Modals and Similar Expressions

1 – Requests ( Ricalar )

Can I informal
Could I
May I formal , more polite
Might I

Can you informal

Could you
Would you formal , more polite
Will you

Would you mind Ving ? formal

Do you mind Ving ?
( Sizin … yapmanızın bir sakıncası var mı ? )

Would you mind if I V2 ? formal

Do you mind if I V1 ?
( Benim … yapmamın bir sakıncası var mı ? )

1 Musa Dağ
2- Necessity and Prohibition ( gereklilik ve yasaklama )

Present Past

+ must yapmak zorundasın had to ( yapmak zorundaydın )

- mustn’t yapmamak zorundasın didn’t have to ( yapmana gerek yoktu )

+ have to / has to : have / has got to yapmak zorundasın

- don’t / doesn’t have to : haven’t / hasn’t got to gerek yok

Present Past

+ have to / has to yapmak zorundasın had to yapmak zorundaydın

- don’t / doesn’t have to gerek yok didn’t have to yapmana gerek yoktu

2 Musa Dağ
Gonna : going to
Wanna : want to
Gotta : have got to / hafta – hasta

have / has to - Present

had to - Past
will have to - Future
have / has had to - Present Perfect
had had to - Past Perfect

don’t / doesn’t have to : don’t / doesn’t need to : needn’t gerek yok

didn’t have to : didn’t need to : needn’t have V3

( yapmama gerek yoktu ve yapmadım ) ( yapmama gerek yoktu ama yaptım )

3 Musa Dağ
3- Advisability ( tavsiye )

should - shouldn’t - meli , - malı / tavsiye

ought to - ought not to

had better - had better not Uyarı ! yapsan iyi olur yapmazsan ….

( ’d better )
otherwise - or ( else ) aksi takdirde , yoksa

Modals V1 - Present
You should study everyday.

Modals be Ving - Present Continuous

You should be studying now.

Modals have V3 - Past

You should have studied yesterday.

Modals have been Ving - Past Continuous

You should have been studying this time yesterday.

4 Musa Dağ
 Modals V1 - Present
Modals be Ving - Present Continuous
Modals have V3 - Past
Modals have been Ving - Past Continuous

4 - Expectations ( beklentiler )

am
is to V1
are

am
is due to V1
are

am
is supposed to V1
are

5 Musa Dağ
am
is to V1 = must
are

was / were to V1 = had to

am
is supposed to V1 = should
are

was / were supposed to V1 = should have V3

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5 - Ability ( yetenek )

am
can = is able to V1 - Present
are

could = was / were able to V1 - Past

( managed to V1 )
( succeeded in Ving )

can = will be able to V1 - Future

have / has been able to V1 - Present Perfect

had been able to V1 - Past Perfect

7 Musa Dağ
Permission & Prohibition ( izin verme ve yasaklama )

am
can’t = is not allowed to V1 - Present
are

couldn’t = was / were not allowed to V1 - Past

6- Making Suggestions ( öneriler yapma )

Why don’t you / we V1 ?

Shall I / we V1 ?
What / How about Ving / Noun ?
Let’s V1 .
You / We could V1 .

may / might V1
may / might as well V1 : let’s : Bari !
may / might as well not V1 : needn’t

I like tea too.

I like tea as well.
I also like tea.

8 Musa Dağ
7 – Expressing Degrees of Certainty - Present V1
( Kesinliğin derecesini ifade etme )

+ -

Possibility % 50 may – might – could V1 may not – might not V1

% 95 must V1 must not V1 olmamalı

Deduction
%99 - can’t V1 – couldn’t V1 olamaz

Expressing Degrees of Certainty - Present Cont. be Ving

+ -

Possibility % 50 may – might – could be Ving may not – might not be Ving

% 95 must be Ving must not be Ving olmamalı

Deduction
%99 - can’t be Ving - couldn’t be Ving
olamaz

9 Musa Dağ
Expressing Degrees of Certainty - Past. have V3

+ -

Possibility % 50 may – might – could have V3 may not – might not have V3

% 95 must have V3 yapmış olmalı must not have V3 yapmamış olmalı

Deduction
%99 - can’t have V3 yapmış olamaz

Note :
He had to do his homework . ( Ödevini yapmak zorundaydı .)

( He was to do his homework. )

He should have done his homework. ( Ödevini yapması gerekirdi ama yapmadı .)
He ought to have done his homework .
He was supposed to have done his homework.

He must have done his homework. ( Ödevini yapmış olmalı % 95 ihtimal , çıkarım )

could have V3 ( isteseydin yapardın ama yapmadın )

couldn’t have V3 ( isteseydin de yapamazdın ve yapmadın )

10 Musa Dağ
Expressing Degrees of Certainty - Past Cont. have been Ving

+ -

Possibility % 50 may – might – could have been Ving may not – might not have been Ving

% 95 must have been Ving must not have been Ving

Deduction
%99 - can’t have been Ving

Expressing Degrees of Certainty - Future V1

Possibility % 50 may – might – could V1

% 95 should – ought to V1 / must be Ving

Deduction
%99 will V1

11 Musa Dağ
 • ‘’ must V1 ‘’ gelecek zaman anlamı yoktur !

8 – Preferences tercihler

would rather V1 than V1

sooner
( ’d rather not )

would rather Subject V2 - Present

had V3 - Past

I’d rather you did your homework.

I’d rather you had done your homework.
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would prefer to V1 ( rather ) than V1 / Ving / to V1

( ’d prefer not )

would prefer Object to V1 - Present

My tutor would prefer me to do my homework.

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12 Musa Dağ
 Ving Ving
prefer ………….. to ……………
Noun Noun

prefer to V1 rather than V1

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like something better than something else

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I ’d rather have gone out than stayed in last night.

sooner
( Dün gece evde kalmaktansa dışarı çıkmayı tercih ederdim ama evde kaldım . )

I preferred going out to staying in last night.

( Dün gece evde kalmaktansa dışarı çıkmayı tercih ettim ve dışarı çıktım . )

13 Musa Dağ
9 –Habitual Past terk edilmiş alışkanlık

+ used to
- didn’t use to / used not to V1
? Did ….. use to

used to : would
be, have , know etc.

used to V1 - terk edilmiş alışkanlık

be used to
get used to Ving / Noun alışmak , alışkın olmak

be accustomed to

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a few : not many but enough

few : very few : only a few : not many and not enough

quite a few : epeyce fazla

a little : not much but enough

little : very little : only a little : not much and not enough

quite a little : epeyce fazla

15 Musa Dağ