PT4 GRAMMAR LESSONS UNIT 5

The passive personal/ impersonal

Some passive voice personal and impersonal statements.
- It is said to be the best book ever.
- She was seen eating in the meeting room.
- It has been discussed to avoid talking about that.
- We were told to leave early today.
- They had been sent to a different office.
- It is allowed to use cell phone here.
The causative
The causative is used when we get someone or a company to do something for us.
There are causative and passive causative.
Causative is formed with Have or Get.
Rule for causative with Have:
Subject + Have + doer of the action + Verb base form + (Complement)
Ex: Doris had her brother help her with the homework.
Rule for causative with Get:
Subject + Get + Doer of the action + Verb infinitive + (Complement)
Ex: Doris will get her brother to help her with the homework.
The passive causative is formed that way:
Subject + Have / Get + Object (Service) + Verb past participle + (performer of the
action)
Ex 1: Doris had the homework done by her brother.
Ex 2: Doris will get the homework done by her brother.
Note: The causative and the passive causative can be used with different tenses.
 Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize the noun/pronoun of a sentence.

The reflexive pronouns are:
- Myself
-Yourself (Singular)
- Himself
- Herself
-Itself
- Ourselves
- Yourselves (Plural)
- Themselves.
Examples:
-Did you do everything by yourself?
- I can't move the table by myself.
- If they want a meeting with the manager, they must call him themselves.

Reported speech
A reported or indirect speech is used in order to say what was said by the original
speaker.
We always change tenses of direct or reported speech in the indirect or reported
speech to keep the original speaker words. Sometimes we use THAT when reporting a
speech, but its use is optional.
Tenses change in indirect or reported speech.
Imperative to infinitive - Present Continuous to Past
Continuous
- Present tense to past tense
- Will to Would
- Past tense to Past perfect
- Can to Could
- Present perfect to Past perfect
- May to Might
Examples:
A: Open the window. (IMPERATIVE)
B: He said (that) to open the door. (INFINITIVE)
A: Don't touch my stuff. (NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE)
B: Eva said (that) not to touch her stuff. (NEGATIVE INFINITIVE)
A: I don't want to eat fish today. (PRESENT TENSE)
B: She said (that) she didn't want to eat fish today. (PAST TENSE)
A: Sandra was coughing two minutes ago. (PAST CONTINUOUS)
B: Tama said (that) Sandra had been coughing two minutes ago. (PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS)
A: She has bought a new house. (PRESENT PERFECT)
B: David said (that) she had bought a new house. (PAST PERFECT)
A: Eric will have his own room. (FUTURE)
B: Carlos said (that) Eric would have his own room. (CONDITIONAL)
We usually change possessive adjectives, pronouns, and time expressions when
necessary in indirect or reported speech in order to preserve the original speaker words.
Examples:
A: I have my brother who is visiting Paris tomorrow.
B: He said (that) he had his brother who was visiting Paris the next day.
Note: Never use an auxiliary when reporting a direct or reported question to indirect or
reported speech. We usually use ASK to report questions.
Examples:
A: Where did you buy the notebook?
B: She asked you where you had bought the notebook.
Don't say: She asked you where did you buy the book?
A: What would you like to eat?
B: Pamela asked you what you would like to eat.
Don't say: Pamela asked you what would you like to eat?
Other verbs used to report a speech are:

- Refuse - Offer
- Explain - Remind
- Agree - Promise
- Warn