FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION

OF MINI HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

AT LAKE DANAO

__________________

A Thesis Presented to

The Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering of

Eastern Visayas State University (EVSU)

Ormoc City, Philippines

__________________

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

__________________

By:

Arjhun P. Torceno

Christopher V. Rodil Jr.

Cristituto L. Eras Jr.

Geo N. Serseña

Julian B. Celedio

Kim Rabin F. Fantilaga

Nicole Zam G. Delos Reyes

Ruel I. Agusto

December 2022
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF

MINI HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT AT LAKE DANAO, prepared and
submitted by Arjhun P. Torceno, Christopher V, Rodil Jr., Cristituto L. Eras
Jr., Geo N. Serseña, Julian B. Celedio, Kim Rabin F. Fantilaga, Nicole Zam
G. Delos Reyes and Ruel I. Agusto in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, is hereby accepted
and recommended for Oral Examination.

JOEL M. CAPALA
Adviser

APPROVED by the tribunal at the Oral Examination with the grade of PASSED.
JOEL M. CAPALA ENGR. EMILIO MEDINA
Adviser Member

Dr. JUDE ALEXIS M. RAMAS ENGR. EDWARD BERTULFO

Member Member

Comprehensive Examination PASSED.

ENGR. RUDERICO M. ENDRIANO JR.

DEAN, Bachelor of Science in
Electrical Engineering
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to give gratitude and praise to Lord, the
Almighty, for His gifts that would let us fulfill our research successfully.

I would like to express our deepest and sincerest gratitude to our research
adviser, Joel M. Capala in Eastern Visayas State University (EVSU), appreciates
our genuine gratitude for providing us with the opportunity to support our
research and also for his guidance and encouragement throughout the whole
process. we have indeed been particularly impressed by his creativity, passion,
truthfulness, and determination. He told us how to conduct a research and
communicate the outcomes in the easiest and understandable way. Being able to
work and learn under his instruction was indeed a tremendous privilege and an
honor. I am incredibly delighted of everything that he has granted us. We would
really like to convey our gratitude to him for his companionship, kindness,
and good sense of humor.

And lastly, the people in our family and research colleague have been
much more significant to us in the development of this endeavor than anyone
else. We would like to acknowledge our parents for their encouragement and
devotion with whatever we accomplish. They are the best precedents to follow.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Theoretical Background
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Nowadays, enormous emissions of greenhouse gases had already

resulted in significant changes in the atmosphere. The development of renewable
energy sources must therefore develop. Examples of these commodities are
hydroelectric power, wind power, and solar power. The hydroelectric power
systems can produce either mechanical or electrical electricity by absorbing the
kinetic energy of flowing water. The water goes through into the hydro-turbine
before recirculating to the river for further usage. The potential benefits of
hydroelectric power as a renewable source of electricity are including low
operational and maintenance costs, no pollution or emission of greenhouse
gases high efficiency (approximately 60 and 80 %), and long-life equipment. On
the contrary hand, there are certain disadvantages of hydroelectric plants, which
would include different season variations in water flow conditions, the
consequences of climate change on water resources, a significantly greater initial
investment and a long and complex construction period, and the incapability to
construct hydroelectric power information systems.

According to the plant installed power, hydropower plant systems are

classified as Large-scale hydroelectric plants have such a capability of above
100 MW, moderate plants possess 10–100 MW, small plants have much less
than 10 MW, mini plants have 1000–100 kW, micro plants have 5–100 kW, while
pico plants have less than 5 kW, based on the plant installed power.

Small hydroelectric is acknowledged to be the most appropriate method

for generating renewable energy sources. It is designed to be a run-of-river type
since the hydro-turbine requires minimal head and flow. Several studies that
looked into the application and assessment of submersible hydroelectric power
developed a numerical method to estimate the appropriate size for a Small-Scale
Hydro Power Plant (SSHP) which consisted of two units that operated in
simultaneously and also had multiple variations and kinds. developed an excel
application that utilizes a sensitivity analytical method to compute the annual
energy and also to recommend number of values for something like a small
hydro power plant. examined the SSHP development in a few different places in
Philippines, particularly (Liangan, Lanao del Norte, Upper Maladugao, Bukidnon,
and Norzagaray, Bulacan), in perspective of governmental policies and financial
factors.
Background of the Study

In 1878, a single lamp was lit by the world's first hydroelectric installation
at the Cragside country estate in Northumberland, England. In the United States,
Wisconsin saw the opening of the first hydropower plant four years later, and
within a decade, hundreds more had been put into service.

Grand Rapids, Michigan (1880), Ottawa, Ontario (1881), Dolgeville, New

York (1881), and Niagara Falls, New York each have hydropower plants erected
(1881). They were utilized to power mills and illuminate a few neighborhood
structures.

By the turn of the century, the technology had expanded across the world,
with Australia opening the first publicly owned plant in the Southern Hemisphere
in 1895 and Germany constructing the first three-phase hydroelectric system in
1891. The Edward Dean Adams Power Plant, the greatest hydroelectric
installation in the world at the time, was built at Niagara Falls in 1895.

Hundreds of small hydropower facilities were in operation by 1900 as the

new technology spread throughout the globe. A 500 kW installed hydropower
station was built in China in 1905 on the Xindian Creek near Taipei.

Due to its many features and advantages, hydropower is predicted to

continue to be the most abundant renewable source of electricity for many years
to come. There is also a significant amount of untapped hydropower potential;
Africa and Asia are predicted to contribute significantly to the sector's future
growth. In its annual Hydropower Status Report, the IHA stated in 2018 that the
installed hydropower capacity globally had increased to 1,267 GW, with a record
4,185 TWh expected to have been produced in 2017. The International Energy
Agency estimates that 800 GW of additional hydropower will need to be installed
over the course of the next two decades in order to meet the primary energy-
related goals of the Sustainable Development Goals, including the Paris
Agreement's commitment to limit global warming to under two degrees Celsius.
Statement of the Problem

Site-specific hydropower projects with high capital costs and protracted

development times are available. These qualities subject hydropower projects to
a range of uncertainties and dangers, including;

 Economic - When there is a lot of runoff, hydropower facilities generate

more energy. This is utilized to replace more expensive generation from
fossil fuel power plants, thus assisting in lowering electricity costs for
consumers. The United States is also given back money from power
sales. 
 Environmental/Social - Environmental and societal issues can also be
brought on by hydropower. Rivers and the surrounding terrain are
significantly altered by reservoir construction. Dams and reservoirs have
the potential to decrease river flows, increase water temperature,
deteriorate water quality, and accumulate sediment. The effects of this are
detrimental to fish, birds, and other species.
 Political - Major hydro projects around the world have always required
official clearance, and as a result, government policy and politics, as well
as the other in the domain of energy policy.
 Climate - Compared to the majority of other energy sources, hydropower
generates clean electricity with much fewer greenhouse gas emissions.
When compared to coal-fired electricity, hydropower prevents up to four
billion tons of extra GHG emissions from being released yearly.
 Natural - In the places where they are placed, hydroelectric plants change
the natural habitats of freshwater species. It modifies the river's flow, water
temperature, and nutrient concentration. Water and silt loads are lost from
downstream rivers, lowering the quality of the water.
 Safety - There is no justification for harm or death at work, even if
hydropower stations can present major safety concerns to people who
work there. Or maybe when there’s other system that are malfunction
worker should be more cautious.
 If these risk factors are not well managed, they can result in schedule and
budget overruns, which can delay the availability of power at a greater cost and,
in the worst situations, cause the project to collapse. The accompanying
environmental and social implications of hydropower development have made
sustainability a crucial and inevitable concern. Environmental protection and
technological advancement are both aspects of sustainable development.
Therefore, there is a significant need for thorough risk management in
hydropower projects in order to ensure this equity and control the essential risks
more effectively.

In this study, risk management in hydropower projects is thoroughly examined

with a focus on sustainable development. In order to evaluate the important risk
elements, the study explores various risk assessment approaches and suggests
sensitivity analysis as the major approach. Hydropower projects' building phases
are seen to be the most crucial ones because they are the most expensive and
uncertain. The assessment thus emphasizes the necessity of including risk
analysis in the process of cost estimating as well as the requirement to provide
financing with enough margin on the ex-ante base cost to account for
uncertainties, particularly for developing nations. Fuzzy hybridized artificial neural
network and genetic algorithm are suggested for usage in future studies for risk
assessment of hydropower projects.

Objectives of the Study

The basic objective is to generate (peaking) electricity by releasing the

water back to the turbine during times of high demand while storing energy by
pushing water up into the upper reservoir during times of low demand.
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Scope and Delimitation

From August 2022 to December 2022, this research project will be

conducted.

The study project will cover this period of time in order to acquire
information on the instrument and design of the "Feasibility Study for the
Construction of Mini-Hydroelectric Power Plant in Lake Danao."

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (KUWANG)

Significance of the Study

Hydropower plants provide essential backup power during large electrical

outages or disturbances and due to their immediate ability to produce electricity
for the grid, hydropower does not only supplies energy but also flood control,
support for agriculture, and clean drinking water. Hydropower is more
environmentally beneficial when compared to other significant fossil fuel-based
sources of electricity. Hydropower stations do not emit the waste heat and gases
that significantly contribute to acid rain, global warming, and air pollution, in
contrast to facilities fueled by fossil fuels. The ecology is severely harmed by the
mining and drilling required to obtain fossil fuels for alternate energy sources.

Many hydroelectric facilities are located in the headwaters of river basins

in an effort to aid in controlling the large changes in water flow that are regularly
noticed close to these areas. These programs increase water flow during the dry
months, which benefits aquatic habitats. On the other hand, by reducing the flow
during times of significant runoff, the plants can safeguard the wildlife and
vegetation along stream banks.

The communities it serves gain from hydropower, also known as

hydroelectricity, in a variety of ways. Hydropower and pumped storage continue
to be crucial in the fight against climate change because they provide crucial
power, storage, and flexibility services. As the US works toward 100% clean
electricity by 2035 and net-zero emissions by 2050, the benefits of hydropower
are detailed below.