PHARMACOLOGY COURSEWORK

GIT Drugs
November 2-4,
2022

NAME: Dave, Trisha Isobel DATE: 11/3/2022

1. Fill out the drug study table.

Drug Uses Action Common and Nursing Must Remember

Classification Severe Side Responsibility
Effect
Antacids Are medicines The mechanism • Diarrhea or • Assess the • All antacids
that counteract of action of constipation patient for signs should be
(neutralise) the antacids varies • Flatulence and symptoms administered and
acid in your on their ability (wind) of stomach pain, taken on a
stomach to to neutralize • Stomach indigestion, regular schedule.
relieve GI hydrochloric cramps heartburn, • Antacids that
symptoms such acid and • Feeling sick or stomach upset, come in liquid
as hyperacidity, effectively vomiting nausea or form need to
heartburn, and increase the pH vomiting, and GI be shaken
indigestion. of the stomach • Acid rebound bleeding. before taken.
secretions. • Neurotoxicity • Assess if the • If administering
Regular • Microcytic patient is pregnant an antacid via
administration anemia or lactating. nasogastric tube
of antacids • Osteopenia Collect bloods for (NGT), be sure to
ideally • Hypercalcemia renal function flush with water
maintains the tests and serum following the
pH above 4 to electrolyte levels. medication.
5. • Administer • Use with
antacids between caution in
1 to 3 hours after lactating women.
meals, and/or 1 • You can drink
hour before alcohol while
bedtime. taking antacids,
• Educate the but alcohol can
patient about the irritate your
action, indication, stomach and
common side make your
effects, and symptoms worse.
adverse reactions
to note when
taking antacids.
• Instruct the
patient on how
to self-administer
antacids.
• Monitor the
patient’s response
to antacids.
Mucosal Are medications Sucralfate • Stomach • Assess current • Bismuth
Protectants that protect the locally covers cramps and symptoms such subsalicylate
mucosal lining of the ulcer site in diarrhea. as pain location, should not be
the stomach the GI tract and • Diaphoresis quality, duration given to children
from gastric protects it • Headaches and severity, under three,
acid, and are against further • Nausea and triggers; nausea, especially
used to treat attack by acid, vomiting bloating, reflux, following
conditions like pepsin, and bile • Flatulence and epigastric vaccinations for
peptic ulcers, salts. It is • Dyspepsia tenderness. influenza and
NSAID-induced minimally • Cardiac • Asses baseline varicella.
ulcers, and absorbed by the arrhythmias laboratory test • Sucralfate
gastroesophage gastrointestinal • Thrombotic results in hepatic should not be
al reflux tract. events function, renal given with other
disorder or function, blood drugs because it
GERD. • GI bleeding glucose level, and may bind to them
• Salicylate pregnancy test for and prevent their
toxicity your female absorption.
• Abdominal clients. • Avoid alcohol,
discomfort • Administer on spicy or greasy
an empty foods, excessive
stomach, 2 hours caffeine, and
after or 1 hour tobacco products.
before meals
• Instruct patients
to call their
provider if their
condition does
not improve or
gets
worse.
Gastroprokinetic Used to treat a Help strengthen • Abdominal • Assess urinary • Cholinergic
Drugs number of GI the lower cramps symptoms; e.g., mimetic drugs
disorders, such esophageal • Diarrhea hesitancy, should never be
as IBS, acid sphincter (LES) • Nausea intermittent or administered by
reflux disease, and cause the • Vomiting slow urine intramuscular or
gastroparesis, contents of the • Depression stream; intravenous
gastritis, and stomach to • Drowsiness incomplete injection because
functional empty faster. • Blurred vision emptying these routes may
dyspepsia. This allows less • Upset • Monitor vital lead to heart
time for acid stomach signs, intake and block or severe
reflux to occur. output, presence hypotension.
of bladder • Should not be
distension, and used if there is
laboratory test any mechanical
results. obstruction in the
• Administer gastric or urinary
medication three tracts.
times each day, • Caution is
one hour before or needed when
two hours after administering
each meal to dopaminergic D2-
decrease the risk receptor blockers
of nausea and in hypertensive
vomiting. patients.
• Educate patient
to increase fluid
intake, empty
bladder every 3–4
 hours, and
immediately report
signs of toxicity.
Anti-Diarrheals This allows more Work by • Constipation • Assess current • Do not take
fluid to be decreasing the • Fatigue symptoms such as antidiarrheal
absorbed into flow of fluids • Drowsiness stool agents when
your body which and electrolytes • Dizziness characteristics and diarrhea is
helps in having into the bowel • Dry mouth frequency, accompanied by
less diarrhea and slowing • Loss of abdominal fever, severe
and more down the appetite assessment, and illness, abdominal
formed and movement of • Abdominal signs of pain, or if there is
bulky stools. the bowel to pain dehydration. blood or pus
decrease the • Nausea and • Monitor vital (mucus) in the
number of vomiting signs and obtain stool.
bowel • Dehydration laboratory results: • Loperamide
movements. • Electrolyte stool culture, CBC, should not be
imbalance electrolytes. given to a child
• Explain the younger than two
purpose of years of age
medication because of the
• Administer risk of serious
through oral and breathing and
intravenous routes heart problems.
• Advise to not • Taking more
take with than the
tranquilizers, prescribed dose
sedatives, alcohol, can cause a
or other opioids. serious abnormal
heart rhythm that
can lead to death.
• Dehydration
and electrolyte
imbalance are
more commonly
encountered with
use of these
drugs in elderly
patients.
Laxatives Used for Encourage • Bloating • Obtain client • Bulk-forming
increasing bowel bowel • Flatulence history: normal laxatives should
movements and movements by • Diarrhea elimination be administered
preventing acting on the • Tummy pattern, orally after the
constipation. intestinal wall. cramps medications or powder form has
They increase • Feeling sick conditions that been completely
the muscle • Dehydration may contribute to dissolved into 8
contractions • Electrolyte constipation ounces of liquid.
that move along disturbances • Assess current • Stimulant
the stool mass. symptoms; onset laxatives should
and duration; not be used
stool routinely because
characteristics and they may cause
frequency; laxative
presence of flatus, dependence.
 abdominal pain, • Osmotic
nausea, straining laxatives should
• Abdominal be used with
assessment and caution or
monitor vital signs avoided in elderly
Laboratory results: patients due to
CBC, the potential for
comprehensive dehydration and
metabolic panel, electrolyte
thyroid function imbalance.
tests
• Explain the
purpose of
medication and
potential side
effects
• Administer each
dose should be
taken with a full
glass (8 ounces) or
more of cold
water or fruit
juice.
• Educate to
increase fiber-
containing food,
physical activity,
and fluids
Drugs for IBS Used to treat Work by • Visual • Monitor for and • Alosetron and
diarrhea, increasing fluid disturbance report immediately tegaserod should
constipation, or secretion and • Dry mouth signs of ischemic be administered
abdominal gut movement. • Urinary colitis such as new strictly as ordered
(moderate to To reduce retention or worsening and taken on an
severe) pain and abdominal pain • Constipation abdominal pain, empty stomach
to improve by decreasing bloody diarrhea, or before a meal to
bowel function. activity of pain blood in the stool. prevent drug
sensing nerves. • Explain the food interactions.
purpose of • Lubiprostone
medication and was listed as
potential side Category C for
effects pregnancy and
• Administer should be
medication around avoided in
the same times women of
every day. childbearing age.
• Advise eating a
well balanced,
high-fiber diet;
avoiding gas-
forming foods;
and avoiding fluid
intake with meals
because it causes
 abdominal
distention.
Drugs for N/V Used in Work on the • Constipation • Identify factors • In patients who
preventing or neural pathways or diarrhea contributing to the are already
treating nausea involved with • Headache symptoms of insulin resistant
and vomiting. vomiting by • Fatigue nausea and or diabetic, even
blocking specific • Malaise vomiting so that short-term
receptors that • Dizziness treatment can therapy with
respond to • Light- correctly target the corticosteroids
neurotransmitte headedness cause. should be
r molecules, • Blurred vision • Assess for avoided because
such as • Dry mouth symptoms of of concerns that
serotonin, • Photosensitive dehydration, such the drugs will
dopamine, and as decreased blood aggravate
histamine. pressure associated hyperglycemia.
with tachycardia, • Administration
decreased skin of these drug in
turgor, and pregnant patients
decreased urine should be
output or dark avoided unless
concentrated other
urine. medications
• Advocate for prove ineffective
the most effective • Patients seeking
route of to use raw
administration if cannabis for relief
the patient is of nausea or pain
vomiting. should be
• Consider timing counseled about
of administration the risks and
of antiemetics in benefits of
advance of meals smoking .
when appetite is
affected.
• Continue to
monitor for
dehydration.
• Teach the patient
nonpharmacologic
al interventions for
nausea such as:
Drink enough
fluids, eat bland
foods, eat smaller
meals.
Bile Acid Used to lower Work by • Constipation • Monitor vital • Ursodiol’s
Therapy Drugs high cholesterol blocking bile • Stomach pain signs and effectiveness
levels in the acid in your • Bloating gastrointestinal decreases when
blood. This may stomach from • Nausea and status it is given with
help prevent being absorbed Vomiting • Assess laboratory those antacids.
medical in your blood. • Heartburn results such as • You should
problems caused Your liver then • Loss of hepatic function not use ursodiol
by cholesterol needs the appetite and lipid panel if
you are allergic to
clogging the cholesterol from • Indigestion • Administer it, or if you have
blood vessels. your blood to • Abdominal medication orally an obstruction in
Cholestyramine make more bile pain two or three your liver or
is also used to acid. This • Dyspepsia times a day with gallbladder.
remove reduces your • Headache or without food.
substances cholesterol level • Bile salt– • Report: signs
called bile acids and may also induced of
from your help people diarrhea hepatotoxicity;
body. with type 2 e.g., nausea,
diabetes vomiting, loss of
manage their appetite, dark-
blood sugar. colored urine, or
yellowing of the
skin or eyes
• Educate lifestyle
modifications:
weight loss. high
fiber, low fat and
cholesterol diet.