 15
(Because there are 2 ends)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 402.12 + 753.98
Perimeter of the cross-section = 7 + 7 + 4 = 18
(The distance all the way around the triangle) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 1156.10𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 (2𝑑𝑑. 𝑝𝑝. )
Note: The length of
Area of the side face(s) = 18 × 12 = 216 the rectangle is equal
(Perimeter of triangle multiplied by the length) Note: Surface Area is measured in 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝟐𝟐 . to the circumference
of the circular ends.
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐
Spheres and Hemispheres Cones
Pyramids 𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒓𝒓 Cones are a type of pyramid, only they have a
Pyramids can have any shape for its base circular base.
You would need to use the formula and
the most common are triangular based
substitute in the relevant values. The Surface Area is calculated by adding
pyramids and square based pyramids. The
surface area is calculated by adding together the area of When calculating surface area of a hemisphere together the area of the circle with the area of the curved side.
each side. You will need to know how the find the area of (1/2 a sphere) calculate for a whole sphere 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝝅𝝅 × 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 × 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 → 𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅
rectangles and triangles. You may need to use Pythagoras, then halve but remember to add on the
So the Surface Area would be,
1
Trigonometry or even 2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. area of the circle on the base.
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 + (𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅)

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Area - Prism - Faces - Area - Circles - Similarity & Congruence - Volume
- Net - Cylinder - Edges - Perimeter - Faces/Edge/Vertices - Compound Surface Area - Dimensions
- Perimeter - Circumference - Cuboid - Units - Nets

10H.2.4
 Volume
Prisms Pyramids and Cones
A prism is a 3D shape where the cross-section is exactly the same all the way through the Pyramids can have any shape for its base the most common are
length of the shape. h triangular based pyramids and square based pyramids.
The formula for calculating the 𝟏𝟏
volume of all prisms is the same… 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 = 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 × 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉
𝟑𝟑
𝟏𝟏
Example: 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒂𝒂 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝒂 + 𝒃𝒃 × 𝒉𝒉 Cones are a type of pyramid, only they have a circular base. The volume is
calculated in the same way, below is the formula for the volume of a pyramid with the
1 1
= 8 + 14 × 4 → × 22 × 4 = 44𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 formula for the area of a circle included. 𝟏𝟏
2 2 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 = 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 × 𝒉𝒉
Example: 𝟑𝟑
The area of the cross-section is 44cm2, you now need 𝟏𝟏
to multiply this area by the length. If the radius of the circle is 3cm and the height is 7. 𝑽𝑽 = × 𝝅𝝅 × 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 × 𝟕𝟕 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟑
𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑 Frustums
A frustum is a cone with the top cut off, because of this its volume is
found by calculating the volume of the whole cone and then subtracting
Cylinders
the smaller missing part of the cone.
Volume of a Cylinder: 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 = 𝝅𝝅 × 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 × 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 (𝑽𝑽 = 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝒉)
Example: 𝐻𝐻 = 12𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, ℎ = 8𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑅𝑅 = 15𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑟𝑟 = 5𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
In the example, 𝑟𝑟 = 8 and ℎ = 15. Substitute in the values. 𝑽𝑽 =
𝟏𝟏
× 𝝅𝝅 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 −
𝟏𝟏
× 𝝅𝝅 × 𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟐 × (12 − 8) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
2
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 × 8 × 15 → 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 × 64 × 15
Spheres
𝑉𝑉 = 3015.93𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 (2𝑑𝑑. 𝑝𝑝. ) 𝟒𝟒 𝟑𝟑
Use these formula and substitute in the given radius. 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 = 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓
You can also do reverse calculations by dividing the volume by the height to find the area of 𝟑𝟑
Example: If the radius was 4cm you would substitute 4 into the formula.
the circle, or divide by the area of the circle (𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ) to find the height.
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
Note: Volume is measured in 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝟑𝟑 . × 𝝅𝝅 × (𝟒𝟒)𝟑𝟑 → × 𝝅𝝅 × 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 → 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑 (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Area - Cross-Section - Faces - Area - Circles - Volume - Similarity & Congruence
- Net - Cylinder - Edges - Surface Area - Faces/Edge/Vertices - Dimensions - Compound Surface Area
- Prism - Units - Cuboid - Units - Nets

10H.2.5
 Trigonometry
Trigonometry is concerned with the calculation of the length of sides and angles in Calculating the angle
triangles. To calculate angles, the trigonometry function needs to change sides – to do this, the
In right angled triangles where: inverse of the function must be used:- 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬−𝟏𝟏 ; 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜−𝟏𝟏 ; 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭−𝟏𝟏
Adjacent is next to the given angle Example: Calculate the size of the angle
o
Opposite is opposite the given angle • Label the sides, in this example you are using H and O so find the
Hypotenuse is the longest side H ratio that includes H and O.
O
• You need to use the Sine rule, so the SOH triangle needs to be used.
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
• You want to find the angle so use the calculation 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝜃𝜃 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
The following trigonometry functions or ratios apply to right-angles triangles:-
• Because you are finding the angle you will need to enter this into
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 A your calculator slightly differently.
sin 𝜃𝜃= cos 𝜃𝜃= tan 𝜃𝜃=
ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 𝟖𝟖
These ratios can be remembered using SOHCAHTOA which can be used in the same way as the formula
𝜽𝜽 = 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔−𝟏𝟏 → 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔−𝟏𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)
𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
triangles for Speed Distance Time etc.
Calculating lengths of sides
SOH-CAH-TOA Isosceles Triangles and Trig Angle 𝜽𝜽
𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
Example: Calculate the length labelled 𝑥𝑥
O A O Remember an Degrees
S H C H T A isosceles triangle 1 2 3
• Label the sides, in this example you are using H and A so find the ratio that can be made up 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝜽𝜽) 0 1
includes H and A. 2 2 2
H A of two right
O • You need to use the Cosine rule, so the CAH triangle needs to be used. C H angled triangles. 3 2 1
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝜽𝜽) 1 0
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 10 Look out for 2 2 2
• You want to find the hypotenuse so use the calculation 𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = →
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝜃𝜃 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(42) this in 1 Not
A • Type the exact calculation into your calculator to get 13.4563𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 questions. 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭(𝜽𝜽) 0 1 3 Defined
3

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Opposite - Adjacent - Hypotenuse - Square and square roots of numbers - Area using trig - Co-ordinate geometry - Bearings
- Sine - Cosine - Tangent - Solving equations - Angles of depression/Elevation - Sine Rule
- Trigonometry - Trigonometric ratio - Inverse - Rearranging formulae - sine/cos/tan graphs - Cosine Rule

10H.2.6
 Accuracy and Bounds
Any recorded measurement has almost certainly been rounded. The true value will be
somewhere between the lower bound and the upper bound Operation Minimum Maximum
• The lower bound is the smallest number that rounds up to the given number. The upper
Addition (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
bound is the largest number that rounds down to the given number
• You should use ‘half a unit above’ and ‘half a unit below’ to find upper and lower bounds Subtraction (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏) 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

For discrete data: - data that can only take certain values within a given range Multiplication (𝑎𝑎 × 𝑏𝑏) 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
E.g. a coach is carrying 50 people, to the nearest 10. The lower bound is 45, and the upper
Division (𝑎𝑎 ÷ 𝑏𝑏) 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ÷ 𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ÷ 𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
bound is 54 (not 55 as this would round up).

For continuous data: - data that can take any value within a given range
Error Intervals
E.g. The length of a stick of wood is 32 cm, measured to the nearest centimetre. The lower
The lower and upper bounds are sometimes known as the limits of accuracy and
bound is 31.5 cm, and the upper bound is 32.5 cm (this time .5 is used as it includes all values
the range between them is the error interval.
up to that figure)
E.g. The error interval for the 32 cm stick is as follows;
When finding upper and lower bounds using formulae the calculations on the right should be 31.5 cm ≤ length of stick < 32.5 cm
used. • Note the use of the strict inequality (<) for the upper bound, meaning that the
e.g. A rectangle has sides given as 6 cm by 15 cm, to the nearest centimetre. Calculate the 32.5 is not included but everything up to that value is.
limits of accuracy of the area of the rectangle
Upper bound: 6.5 × 15.5 = 100.75 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚2 The table above shows the combinations to give minimum and maximum values for
all four operations of two numbers, 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏:
Lower Bound: 5.5 × 14.5 = 79.75 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚2
𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 lie within limits 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝒂𝒂 < 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝒃𝒃𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝒃𝒃 < 𝒃𝒃𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
79.75 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚2 ≤ area < 100.75 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚2

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Discrete Data - Continuous Data - Rounding - Decimal Places
- Error Interval - Limits of accuracy - Accuracy - Significant Figures
- Lower Bound - Upper Bound

10H.2.7
 Direct Proportion

∝ this symbol means

“is proportional to”

k = constant of proportionality

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

Constant Solving equations Inverse proportion
proportion

10H.3.1
 Inverse Proportion

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

Constant Solving equations Inverse proportion
proportion

10H.3.1
 Constructions

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Construction - Protractor - Angles - Loci
- Perpendicular - Arc - Trigonometry
- Pair of Compasses - Pythagoras

10H.3.2
 Loci

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Loci/Locus - Equidistant - Constructions - Bearings
- Pair of compasses - Base line - Angles
- Protractor - Construction
- Arc
10H.3.3
 Bearings

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Construction - North - Constructing triangles - Trigonometry
- Bearings - Angles - Pythagoras
- Clockwise

10H.3.4
 Inequalities

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Inequality - Greater than - Less than - Solving equations - Graphical inequalities
- Equal to - Solve - Integer - Ordering numbers
- Included

10H.3.5
 Solving Inequalities

To solve inequalities you must follow the same rules that you follow for
solving equations. (Instead of an equals sign you keep the inequalities sign)
You also need to flip
the inequality sign if
you multiply or
divide by a negative
number

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Inequality - Solving equations - Solving Inequalities
- Greater than - Graphing Inequalities
- Less than

10H.3.6
 Solving Quadratics

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Quadratic - Factors - Squaring - Sketching quadratics
- Factorise - Expression - Factorising - Square roots - Discriminant
- Term - Solving linear equations 10H.4.1
 Probability - independent events
Independent vs Dependent Events: The probability of 2 events is ‘dependent’ if the probability of one event changes depending on the
outcome of the other. If neither event affects the probability of the other then they are ‘independent’.

Rules for Independent Probability:

OR Probability: AND Probability:
To calculate the probability of an “or” event happening you E.g: The probability of rolling a 6 followed by a 1 on a single dice (And
must first check if the 2 events are mutually exclusive. situation).

Mutually Exclusive: Events are mutually exclusive if they can 𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴 × 𝑃𝑃 𝐵𝐵

happen at the same time. E.g a coin cannot land on heads and
tails at the same time, the events are mutually exclusive. 1 1 1
𝑃𝑃 6 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1 = × =
6 6 36

P(A or B) when A and B are not mutually exclusive:

𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴 + 𝑃𝑃 𝐵𝐵 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵) 1 1 2

Example 1: P(rolling a 1 or 6 on a single dice) = + =
6 6 6
P(A or B) when A and B are mutually exclusive:
1 1 1
Example 2: P(rolling 6’s on 2 dice rolled at the same time) = × =
6 6 36
𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴 + 𝑃𝑃 𝐵𝐵

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Probability - Conditional - fractions - Venn diagrams
- Dependent
- Independent

10H.4.2
 Probability – Dependent Events
Dependent probability example explained:
This bag contains blue and yellow marbles, we’re going to pick one and note the colour, then pick another WITHOUT
replacing the first.
On a probability tree you can see this
means the fractions change on the second
set of branches:

If the first one was yellow, this is the bag

This depends what colour we took out
now:
first! If we took a blue one first, this is the
bag now:

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Probability - Event - Outcome - Fractions, decimals, percentages - Set notation
- Likelihood - Chance - Theoretical - Venn diagrams - Multiplicative reasoning
- Impossible - Certain - Experimental - Listing outcomes 10H.4.3
 Transformations- Reflection
Reflection
Every point in the image is the same distance
from the mirror line as the original shape.

The line joining a point on the original shape

to the same point on the image is
perpendicular to the mirror line.

A reflection creates a congruent image

Example: In the diagram on

the right, shape B has been
reflected in the line y=1

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

− Transformation − Coordinates - Combined transformations
− Reflection - Straight line graphs
− Mirror line - Similarity & congruence

10H.4.4
 Transformations – Rotations

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Object – Start shape - Image – result of transformation - Shapes - Scales - Transformation of functions
- Congruent – same - Similar – same angles - Angles - Straight line graphs - Similar shapes
- Perpendicular - Congruence

10H.4.4
 Transformations - Translations

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Object – Start shape - Image – result of transformation - Shapes - Scales - Transformation of functions
- Congruent – same - Similar – same angles - Angles - Straight line graphs - Similar shapes
- Perpendicular - Congruence

10H.4.5
 Transformations- Enlargement
Enlargement Triangle ABC has been enlarged by
Enlarging a shape changes its size a scale factor of 3
the centre of enlargement is O
2 parts of an enlargement
• the scale factor
• the centre of enlargement This means that the distance
Draw construction lines
from the centre of OA’ is 3 times the distance OA
Fractional scale factors reduce the shape OB’ is 3 time the distance OB
enlargement through each
vertex of the shape & OC’ is 3 times the distance OC
An enlargement creates a similar shape

Fractional Scale Factor

Shape ABCD has been

enlarged by Triangle ABC has been enlarged
a scale factor of 2 by a scale factor of ½
the centre of enlargement This means that the distance of
is at (0,0) each vertex from the origin has halved
and the shape is smaller than the original

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

− Enlargement Coordinates - Combined transformations
− Scale Factor Similarity & congruence

10H.4.6
 Transformations- Enlargement with negative scale factor
When enlarging by the negative scale factor the resulting shape is inverted

Example:
original shape
Enlarge shape WXYZ by a scale
factor of -2, with centre of
enlargement at the origin

Step 1: draw construction lines from

the centre to each vertex
Step 2: extend the construction lines construction lines
in the opposite direction
Step 3: measure the new construction
lines so they are
original length x sf
resulting shape

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

− Enlargement Coordinates - Combined transformations
− Scale Factor Similarity & congruence
− Inverted

10H.4.6
 Multiplicative Reasoning

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

− Multiply - Converting units - Speed - Growth and decay
− Convert - Simple interest - Acceleration
− Compound - Indices - Density

10H.5.1+2
 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Content:
The 3 Basic Trigonometric graphs: Transforming Trigonometric Graphs:
Translations:
The graphs of the trig functions can be translated, moved either up, down, left or right, by
making the following alterations where a is a constant:
Translation Change to Function Example: To move 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 to the right 60 units
we change the function to: 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 − 60
None 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥

Up 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎

Down 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎

All trig graphs have ° on the x axis. On the y axis the sine and cosine graphs oscillate Left 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎
between 1 and -1. Tan goes from negative to positive infinity.
Right 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎
Common Values:
Using the graphs of the trig functions we can find some useful values of each function at Reflections:
certain values of x. You will need to be able to remember ALL of the values below: The graphs can be reflected in either the y or x axes by making the following alterations:

Reflection Change to Function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

y axis 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 −𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
x axis 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

− Sine - Wave - Trigonometry - Combined transformations
− Cosine - Oscillate - -Translations - Exact trig values
− Tangent - Infinite

10H.5.3+4
 Similarity and Congruence 2D

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

− Congruence - Triangle properties - Combined transformations
− Similarity - Angles
− Proportion - Enlargements

10H.5.5+6
 Cumulative Frequency and Box Plots
Cumulative Frequency Box Plots
Cumulative frequency means the total Box plots are used to represent the spread of data and are created from a cumulative
frequency up to that point. frequency graph.
We do this by adding up each of the
frequencies up to that class. To create one the following pieces of information are required:
The cumulative frequency for the final class
should be the total Lowest Value , Lower Quartile, Median, Upper Quartile & Highest Value
pieces of data in the set.
From this we can plot the end of each class and the cumulative frequency to form a cumulative
frequency graph. The lowest value in the first class should be plotted as zero on the curve.

Once plotted we can calculate vital statistics in the

following way:

Median:
Find the midpoint on the cumulative frequency axis
and read across and down to find the corresponding We can use a box plot to interpret various facts about the data set in question:
value.
• A higher median means that the average for the data set is higher
Inter-Quartile Range: • A small IQR means the data is tightly spread, the data is consistent. A large IQR
The lower quartile is found at ¼ of the cumulative suggests inconsistent results.
frequency; the upper quartile at ¾ of the cumulative • Large “whiskers” at the end of the box plot could suggest that there are anomalous
frequency. pieces of data or that the data is widely spread from the median.
The inter-quartile range is therefore the difference
between the upper and lower quartiles.

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

− Cumulative frequency - Range - Median - Frequency polygons - Comparing data sets
− Median - Range - Histograms
− Quartile - Scatter graphs

10H.6.1
 Histograms
Reading a Histogram
The vertical axis on a histogram is always called frequency density.
We can to calculate the frequency of a group of data from a histogram using the density formula:
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 × 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
Drawing a Histogram
To draw a histogram we need to calculate frequency density using the following formula:
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ÷ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

So if we were asked to calculate the frequency from this histogram: We add an extra column onto the frequency table, as shown below:

We can then use this to create a histogram.

We would get: Age Calculation Frequency

5 – 11 1x6 6 A histogram does not have to have a labelled
11 – 16 3x5 15 frequency density axis. So sometimes the
16 – 18 2x2 4 question may ask to complete the table or
histogram when given partial information.
If we were asked to calculate the mean or median from a histogram we would first convert
frequency density into frequency as seen above.
From this we can calculate the mean etc in the same way as we would for a grouped frequency
table.

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Histogram - Median - Median - Frequency Polygons - Comparing data sets
- Frequency - Bar Charts - Drawing conclusions
- Range
- Mean 10H.6.2
- Scatter graphs
 Further Trigonometry
Cosine Rule:

Sine Rule:

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Sine - Rearranging - Co ordinate geometry
- Cosine - Substitution - Angles of despression
- Trigonometry
- Substitute - Angles of elevation 10H.6.3,4+5
 Surds

Vocabulary Linked Prior Topics Linked Future Topics

- Surd - Fators - Accuracy
- Root - Square numbers - Completing the square
- Prime factor trees
- Factor - Rationalising denominators 10H.6.6