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7-32 Expro North Sea Ltd.

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Figure 7.17 - Example of Isolation Tool (Camco ‘MX-OX’)
 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-31

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7.5 ISOLATION TOOL

An Isolation Tool is a downhole shut-in tool which facilitates the sub-surface recording of
flowing or shut-in bottomhole pressures and temperatures.
An example of an Isolation Tool is the Camco ‘MX-OX’ shut-in tool which is part of a
gauge hanger system, Figure 6.16b, and which comprises of the following components:
• Lock mandrel (with appropriate key profile to match the landing nipple) c/w an
equalising device
• Equalising device
• Shock absorber (prevents BHP/BHT gauges from being damaged by jarring or
impacts during wireline operations)
• Shut-in tool
• Pressure/temperature gauges.
NOTE: The isolation tool is normally locked open at surface to allow fluid bypass
during running and installation.
The gauge hanger assembly is installed and retrieved by standard wireline methods. The
isolation tool is closed by an intermediate wireline trip.
Prior to running the isolation tool, the plunger assembly is locked in the open position as in
Figure 6.16a. This is achieved by the tapers on the collet fingers butting up against the
tapered stop on the lower end of the housing.
To close the tool for pressure build-up, an appropriate prong and weight bar are lowered
into the hanger assembly. As the prong contacts the plunger, the collet mandrel moves
downwards and allows the collet fingers to retract towards the collet mandrel. This
disengages the collet fingers from the tapered stop allowing the plunger to move upwards
and close off the flow ports on the isolation tool.
The plunger will contact the soft seat and, in combination with the packing on the lock
mandrel, will prevent the movement of well fluid past the assembly and up the tubing.
Pressure build-up below the isolation tool will be recorded on the BHP/BHT gauges.
NOTE The procedure for running and pulling this isolation tool will be
dependent on the local mandrel attached.
NOTE The procedure for equalisation will be dependent on the equalisation sub
attached.

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Figure 7.16 - Surface Read-Out System

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Figure 7.14 - MST-2 Gauge Installation Figure 7.15- MST-2 System Schematic

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7.4.2 PDR ‘MST-2’ Pressure and Temperature Gauge

The ‘MST-2’ permanent gauge is utilised in wells where fairly high bottom hole
temperatures (300oF/150oC) are encountered long term. The gauge housing also affords a
high degree of protection to sensor and associated electronics which reduces overall
diameters and permits full bore tubing sizes to be run in restricted casing sizes.
The ‘MST-2’ gauge, See Figure 6.13, is installed in a mandrel which can accommodate
single or duplicate sensors and electronics.
The mandrel is internally ported to permit pressure sensing of tubing pressure.
The basic pressure sensing element in this gauge is the quartz/capacitance transducer. A
quartz crystal acts as the variable element of an electrical oscillator; crystals may be cut to
respond to pressure or temperature as the pressure and temperature applied to the crystal
changes, the frequency of the oscillator changes.
The pressure measurement section contains a dual element quartz/capacitance sensor
(Panex 1250). It is arranged so that one capacitance element responds only to
environmental effects, while the other element responds to environmental effects plus
pressure. Each of these capacitance values is then converted to a frequency by a single
capacitance-to-frequency converter. A solid state switch is used to alternate sensor
capacitances into the converter; See Figure 6.14. These `frequencies' are then transmitted,
via an armoured (steel sheathed 1/ 4 " OD.) single conductor cable to the surface electronics
where ‘frequency’ signals are ratioed mathematically to cancel environmental effects
(thermal delay, gravity effects) and convertor errors. Small remaining temperature
corrections are made at surface by computer using temperature information from the
transducer.
Conductor cable is strapped to the production tubing using the appropriate cross coupling
connectors at tubing joints and the appropriate outlet connection at the wellhead or sub sea
wellhead. The conductor cable carries the operating power to the various electronic
components in the gauge. This is supplied by the surface acquisition unit.
The surface acquisition unit provides the interface between the permanent downhole gauge
and the operator. A wide range of hardware and software is available for data sampling
rates, data display (local/remote), data presentation (tabulation, calculation and plot), data
storage (fast/sequential), and data transmission. A complete surface read-out system is
shown schematically in Figure 6.15. Software packages allow the continuous monitoring
of up to 36 wells at a particular site.
In combination with the data acquisition systems the ‘MST-2’ permanent surface read-out
gauge achieves a pressure accuracy of +/- 0.02% full range and that for temperature is +/-
0.4oF (+/- 0.2oC).

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Figure 7.13 - EMR System Schematic

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The temperature transducer consist of a voltage controlled oscillator and a platinum

resistor. It is located outside the diaphragm. The platinum resistor, when part of the
oscillator, has a resistance proportioned to the ambient temperature. Changes in ambient
temperature controls the resistance of the system which determines the frequency of the
oscillator. Thus, ambient temperature is converted to an equivalent frequency and this
frequency is digitised by system electronics.
An internal electronic switch selects the proportional output of either the pressure or the
temperature at a pre-programmed sampling rate and the CPU will store these ‘frequencies’
in random access memory (EPROM). A total of 21,000 data points (time, pressure and
temperature) can be stored during a single test; See Figure 6.12.
Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) is utilised here for programming and
control; this type of memory has its advantage in that, if battery power fails, any data
already in memory will not be lost.
The EMR memory system can be programmed to divide test data into various time periods
(up to 20). Each time period can be independently programmed for duration (3.6 seconds
minimum to 65 hours maximum), sampling rate (3.5 seconds minimum to 65 hours
maximum) and the ratio of pressure samples to temperatures samples. The latter is
significant for conservation of memory storage. The EMR can also be programmed to
record data whenever a pre-selected change in pressure occurs.
On gauge retrieval, data is downloaded via the programmer/reader (eg. GPR-800) to a
computer where data ‘frequencies’ are converted to real pressures and temperatures using
the appropriate calibration co-efficients (for polynomical fits) for the gauge. The computer
also applies a temperature compensation to the calculated pressure values. Processing the
raw data to meaningful data takes less than 20 minutes. Computer software is available to:
• Print time, pressure and temperature in tabular form (CRT or plotter), plot
pressure versus time, temperature versus time and various log plots (eg.
Horner) for well flow and geologic data
• storage of recorded data on magnetic tape or disc
• transfer of recorded data to a customer's own computer/data links for more
sophisticated reservoir analysis programs.
Gauge accuracy’s are as follows for the EMS-700:

• Pressure Sensor: accuracy less than 0.04% full scale
• Sensitivity less than 0.01 psi.
• Resolution less than 0.01 psi.
• Temperature Sensor: accuracy 2oF to 302oF, 3oF to 350oF.

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Figure 7.11 - Component Parts of Downhole Memory Recorder
Figure 7.12 - Pressure Transducer Schematic

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7.4 ELECTRONIC PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RECORDERS

7.4.1 The GRC ‘EMR’/’EMS’ Electronic BHP/BHT Memory Recording System
The GRC ‘EMR’/’EMS’ electronic memory recording system is a self-contained, battery
operated, digital pressure and temperature recording system. The memory section (EMR)
records signals generated from transducers in the pressure/temperature gauge (EMS) which
provides data as a frequency output which is subsequently stored in random access memory
(RAM). This electronic pressure/temperature recorder is generally run on slickline but can
be adapted for bundle carrier installations.
The recorder is rated for sour gas service and, depending upon the tool chosen, instruments
that record temperatures up to 350oF (EMS-700) and pressures up to 15,000 psi. are
available. Electric power is supplied by single battery pack for operating times up to 18
days or, with additional battery packs, up to 94 days.
The GRC ‘EMR’/’EMS’ system finds its application when high accuracy and resolution
are required in the measurement of downhole pressures, temperatures and elapsed times in
well tests such as drillstem tests, build-ups, drawdowns and multi-rate tests.
The ‘EMR’/’EMS’ pressure/ temperature recording system is composed of 3 sections; See
Figure 6.10:
• The pressure and temperature sensors (e.g., EMS-700)
• The memory section/central processing unit, CPU (e.g., EMR-710)
• Battery pack.
The pressure transducer consists of a voltage controlled oscillator, a pressure sensitive

capacitor and an exposed diaphragm; See Figure 6.11. The capacitor system is pressure
sensitive and, when part of the oscillator, has a capacitance proportional to the pressure
induced. Pressure exerted on the diaphragm controls the capacitance of the system which
determines the frequency of the oscillator; the greater the pressure exerted on the capacitor,
the higher the frequency generated.
Since the transducer is sealed in a vacuum, this gauge measures ‘absolute gauge pressures’.
Thus, diaphragm movement is converted to an equivalent frequency and this frequency is
digitised by micro-electronics induced in the transducer system.

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Figure 7.10 - AVA Model ’BIH’ Instrument Hanger

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No jarring is required to release the hanger. An upward pull on the wireline (also an
indication to the operator that hanger is locked in place) of 150 lbs. over toolstring weight
is designed to release running tool within 30 to 60 seconds.
A type ‘GS’ Otis pulling tool with shear-up adapter and pulling prong are used to retrieve
the hanger. The prong is designed to move the hanger's lock down, releasing the retaining
balls, allowing the fishing neck to engage and keys to retract. The assembly may then be
pulled.
7.3.2 AVA Model ‘BIH’ Instrument Hanger

The model ‘BIH’ bottomhole Instrument Hanger, See Figure 6.9, is a wireline retrievable
locking device that accepts downhole BHP gauges attached to the bottom adapter sub. The
assembly is then run into the production tubing, landed and locked into a landing nipple, to
record reservoir data and then, with wireline, removed from the well.
This bore sensing lock design is provided with either top or bottom No-Go sensing and has
all the features of the standard Bore-sensing Lock Mandrel.
The bore sensing lock instrument hanger, when run with a model ‘SRT’ soft release
running tool and model ‘DPT’ down release pulling tool, provides a system requiring no jar
action to land or release the hanger, therefore preventing damage to the recording
instruments.

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Figure 7.9 - Otis ‘HR’ Hydraulic Running Tool

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Figure 7.8 - Otis ‘XNS’ Soft-Set Instrument Hanger

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7.3.1 Otis ‘Soft-Set’ Instrument Hanger

The Otis Soft-Set Instrument Hanger, See Figure 6.7, is designed to set instruments gently
into the Otis ‘X’, ‘XN’, ‘R’ or ‘RN’ landing nipples. This hanger is designed to carry up to
140 lbs. of instruments/gauges.
As the name of this system suggests, it eliminates the need for jarring to set, ensuring that
the charts show true well conditions rather than the effect of jarring.
The Soft-Set Instrument Hanger can be run either selectively or non-selectively. The latch
on the hanger is designed to be tripped when the hanger is pulled through the restricted
polished bore of the landing nipple. This permits the dogs in the hanger to locate in the
nipple profile and lock in place when the fishing neck is pushed down by the toolstring
weight.
The Otis Hydraulic Type Running Tool, See Figure 6.8, is designed to be used to run and
set the Soft-Set Instrument Hanger. Hanger weight is balanced hydraulically in the running
tool by the tool spring force. The load carrying capacity of the running tool is adjustable
using washers and the number of washers is determined by the weight of the instruments
attached.
The running tool is designed to gently release within 30 to 60 seconds after the wireline is
pulled to a minimum of 150 lbs. over the toolstring weight. This hanger can be run, set and
retrieved under pressure using conventional wireline methods.
NOTE: If the running tool cannot be hydraulically released, it incorporates a

shear off facility. The hydraulic running tool is designed to release by
downward jarring but will also release when jarred upwards.
When running in with running tool, the hanger is extended to keep the selective locking
keys in their retracted position. The running tool/hanger assembly is run below the landing
nipple or to the No-Go shoulder. The hanger is now in position for locating the landing
nipple profile.
Pulling the assembly back through the landing nipple's restricted bore trips the hanger's
keys. Continued pulling a few feet above the nipple places the hanger in its locating mode.
Upon setting down, the hanger is designed to be set and locked in the matching nipple
profile. Toolstring weight is designed to force the hanger fishing neck down, causing the
lock to force a set of balls against their retainers. This is designed to lock the hanger in the
nipple and allows for retrieving the running tool.

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Figure 7.7 - Typical Instrument Hanger and Shock Absorber

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7.3 INSTRUMENT HANGERS

An Instrument Hanger is used to hang off instruments/gauges during sequential surveys.
There are various types of instrument hangers including a lock mandrel with an instrument
hanger crossover attached to it. When using this type of hanger, a shock absorber must be
used between the lock and the instruments to take up any vibration during the lock mandrel
setting operation; See Figure 6.6.
This hanger has a set of flow ports to allow fluid bypass when running in the hole and flow
when sitting in the nipple. The lock mandrel is run without packing to eliminate
unnecessary jar action when setting the lock mandrel in the landing nipple. The packing
can be replaced by a spacer to help prevent flow cutting of the packing mandrel and nipple
bore.
An alternative to the lock mandrel type hanger is the soft-set system. Using this system,
hangers can be set in a landing nipple without having to use the toolstring jars. This cuts
down any vibration or damage to the instruments while setting.

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7.2.10 Trouble Shooting Guide

1) Trace fails to return to base line;
Figure 6.5a:
• Element has not been pre-
pressured before use
• Leaking of gas into bellows
during survey.
2) Trace returns below base line;
Figure 6.5b:
• Leaking Bourdon tube
• Leaking ‘O’-ring.
3) Jagged trace while gauge not
moving; Figure 6.5c:
• Dirty stylus shaft bearing
• Stylus spring too far out
• Abnormal friction on the
chart holder.
4) Stops much longer than expected
Figure 6.5d:
• Clock slippage.
5) Gradient steps smaller than
expected; Figure 6.5e:
• Shortened bellows.
6) Stops shorter than expected; Figure
6.5f:
• Chart holder not moving
down freely but being driven
down by the clock.
7) Erratic trace; Figure 6.5g:
• Stylus shaft broken loose
from the Bourdon tube
• Stylus arm assembly loose
around the support spring
• Stylus loose on the stylus
arm
• Loose stylus tension spring.
8) Crooked base line; Figure 6.5h:
• Improperly drawn base line
• Crooked or twisted inner
housing.
Figure 7.6 - Trouble Shooting Guide

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Unloading
1) Open up the gauge, disengage the stylus, and remove the chart holder.
2) Break the cohesion of the chart against the inside of the holder by pushing a tooth
pick, or opened up paper clip through the holes in the chart holder. Pull the chart out
of the holder.
The following information should be inscribed on the chart:
a) Well number
b) Date of survey
c) Element number and range
d) Clock number and range
e) Single or double pitch lead screw
f) Position of the gauge in the toolstring, i.e. top, middle, bottom.
3) Record the maximum temperature reading.
4) Complete data recording sheets.
General Rules
1) Avoid all rough handling and treat as instruments
2) Use lubriplate grease on all threads
3) Do not overtighten threads as the ‘O’-ring seals hold the pressure
4) Never use pipe wrenches on cases
5) Remember to draw a baseline
6) Turn on stylus before running.

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Survey Procedure
1) Obtain relevant Work Permits.
2) Rig up the standard wireline lubricator and a standard toolstring (5 ft. stem,
mechanical jars, knuckle joint).
3) Make up the assembly to be run in the following order:
a) Shock absorber
b) Crossover
c) ‘RPG-3’ gauge 1
d) Crossover
e) ‘RPG-3’ gauge 2
f) Thermometer well
If an ‘RT7’ is to be used, leave off the thermometer well and attach a crossover.
4) Secure the shock absorber with the assembly to the Lock Mandrel and the appropriate
running tool
5) Attach the assembly to be run to the toolstring, connect up the Lubricator and
pressure test wireline surface equipment.
Running Procedure
1) Perform a lubricator calibration stop (15 mins.).
2) Run in the well at a speed not exceeding 150 ft/min. Reduce speed when passing
through crossovers, nipples, side pocket mandrels etc. in the tubing string.
3) Note times of all events which will affect the recording.
4) Make gradient stops as detailed in the test program (normally 3,000 ft., 2,000 ft. and
1,000 ft. above the hang-off point).
5) Slow down and stop at 300 ft. above the logging depth and note the exact time. If the
logging depth has been accidentally passed, pull back to 300 ft. above it again before
running to logging depth to eliminate hysteresis effect.
6) Set the lock mandrel and the gauges (with the appropriate procedure for the specific
type of gauge hanger in the toolstring) or hold a static survey at the specified depth
for the specified time.
NOTE: When a sequential survey is being performed, it is preferable to flow the

well for 15 mins. at the end of the build-up period. Without this
procedure, the end of the build-up period can be masked by vibration
when pulling from the nipple.
7) Pull the gauges with a hanger pulling tool, if a hanger was used, and pull out of hole
at a speed of 150 ft/min.
8) Make gradient stops as per the program.
9) Pull gauges into the lubricator and rig down wireline surface equipment.

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7.2.9 Running Procedure

Having previously completed any tubing control runs etc., the following procedures and
rules should be followed:
1) Loading and Unloading Procedure for ‘RPG-3’ Pressure and Temperature Gauges.
2) Rig-Up Procedure.
3) Running Procedure.
4) General Rules.
Loading and Unloading Procedure

This procedure refers to ‘RPG-3’ Pressure and Temperature Gauges.
Pressure Elements
1) Check that pressure element has:
a) Been calibrated within the previous six months.
b) Not been run more than three times since the last calibration.
2) Check gauge for correct operation, eg. stylus arm, lead screw.
Loading
1) Remove the chart holder from the recorder section and insert a flanged chart by:
a) Using a mandrel and loading saddle, or
b) Rolling up the chart in one hand and gently pushing it into the holder.
Use no other method unless authorised by the Wireline Supervisor.
2) Reinstall the chart holder, pull the chart holder carrier to the top of the lead screw,
engage the stylus and draw a base line. Disengage the stylus.
In the case of a temperature element, fit a pressure simulating tool on the stylus arm, turn
and lock it against the body. This is done so that the base line will represent the stylus
position when the element is at its lowest temperature listed at the beginning of the data
calibration book.
Disengage the stylus. Pull the chart holder carrier to the top of the lead screw, engage the
stylus and draw a mechanical base line. Disengage the stylus.
3) Wind up the clock and screw it into the gauge housing, pull the chart holder carrier to
the top of the lead screw, engage the clutch between the clock and the lead screw and
engage the stylus.
4) Assemble the gauge and tighten up the connections having first checked all the ‘O’-
rings.

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Figure 7.4 - Example of a Calibration Chart
Figure 7.5 - Example of Calibration Report

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• Each time pressure is applied to the Bellows Assembly, rotate the calibration
adapter 1/4 turn to inscribe the chart.
• The load applied to the dead-weight tester must be kept spinning constantly to
prevent sticking of the piston. Do not manually apply any downward load on
the weights when spinning as the calibration chart will record the fluctuating
load from the dead-weight tester.
• When maximum load has been reached, remove all load to zero. Return to
maximum load again and decrease the load from maximum to zero.
• Remove the Amerada from the calibration test cell and remove the calibration
adapter. Clean the bellows Assembly with a suitable solvent and re-assemble
the Amerada. Leave the Outer Housing cover hand tight only. Tighten the
pressure Element Housing with a spanner using the blocks supplied for
supporting Ameradas.
• The final calibration chart should be similar in appearance to the one shown in
Figure 6.4. If not, check the Amerada for faults and re-calibrate until the chart
is satisfactory.
NOTE: All ‘O’-rings must be checked when the Amerada is dis-assembled. All
damaged ‘O’-rings must be replaced and all threads coated with the
special lubricant provided on assembly.
• Determine gauge calibration co-efficients by Least Squares Method; See Table

6.4.

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7.2.8 Calibration Procedure

• Clean the exterior of the Amerada and check for any pitting, damage etc.
• Slacken off the outer housing and element housing, suitably supporting the
Amerada on the blocks provided
• Remove the Inner housing cover and detach the chart holder ensuring that the
chart holder is free from the pin
• Check the operation of the stylus ie., make sure the stylus raises and lowers on
the stylus lift and that the stylus is sharp and undamaged
• Clean the chart loading mandrel (if used) to prevent pre-scratching of chart
surface
• Insert a chart into the chart holder, ensuring that the chart edge joint line is in
the centre of the locating holes, ie., the chart joint is visible through the chart
holder's longitudinal axis.
Element Range PRESSURE STEPS
psi. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 - 3,000 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000
0 - 4,000 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500
0 - 5,000 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
0 - 6,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
0 - 7,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 6,500
0 - 8,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
0 - 10,000 1,500 3,000 4,500 6,000 7,500 9,000
0 - 15,000 3,000 5,000 7,000 9,000 11,00 14,00
0 0
Table 7.3 - Recommended Calibration Step Pressures
• Insert the chart holder, leaving the stylus disengaged, stand the Amerada in a
vertical position. Allow the chart holder to fall under its own weight and check
that the motion is completely free and uniform. If the motion is not free and
uniform, remove the lead screw and clean it with a suitable solvent
• When the lead screw travel is acceptable, pick up the chart holder to the
uppermost position, engage the stylus and draw a baseline. Disengage the
stylus before returning the chart holder back to the starting position
• Remove the Element Housing and clean it with a suitable solvent. Compare the
bellows assembly length with a 6 inch brass gauge piece to check that the
bellows assembly is not elongated
• Fit a calibration adapter in place of the clock
• Screw the Amerada into the calibration test cell/heating cell.
• Ensure that the dead-weight tester is full of oil and hat no air is trapped around
Amerada pressure element.
• Weights are then applied to the dead-weight tester and hence pressure to the
bellows assembly in suitable increments.
NOTE: Refer to Table 6.3 for information for recommended calibration steps.

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Calibration of the instruments should be performed on a calibration bench which

incorporates a heating cell to enable instrument calibration at the expected bottomhole
temperature. This method provides a greater level of accuracy. The calibration bench
consists of; See Figure 6.3:
• Dead weight tester - for very accurate pressure measurement
• Hydraulic hand pump - to supply pressure
• Oil reservoir - to feed the pump
• Test cell - to fit over the bellows
• Pressure gauge - visual pressure indication
• Heating cell - to provide temperature
• Diverter manifold - to connect the pump, dead weight tester and pressure
instrument to the test cell/heating well.
Figure 7.3 - Calibration Bench

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Temperature Limitations
Recording Section (without Clock) 345o C 650o F
Diaphragms 345o C 650o F
Clocks Standard 150o C 300o F
High Temperature 260o C 500o F
Very High Temperature 345o C 500o F
(Kuster 370o C) (Kuster 700o C)
GRC Pressure Sensors
With Bellows 150o C 300o F
With Bellows or Filter 345o C 650o F
Kuster Pressure Sensors 370o C 700o F
7.2.7 Calibration Principle

When pressure is applied to the bellows of the pressure element, the resulting increase in
pressure in the Bourdon Tube causes rotation of the Pin and Stylus. The degree of rotation
is a function of the applied pressure, friction and hysteresis effect. In order to be able to
measure and convert this deflection into corresponding pressures, the Gauge must be
calibrated.
Calibration provides a method of determining the movement of the Stylus over a Chart for
a number of known pressures. These deflection readings are then measured and the Gauge
is calibrated using the Least Square Method. This method is based on the assumption that
the relationship between pressure (P) and stylus deflection (Y) is linear (equal changes in
pressure give equal changes in deflection) ie.:
P = KY + a
where ‘K’ and ‘a’ are calibration constants for the particular gauge.
NOTE: The actual relationship between pressure and stylus deflection is non-
linear and the Least Square Method fits this line to best represent the
actual calibration curve.

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7.2.6 Performances Given by Manufacturer

Model Accuracy Sensitivity Repeatability
RPG3
0.20% Full Scale 0.05%
RPG4
RPG5 0.25% Full Scale
RT7 0.1% FS
0.05% FS
RT7A
RT8
0.055% FS
RT8A
KGP P 0.20% Full Scale
KGP T 3.5oF (2oC)
K2 K3 P 0.25% Full Scale
K2 K3 T 3.5oF (2oC)
Table 7.1 - Performances Given by Manufacturers
Model Maximum WP Collapse Strength

RPG3
22,000 psi. 24-25,000 psi.
TR& with Monel Bulb
TR7 with Copper Alloy 12,000 psi.
Bulb (old type) 15,000 psi.
RT7A 10,000 psi.
RPG3 with Age Hardened
25,000 psi. 29-30,000 psi.
Housing stamped ‘28 K’
RPG4 RT8 18,000 psi. 20-21,000 psi.
RT8A 12,000 psi. 15,000 psi.
RPG4 with Age Hardened
25,000 psi. 28-29,000 psi.
Housing stamped ‘25 K’
RPG5 20,000 psi. 23-24,000 psi.
KPG K3 22,000 psi.
K2 20,000 psi.
K4 12,000 psi.
Table 7.2 - Performances Given by Manufacturers (cont.)

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7.2.5 Selection of Elements

Apart from the chart holder and stylus assembly, each of the other element ranges need to
be selected to suit the particular requirements of each job.
The pressure element should be selected to have the maximum pressure expected to be
within 3/4 of the element range as the most accurate and repeatable readings are between 1/3
and 3/4 of the nominal pressure range. Elements are available in pressure ranges for the
‘RPG-3’ between 500 and 25,000 psi. (See performance chart for accuracy and temperature
limitations.)
Temperature elements are supplied in a range between 0o and 650o F from the manufacturer
GRC, but a higher temperature element with a range up to 750o F is available from Kuster.
The clock selected should meet the time frame of the programme, but should also include
some contingency to allow for any unforeseen delays which may be encountered. Higher
temperature rated clocks are available to match the element temperature ranges.
Use in Hostile Environment (H 2S - CO2)
• The bellows, being the most delicate part is most affected by corrosive
environments
• All other parts of the Amerada gauges that are exposed directly to wellfluids
are made of materials known to be most resistant to the severely corrosive
conditions that can occur in an oil or gas well.
At temperatures under 300o F (150o C)

• Use teflon coated bellows
• Before each run, fill the oil trap with clean oil or an inhibitor such as Kontol
liquid
• After each run, clean the bellows thoroughly to remove traces of contamination
• If, after the above precautions, bellows failures occur, additional precautions
may be taken by using a capillary oil trap together with teflon coated bellows.
At temperatures over 300o F (150o C)

• Use non-bellows instead of bellows
• Make sure the oil trap is completely filled with clean oil or an inhibitor before
running in.

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Figure 7.2 - Amerada Assemblies

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Figure 7.1 - Amerada ‘RPG’ Pressure/Temperature Recorder

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7.2.2 Chart Holder and Stylus Assembly

Attached to the pin, on the free end of the Bourdon tube of both the pressure and
temperature element, is a stylus arm which rotates with the pin. This arm is given a small
amount of freedom of movement provided by a support spring mounted just above the
stylus clamp. The stylus, which is fastened to the free end of the stylus arm tension spring,
can be moved to and from the operating position by the stylus lift; See Figures 6.1 and 6.2.
The recording charts are thin sheets of brass which have a special coating on one side on
which the stylus scratches during recording operations. There are two types of charts, one
flanged and the other flat which requires the use of a special guide in the chart holder.
Great care should be taken when installing the charts in the chart holder so as not to score
or damage the chart coating making interpretation difficult.
The chart holder is a stainless steel cylinder through the centre of which passes a steel rod
acting as a stylus guide. The outside of the holder has guides to prevent rotational
movement and a small spring to prevent lateral movement. As the chart holder is lowered
by the clock and lead screw the chart passes across the stylus which is positioned according
to the pressure in the Bourdon tube, therefore producing a recording of pressure versus
time.
7.2.3 Lead Screw Assembly

The lead screw assembly converts the rotational movement of the clock into linear
movement of the chart holder. The lead screws, held at each end with bearings, may be
single or double pitch. The double pitch will run the full chart length in half the time of the
clock. As the lead screw is rotated by the clock, it allows the chart holder to move down by
the force of gravity (it is not driven down). A clutch mechanism connects the clock to the
lead screw.
7.2.4 Clock
The clock (timing unit) is connected to the upper end of the recording section. Clocks are
supplied in a range from 3 to 180 hours which is the time defined to complete exactly
fifteen turns of a single pitch lead screw or 5 ins. of linear movement of the chart holder.

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7 BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE SURVEY

EQUIPMENT
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Bottomhole Pressure and Temperature Recorders are designed to provide recordings of
well pressures and temperatures during static or sequential surveys. The information
recorded during these surveys is of great importance in well evaluation. The mechanical
type recorders normally used are the AMERADA ‘RPG’ Pressure Recorder and ‘RT’
Temperature Recorder. These self-contained wireline gauges are lowered into the wellbore
on slickline where recordings can be taken, either with them hanging from the Wireline or
set into a nipple with an appropriate locking device.
Electronic type memory gauges are increasingly being used in place of the Amerada and
some are discussed later in this section.
7.2 AMERADA ‘RPG’ PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE GAUGE

The Amerada BHP Recorder consists of four main sections; See Figure 6.1:
• Pressure or Temperature Element
• Chart Holder and Stylus Assembly
• Lead Screw Assembly
• Clock.
7.2.1 Pressure Element

The pressure element consists of a bellows and a helically wound Bourdon tube filled with
a liquid manufactured under the trade name of Ucon; See Figures 6.1 and 6.2. The well
pressure, through a port in the oil trap, acts on the bellows and compresses it forcing Ucon
into the Bourdon tube. The increase in pressure in the Bourdon tube causes it to elongate
and unwind making the free end, to which the pin is attached, rotate.
The use of non-bellows is recommended when exposed to H2S, CO2 and high
temperatures.
Temperature Element
The temperature element consists of a cylinder containing a volatile liquid in connection
with the helical Bourdon tube. Variations in temperature change the vapour pressure of the
liquid and therefore the pressure in the Bourdon tube, similarly causing the free end to
rotate.

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Final selection of a safety valve will depend on:

1) Reliability - various surveys (eg. SINTEF) indicate that TRSVs are statistically more
reliable than WRSVs. However, in contrast to TRSVs, WRSVs are often pulled, re-
run and operated in the process of accomplishing other remedial work (eg.
installing/retrieving wireline plugs). Survey statistics also take into account WRSVs
that have been run and pulled incorrectly.
NOTE: Reliability will also depend to great extent on the company history of
SCSSV failures.
2) Construction - selection of an SCSSV with a minimum number of connections

implies a minimum of potential leak paths. Similarly, the elimination of elastomeric
(rubberised) sealing components and their associated problems (eg. well fluid contact
and temperature decomposition, extrusion resistance) will increase the service life of
the safety valve.

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6.12 SCSSV SELECTION

In general, the selection of an SCSSV for a particular completion must selected according
to production rate, produced fluids, depth requirements, well location, company policy and
government regulations. Table 5.3 shows some of the various applications of WRSVs and
TRSVs.
WRSV Applications TRSV Applications
General applications where wireline operations General applications.
are practiced.
High pressure gas wells. High volume oil and gas wells.
Extreme hostile environments where wellfluid Subsea completions.
and/or well temperature tend to shorten the life
of component materials.
High velocity wells with abrasive production. Multiple zone completions where several flow
control devices are set beneath the TRSV.
Satellite wells. Greater depth setting capabilities.
Table 6.3 - Applications of WRSVs and TRSVs
As indicated in Table 5.3, material selection is an important requirement for some wells.
There are 3 classes of valve service defined by API:
1) Standard Service (Class 1) - an SCSSV of this class is suitable for service in oil or
gas wells which do not exhibit the detrimental effects caused by sand or stress
corrosion cracking.
2) Sandy Service (Class 2) - an SCSSV of this class is suitable for service in oil or gas
wells where sand or similar abrasive substances could be expected to cause valve
malfunction of failure. This type of valve must conform to Class 1 service.
3) Stress Corrosion Cracking Service (Class 3) - an SCSSV of this class is suitable for
service in wells where corrosive agents could be expected to cause stress cracking.
(Stress corrosion cracking occurs when a corrosive agent, eg. H2 S or CO2 enters the
material structure and reduces its mechanical properties making it more susceptible to
brittle cracking.) This type of valve must conform to Class 1 and Class 2 service and
be manufactured from materials resistant to stress corrosion cracking.

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6.11 SCSSV TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

Table 5.2 identifies some of the problems that may be encountered when working with
SCSSVs. Remedial action should only be undertaken when the most likely cause of the
problem has been identified.
Nature of Problem Possible Cause Suggested Action
Control pressure does Control manifold leakage or Isolate control line at wellhead. Refunction
not build up. malfunction. manifold to eliminate any surface problem.
Broken/leaking control line Inspect wellhead connection and repair if
connection at the wellhead possible. To repair downhole connection
or at the depth of the valve. tubing string must be pulled.
Leaking connection Pull WRSV and inspect thread connection.
between WRSV and lock
mandrel.
WRSV not correctly seated Pull WRSV, inspect the assembly, replace
in SVLN. packing if necessary, and re-run WRSV.
Leaking packing on WRSV Pull WRSV, inspect the packing, replace if
or lock mandrel assembly. necessary, and re-run WRSV.
SCSSV internal leak. Pull the SCSSV.
SCSSV does not open Pressure has not been Apply the appropriate equalisation
when control line equalised across the procedure for the SCSSV.
pressure is applied. SCSSV.
Plugged or crimped control Pull WRSV. Pressure up the control line.
line. Bleed off control line pressure to clear the
line. If the line is still plugged, plug the
well below the WRSV, bleed off tubing
pressure and pressure up the control line to
attempt to clear the line. If plug persists,
the string should be pulled to the WRSV.
For a TRSV, pressure up control line.
Bleed off pressure in an attempt to clear
the line. Lock-out TRSV and repeat
pressure test to clear the line. If plug
persists, run wireline insert valve.
Damage to the valve. Pull and replace the valve.
Unexpected high Excessive seal friction due Operate the valve several times to lubricate
control line pressure to loss of lubrication. the seals. If high control line pressure
when re-opening after persists, the valve should be pulled.
extended shut-in.
Safety valve does not Ball or flapper valve For WRSV, pull and replace the valve.
hold pressure when leakage. For equalising For TRSV, install lockout tool or install
closed. SCSSVs, possible leakage wireline insert valve.
of secondary valve.
SCSSV not fully closed. For WRSV, pull and replace the valve.
For TRSV, when applicable install
exercise tool and attempt to exercise flow
tube. If unsuccessful, install lock-out tool
and install wireline insert valve.
Table 6.2 - Troubleshooting Guide for SCSSVs

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6.10 SCSSV TESTING

6.10.1 Leak-off Testing
A leak-off test will be performed on all SCSSVs prior to production. A leak-off test will
ensure that leakage of wellfluids up through an SCSSV system are within the leak-off
criteria specified by company policy; that is, prior to initial production and at 6 monthly
intervals.
For example, one method of performing a leak-off test is to close the production, kill and
swab valve on the Xmas Tree and SCSSV control line pressure bled off to zero. Tubing
pressure is bled off slowly through the Xmas Tree and the wellhead pressure reduced to 1 /3
of the original shut-in pressure (CITHP) above a TRSV or reduced in stages above a
WRSV. The well is then closed in at the Xmas Tree again and the wellhead pressure
monitored for a specified period of time. If there is a rapid build-up of pressure, a major
leak is indicated. For a TRSV, this leakage indicates a malfunction of the valve; for a
WRSV, this leakage is indicative of valve malfunction and/or leakage of the packing stacks
on the SCSSV-lock mandrel system.
Typical examples of acceptable leak-off rates (API) for SCSSVs are given in Table 5.1:
SCSSV Size Leakoff Rate
SCSSV for 3 1 /2 inch tubing 90 psi. increase over 15 mins
SCSSV for 5 inch tubing 60 psi. increase over 15 mins
SCSSV for 5 1 /2 inch tubing 50 psi. increase over 15 mins
SCSSV for 7 inch tubing 30 psi. increase over 15 mins.
Table 6.1 - API Leakoff Rates for Various SCSSVs
If an SCSSV fails a leak-off test, the safety valve should be equalised, the valve cycled
open then closed, and the leak-off test repeated. If the SCSSV again fails the test, the only
option will be to replace the valve.
6.10.2 Routine Testing

Since the primary function of an SCSSV is to shut the well in the event of an emergency,
routine leak-off testing will still be performed at regular intervals since long term contact
with wellfluid may adversely affect the valve. Routine testing accomplishes 3 functions:
1) To test the pressure integrity of the closure mechanism (TRSV, WRSV).
2) To test the SCSSV-lock mandrel system including nipple seals (WRSV).
3) To cycle the valve to prevent ‘freezing’ in a well either fully open or fully closed for
extended periods of time (TRSV, WRSV).

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viscosity of the control liquid will determine the flowrate through the control line and
hence the rate of closure of the valve. A highly viscous fluid may slow down valve action
to an unacceptable rate.
6.9 SCSSV CONTROL LINES

The most commonly used hydraulic fluid control line is the 1 /4 inch OD, seamless,
continuous steel tubing. Control line tubing is manufactured using Carbon Steel (304L, 316
stainless), Monel and Cupro-Nickel alloys. In comparison to stainless steel tubing, monel
and cupro-nickel tubing have reduced mechanical strengths but have increased resistance to
corrosion.
Prior to connecting a control line to a TRSV or an SVLN, the line will be thoroughly
flushed (at least once its internal volume) and pressure tested. After connection, the control
line will be placed in slight tension and, as the completion is run, it will be securely
clamped to the production tubing usually above each tubing joint and midway between two
successive joints.
NOTE: The critical connections for the SCSSV control line are the connection to
the TRSV or the SVLN, and the connections to the lower and upper ends
of the tubing hanger.

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6.8 SCSSV CONTROL LINE FLUIDS

In general, hydraulic control line fluid is normally static and is held under pressure for long
periods of time. This fluid is also subjected to large increases in temperature during
production. Thus, hydraulic control line fluid must be able to sustain these conditions
without decomposition and with minimum changes in physical characteristics (eg.
viscosity).
The proper choice of control line fluid will depend on the following:
• Production temperature at the SCSSV
• Control line material
• SCSSV material.
• SCSSV seals.
• Oil-based hydraulic liquids are generally used since they are less likely to
induce corrosion in the control line and the SCSSV material, and less likely to
degrade the SCSSV seals.
NOTE: Water-based hydraulic liquids are generally diminishing in use since they
may cause corrosion in some steels or alloys. Also, due to their water
content, hydrate (‘ice’) formation may be promoted in a gas wells if a
leak develops past an SCSSV seal.
It is extremely important for hydraulic fluid containers to be kept properly sealed since oil-
based hydraulic fluids may absorb water from the atmosphere. Contamination of oil-based
control line fluids with water has implications for:
• Hydrate (‘ice’) formation which may block the control line
• Corrosion of the control line
the maximum fail-safe setting depth for the SCSSV.
NOTE: Appropriate container seals must be in place at all times, especially in

humid areas.
Similarly, in environments where dust and sand are a problem, hydraulic control fluids
must be filtered (NACE 6).
NOTE: The backflow of wellfluids up the control line are indicative of problems
at the SCSSV. These problems must be investigated.
NOTE: The ingress of sand/debris from the tubing into the control line may
induce sand/debris to collect which may produce potential mechanical
problems; for example, with dynamic (moving) seal areas within an
SCSSV. Telltale signs may be the discolouration of the hydraulic oil
within the reservoir supply tank through closure of an SCSSV.
The speed of closure of an SCSSV is an important factor in the choice of hydraulic control
fluid. Since the force of the power spring must displace control fluid back to surface, the

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6.7.3 Maximum Fail-Safe Depth Calculation Example

For a particular TRSV in storage, the attached data sheet indicated that the closing pressure
of the safety valve was 428 psi. as determined at the manufacturer's workshop. The
manufacturer specifies a 1.4 safety factor for the valve. If the control line fluid will be a
light oil of 0.38 psi./ft, determine the maximum fail-safe setting depth for a valve of this
type.
Pcl
Dfs =
(G x SF)
428
Dfs =
( 0.38 × 1.4)
Dfs = 804 ft
Fail-safe closure of this TRSV should occur up to a depth value of 804 ft. The final choice
of SCSSV setting depth will also depend on the well location, well environment and
production characteristics.
NOTE: In certain wells, company policy may dictate that a TRSV be set deeply.
By inserting a spacer or spacers into the power spring system, the closing
force can be effectively increased; this will increase the maximum fail-
safe setting depth for the safety valve.

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Figure 6.17 - SCSSV Force Considerations for Maximum Setting Depth
NOTE: The maximum fail-safe depth for a particular model of safety valve is not
a standard number. The maximum fail-safe depth must be determined
for each particular SCSSV installation.

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These forces are illustrated in Figure 5.17. Thus, the closing force and hence the closing
pressure Pcl will be the determining factor for establishing the maximum depth at which a
TRSV or a WRSV can be set in the tubing.
For a column of control line fluid of gradient G, the pressure exerted at a (true vertical)
depth D is given by:
P= G×D
If this pressure balances the closing pressure of the power spring in an SCSSV, then the
depth D would represent a maximum depth consideration for that the safety valve. Fail-safe
closure of the safety valve should occur up to but not including this depth value; this depth
is usually called the maximum fail-safe setting depth.
Therefore, the maximum fail-safe setting depth Dfs is given by:
Pcl
Dfs =
G
where Pcl is the closing pressure of the power spring.
However, due to the fact that the closing pressures of a safety valve will vary with
operating conditions and with time, a safety factor SF is included to compensate for
temperature, seal wear, scale deposits, etc. The depth equation then becomes:
Pcl
Dfs =
(G x SF)

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6.7 SCSSV SETTING DEPTHS

6.7.1 Factors Affecting SCSSV Setting Depths
The depth at which an SCSSV should set in production tubing will depend on the
following:
Well Environment Setting Depth Consideration
Land well Recommended minimum SCSSV setting depth 100 ft.

below ground level.
Offshore well Recommended minimum SCSSV setting depth 50 ft. below

deepest pile penetration on fixed steel platform.
Simultaneous drilling and Below deviation kick-off depth.

production
High blowout potential Below estimated cratering depth.
Well Production Setting Depth Consideration
wax deposition wax deposition depth (oil wells).
hydrate formation hydrate formation depth (gas wells).
NOTE: Well temperature will be an influence on these during production.
SCSSV Characteristics Setting Depth Consideration
valve closing pressure maximum fail-safe setting depth.
NOTE: This will depend on control line fluid gradient, operating valve friction
factors and manufacturer's recommended safety factors.
6.7.2 SCSSV Fail-Safe Setting Depths

When control line pressure is bled off at the surface control manifold, the force of the
power spring in the SCSSV must be able to overcome the following during the closing
cycle:
• The hydrostatic head of control line fluid
• Seal friction.

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Figure 6.16 - Well Shut-in Control Panels

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6.6.2 Total Well Shut-in Control Panels

To enhance safety at the wellhead, automatic control of the Upper Master Valve (UMV) or
a Surface Safety Valve (SSV) on the production flowline can also been incorporated into a
surface control manifold; See Figure 5.16.
For a relatively minor malfunction, automatic closure of the UMV may occur as follows.
Should pressure be lost from the low pressure system, the UMV relay valve will release the
hydraulic pressure from the UMV actuator to close the valve and control fluid returned to
the manifold reservoir.
For potentially dangerous situations, automatic closure of the UMV and the SCSSV may
occur as follows. Loss of an electrical signal to the remote shutdown (solenoid) valve will
bleed off pressure from the low pressure system via the UMV and SCSSV relay valves.
The UMV should close immediately. However, the inclusion of a pneumatic delay device
in the SCSSV system ensures that closure of the SCSSV occurs a predetermined time after
the UMV closes. This closure sequencing - UMV first, SCSSV second - is incorporated in
the control system to prolong the service life of the UMV and the SCSSV. Automatic
sequencing for re-opening - SCSSV first, UMV second - is also a design feature of total
well control manifolds.
NOTE: For a well on gas lift, automatic sequencing of safety valve closure would
be injection gas valve first, the UMV second, and then (approximately 3
minutes later) the SCSSV along with the annulus safeguard system last.
A predetermined time interval between closures would be incorporated
into the hydraulic control system.

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Figure 6.15 - SCSSV Control Manifolds

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Surface control manifolds are supplied as complete units containing a hydraulic fluid
reservoir, pressure control regulators, relief valve, pressure gauges and pump with manual
override. An SCSSV control manifold requires only a hydraulic connection to the SCSSV
control line, a pneumatic connection to the low pressure pilot control system, and a
connection to a pneumatic supply line.

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6.6 SURFACE CONTROL MANIFOLDS

6.6.1 SCSSV Control Manifolds
Since SCSSVs are fail-safe close valves, they must be held open by an external pressure
source. Surface control manifolds (eg. Baker CAC units) are designed to provide and
control the hydraulic pressure required to hold an SCSSV open. Figure 5.15a illustrates a
typical portable SCSSV surface control manifold; such a manifold might be used by
wireline operators to keep a TRSV open (after isolation from the main ESD system) during
routine wireline work on a well.
The main components of such a manifold are:
• Air supply and regulation system
• Low pressure system for pneumatic control (3-way controller, fusible plug, Hi-
Lo pressure pilot, manual shutdown)
• Hydraulic system for valve actuation (control line).
A manifold may have one or more air driven hydraulic pumps to maintain the desired
hydraulic pressure to actuate the safety valve. Hydraulic pressure is maintained by a
hydraulic control valve which is operated by the low pressure air control system. Loss of
pressure in either the low pressure control system, SCSSV control line, or the manual
shutdown will close the safety valve. Figure 5.15b illustrates the use of single well control
manifold. In this illustration, it will be assumed that:
• A Hi-Lo monitor pilot and a fusible plug are integrated into the low pressure
pneumatic control system
• The hydraulic system is connected via the control line from the manifold down
to the SCSSV.
Appropriate hydraulic pressure is maintained from the hydraulic pump, through the
hydraulic controller, through the SCSSV control line to hold the safety valve open.
Appropriate pneumatic pressure is maintained in the low pressure control system for the
flowline monitor pilot and the fusible plug; See Figure 5.15c.
If the monitor pilot senses a pressure variation outwith a preset range (eg. due to flowline
rupture) or the compound within the fusible plug melts (due to fire at the wellhead),
pressure will be lost from the low pressure control system. As this pressure exhausts, a
relay valve on the hydraulic controller will block any attempt by the hydraulic pump to
maintain pressure to the SCSSV; See Figure 5.15d. Simultaneously, the hydraulic
controller will allow pressure in the SCSSV control line to bleed off to the manifold
reservoir.
Additional devices that can be integrated with the low pressure control system are:
• Melting or rupture of pressurised plastic line at the wellhead
• Operation of a sand (erosion) probe on the flowline
• Manual operation of emergency shutdown (ESD) system
• Operation of production shutdown (PSD) system (due to eg. high separator
liquid level).

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Operating Procedure With Differential Pressure Across Valve

In order to re-open this valve after it has closed with pressure below it, the well flow must
be completely shut in at the surface during re-opening. If the well is allowed to flow during
re-opening, only the equalising function will occur and the well will produce indefinitely
through the equalising port. The procedure for re-opening is as follows:
1) Close the wing valve on the Xmas tree.
2) Apply hydraulic pressure to the control line. Pressure required is 2,000 psi. + shut-in
pressure.
3) When the tubing pressure has stabilised at the normal shut-in pressure, open the wing
valve and the well should flow normally. Maintain 2,000 psi. + flowing well pressure
during production.

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Should the normal pressure integrity of the valve be lost for any reason, then the valve can
be permanently locked in the open position. This is achieved during a single trip with a
Baker permanent lock open tool. This single wireline trip, coupled with application of
tubing pressure, locks the flapper in the open position and allows control line
communication from the hydraulic control line to the ID of the tubing. Thus, a wireline
retrievable insert safety valve can be set in the nipple profile of the tubing retrievable safety
valve and can be activated by the same control line which operated the tubing retrievable
valve.
The ‘FVL’ safety valve has a rated working pressure of 6,000 psi. The flapper will open
with 1,600 psi. above the shut in tubing pressure on the control line. (Its maximum fail-safe
setting depth with salt water in the control line is 890 ft.)
This maximum fail-safe setting depth neglects the possibility of heavier annulus fluid. If
the annulus fluid is heavier than the control line fluid, it must be acknowledged that, should
the control line break, the hydrostatic pressure applied to the safety valve is based on the
gradient of the heavier annulus fluid. Therefore, the maximum setting depth should be
reduced accordingly.
NOTE: An equalising version of this TRSV exists, i.e. the Baker ‘FVLE’, which
provides an equalising button on the flapper valve. When the appropriate
amount of pressure is applied to the control line the flow tube contacts
the button to allow equalisation through the flapper.
Running Procedure
1) Visually inspect the safety valve prior to running it into the well. It is recommended
that a strap or chain wrench be used when making up the safety valve onto the tubing
string. Pipe wrenches must never be used on a critical part. If a pipe wrench is used
during make-up onto the tubing string, wrench marks must be filed off.
2) Verify that the tubing thread connections are made up to correct torque value.
3) Install the control line.
4) Pressurise the control line to 2,000 psi. plus shut-in pressure and isolate pressure to
verify control line/valve pressure integrity. Check visually to ensure that the valve is
fully open. Do not exceed specified control chamber test pressure.
5) Maintain this pressure on the control line while running the tubing and control line in
the hole. Band the control line to the tubing as required. Extreme care should be
exercised to ensure that the control line is not damaged while running in.
6) Make up the control line to the surface hanger using the appropriate surface hanger
fitting.
Operating Procedure With No Differential Pressure Across Valve

1) Close wing valve on the Xmas tree.
2) Apply hydraulic pressure to the control line. Pressure required is 2,000 psi. + shut-in
pressure.
3) Continue to apply pressure, 2,000 psi. + flowing well pressure to hold the valve open.

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Figure 6.14 - Baker Type ‘FVL’ Tubing Retrievable Flapper Valve

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6.5.2 Baker Type ‘FVL’ Tubing Retrievable Flapper Valve

The Baker Model ‘FVL’ tubing retrievable safety valve, See Figure 5.14, is a surface-
controlled sub surface, flapper type safety valve; this SCSSV has no internal equalising
facility. It is controlled from the surface via a small diameter hydraulic control line
connecting the safety valve to the surface emergency shut-down system. Since the valve is
of the normally closed type, when the applied control line pressure is removed, the valve
automatically returns to the closed position thus shutting in the well.
The ‘FVL’ safety valve system is of a fail-safe design and will automatically close when
hydraulic control line pressure to the valve is lost or bled off. This safety valve is made up
onto and forms part of the production tubing string. Heavy walled flow couplings
constructed of premium materials should be installed immediately above and below the
‘FVL’ safety valve. The flow couplings are designed to withstand the increased flow
turbulence created should it become necessary to install a wireline retrievable safety valve
such as the ‘FMV’ within the bore of the ‘FVL’ safety valve.
NOTE: The Baker ‘FVLD’ safety valve is of similar design to the ‘FVL’ except
that the ‘FVLD’ can be set deeper in wells.
Operation
The Baker ‘FVL’ TRSV has the following features:
Closure Mechanism Flapper and Seat
Actuator Type Concentric Piston
Equalization Internal Facility
If the flapper mechanism fails in service, a lock-open tool can be run to permanently hold
the flapper valve open.

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Figure 6.13 - Lock Open Tool

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CAUTION: IF A PLUG IS SET BELOW THE TRSV IN ORDER TO PRESSURE

TEST THE TUBING STRING, THE VALVE SHOULD BE KEPT IN
THE OPEN POSITION. IF THE VALVE IS ALLOWED TO CLOSE
IT MAY BE DIFFICULT TO RE-OPEN. FOR SUGGESTED
CONTROL LINE PRESSURE SEE ‘GUIDELINES FOR HOLD-
OPEN PRESSURE’.
Lock-open Procedure
Before locking open a TRSV, every effort must be made to open the valve by the proper
method. A locked-open TRSV cannot be operated again until retrieved from the well.
1) Pressure up the tubing string to equalise pressure across the TRSV. If the closure
mechanism is not equalised before the lock-open tool is installed, the TRSV will not
lock open.
2) Run the lock-open tool, See Figure 5.13, with approximately 100 lbs. of stem and
locate in the appropriate profile in the TRSV.
3) If possible, apply appropriate hold open pressure to the control line. An attempt
should be made to maintain this pressure by the continuous pumping of control line
fluid.
4) Jar downwards to shear the plugs to communicate control line pressure to the tubing.
A drop in control line pressure will be observed or an increase in pump strokes on the
hydraulic manifold.
NOTE: If no indication occurs, stop jarring after 10 downward strokes.
5) Apply the appropriate pressure to the tubing to lock-open the valve.

6) Bleed off the tubing and retrieve the lock-open tool.

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Guidelines for Hold-Open Pressure

1) Maximum hold-open pressure
• Tubing pressure between 0 psi. and 4,000 psi.
• Maximum control line pressure = rated working pressure of valve + tubing
pressure
• Tubing pressure above 4,000 psi.
• Maximum control line pressure = rated working pressure of valve + 4,000 psi.
2) Minimum hold-open pressure

Minimum control line pressure = tubing pressure + opening pressure
3) Recommended hold-open pressure

Recommended control line pressure = tubing pressure + opening pressure + 500 psi.
During the process of opening the valve, the opening procedure should be followed. After
the valve is in the open position, the control line pressure may be adjusted according to the
guidelines.
Testing Procedure
1) Record the control line pressure.
2) Isolate the well to be closed in from the control manifold if it is a multi-well
platform.
3) Shut in the well at the wellhead.
4) Wait a minimum of five minutes to allow stabilisation and then bleed the control line
pressure to shut the SCSSV.
5) Bleed the pressure off the wellhead to the lowest pressure practical and then shut in
the well.
6) Observe the tubing pressure build-up for one hour or measure the flow from the well.
(On some installations, the build-up period may change).
7) If the SCSSV fails to close or if the leakage rate exceeds the manufacturers or
operators guidelines, corrective action such as cycling or setting an insert valve must
be taken.
8) After the SCSSV tests successfully, re-open the SCSSV as described in the ‘Opening
Procedure’.

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Opening Procedure
NOTE: This valve has a protection feature which minimises the risk of damage to
the closure mechanism. Due to this feature, the valve will not open unless
pressure is completely equalised across the closure device. The opening
procedure instructions must be followed closely to assure proper results.
1) Pressure must be equalised completely across the closure mechanism. This is done by
pressuring the tubing string before attempting to open the valve. To open a TRSV
with pressure shut in below the valve, proceed as follows:
2) When operating a multi-well platform from one control manifold, all the SCSSVs
may be closed simultaneously, but each SCSSV must be opened individually.
3) To open a valve, close off all control line access to SCSSVs in other wells and close
the wing valve on the Xmas tree.
4) Fill the tubing above the valve with clean fluid or gas. Pressure the tubing to 1,000
psi. below the shut-in pressure.
5) Refer to the manufacturer’s documentation for the opening pressure of the TRSV.
Determine the control line pressure to be applied as follows:
Control line pressure = opening pressure + shut-in pressure
(Control line pressure may be increased to a maximum of 4,000 psi. above the shut-in
pressure if desired).
6) Apply the control line pressure determined in step 5. Set the regulator on the control
manifold pump to maintain this pressure.
7) Increase the tubing pressure until the manifold pump begins to stroke. This indicates
that the tubing pressure equalised across the flapper allowing the TRSV to open.
8) Refer to the ‘Guidelines for Hold-Open Pressure’. Set the regulator on the control
manifold pump to maintain the recommended hold open pressure on the TRSV
during production. The increased control line pressure allowed by the guidelines (up
to maximum hold-open pressure) should be used during non-production operations
such as completion, testing, acidising, etc. During production, the recommended hold
open pressure should be maintained.
NOTE: During non-production operations such as completion, testing, acidising

etc., the control line pressure may be increased as outlined in the
‘Guidelines for Hold Open Pressure’.

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Running Procedure
NOTE: The control line and apparatus used to convey control line fluid (tubing
hanger, Xmas tree, etc.) should be pumped through prior to installation
to check for blockage or debris.
1) Attach the control line to the TRSV and pressure the control line up to the opening
pressure.
2) Install the isolation assembly in the TRSV. The equalising sub should be in the
closed position.
3) Run the TRSV to the desired setting depth, strapping the control line securely to the
tubing as it is run in the well.
4) Slowly bleed pressure off the control line. Connect the control line to the tubing
hanger. Pressurise the control line to the opening pressure and land the tubing string.
5) After installing the Xmas Tree, the control line should be checked for trapped air or
gas as follows:
a) Pressure the control line to the opening pressure and hold for 20 minutes
b) Slowly bleed off control line pressure and observe for any passage of air or gas
c) Repeat steps (a) and (b) until control line returns are fluid only.
6) After completion mud is displaced from the tubing, the isolation assembly can be
removed as follows:
• Run the toolstring with the appropriate pulling tool and equalising prong
• Latch the pulling tool in the isolation assembly. Allow 10 minutes to equalise
the pressure in the TRSV through the equalising sub
• Apply sufficient control line pressure to ensure that the TRSV is fully open.
See the ‘Guidelines for Hold-Open Pressure’ for allowable pressures
• Pull the isolation assembly.
If other completion operations (testing the tubing, etc.) are to be performed, the control line
pressure should be sufficient to ensure that the TRSV stays open. See the ‘Guidelines for
Hold-Open Pressure’ for allowable pressures.
When the well is put into production, the control line pressure should be maintained at the
recommended hold-open pressure as outlined in the ‘Guidelines for Hold-Open Pressure’.

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Figure 6.12 - Isolation Assembly

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The valve is a non-equalising TRSV. Opening the valve requires applying pressure to the
tubing string above the valve to equalise pressure across the closure device. Equalising
pressure across the valve before opening minimises the stress on the sealing surface and
prolongs the life of the valve. The valve also has a ‘protection’ feature that will not allow it
to open unless pressure across the closure mechanism is equalised.
It is retrieved only with the tubing. The valve should not be used to regularly shut in the
well.
Installation
The Otis series ‘10-S’ tubing retrievable sub-surface safety valves are run as part of the
tubing string. When running the safety valve, it should be held open by pressuring the
control line to the recommended hold-open pressure (see Guidelines for Hold Open
Pressure in section ). The control line is to be strapped securely to the tubing directly above
the valve and just below the tubing hanger with no less than two straps per joint. If the
tubing is ‘riding’ one side of the hanger or riser pipe while running in the hole, the control
line must face away from this to prevent damage.
NOTE: Completion mud entering the spring chamber can adversely affect the
operation of the TRSV.
During pressure testing the string, ensure that the TRSV operating pressure is sufficient to
hold the TRSV open.
During assembly of the valve, the spring chamber is filled with grease to act as a barrier to
mud. Also, the use of an isolation assembly to isolate the TRSV from mud during
completion is recommended.
The isolation assembly is made up, from top to bottom, of a lock mandrel, equalising valve
assembly, extension and isolation sleeve with O-rings; See Figure 5.12.

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Figure 6.11 - Otis Series 10 ‘FN’ Tubing Retrievable Flapper Valve

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6.5 EXAMPLES OF TRSVs

6.5.1 Otis Series 10 ‘FN’ Tubing Retrievable Flapper Valve
The Otis ‘FN’ tubing-retrievable safety valve, See Figure 5.11, is a non-equalising, flapper-
type safety valve that is designed to shut in a well at a point below the surface. The safety
valve is a surface controlled sub-surface safety valve (SCSSV). It is a normally closed
valve. The valve is held open by hydraulic control pressure and remains open until the
control line pressure is exhausted. The hydraulic control pressure is transmitted from a
remote location through a control line to operate the valve.
NOTE: Different end subs exist for the ‘FNX’ and ‘FNR’ TRSVs which
incorporate ‘X’ and ‘R’ nipple profiles respectively for the installation of
an isolation assembly or WRSV insert valve.
Operation
The Otis ‘FN’ TRSV has the following features:
Closure Mechanism Flapper and Seat
Equalisation No Internal Facility
(ie. must be performed manually)
If the flapper mechanism fails in service, a lock-open tool can be run to permanently hold
the flapper valve open.
The Otis ‘FN’ tubing retrievable safety valve contains a piston (opposed by a compression
spring and well pressure) which operates a flapper mechanism. When pressure is released
from the piston chamber, the spring moves the piston up and the torsion spring rotates the
flapper to the ‘closed’ position.

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Valve Equalisation and Opening

The ‘WRDP-2’ has an internal equalisation facility. Equalisation of pressure across the
safety valve can be achieved by one of the following methods:
Equalisation Procedure(s) Recommended by the Manufacturer
Method A
1) Shut the well in at the wellhead.
2) Slowly apply hydraulic pressure to the control line in 50 psi. stages until the first sign
of an increase in tubing head pressure is observed at surface. This indicates that the
secondary valve has moved fractionally offseat. (Wellfluid will flow through the
outer equalisation ports, upwards past the secondary valve and through the inner
ports into the tubing above the flapper.) Maintain this control line pressure until the
tubing head pressure is stable indicating that equalisation is complete.
3) Increase the hydraulic control line pressure to a pressure equal to the CITHP plus the
opening pressure of the valve plus a 400 psi. safety margin minus the hydrostatic
head of control line fluid. This will fully open the secondary valve system. This
hydraulic pressure should be maintained on the control line to keep the safety valve
open.
4) Open the well.
NOTE: The opening pressure of a particular ‘WRDP-2’ safety valve will be

stated in the functional test report.
NOTE: It is essential that this control line pressure does not exceed the rated
working pressure of the wellhead connections.
Method B
1) Shut the well in at the wellhead.
2) Slowly apply pressure to the tubing above the safety valve at least equal to the CITHP
of the well.
3) Apply hydraulic pressure to the safety valve control line. This hydraulic pressure
should be equal to the CITHP plus the opening pressure of the valve plus a 400 psi.
safety margin minus the hydrostatic head of control line fluid. This hydraulic
pressure should be maintained on the control line to keep the safety valve open.
4) Open the well.

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Figure 6.10 - Camco ‘WRDP-2’ Wireline Retrievable Safety Valve

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Running and Pulling Equipment

Wireline Running Equipment ‘Z-6’ Running Tool c/w
Prong.
Wireline Pulling Equipment ‘PRS’ Pulling Tool c/w
Prong.
Wireline Lock Camco ‘DB-5’ Lock.

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Alternative Pulling Procedure

If the SCSSV cannot be opened by control line pressure prior to pulling, proceed as
follows:
1) Using a rig pump, cement pump or pressure from another well, ensure that the
pressure above the SCSSV equals or exceeds shut-in pressure below the SCSSV
before proceeding to the next step.
IMPORTANT: DO NOT attach pulling prong to the pulling tool.
2) Lower type ‘GR’ pulling tool into the well until the lock mandrel is reached.
3) Open the needle valve on the control line at the tree and allow the pump to build up
pressure to approximately 1,000 psi. above shut-in tubing pressure.
4) Slowly lower the pulling tool into the SCSSV. Do not jar downward until the pulling
tool dogs have engaged the fishing neck. This can be determined by pulling a strain
on the toolstring.
5) With the pulling tool engaged, jar downward a few times and check the control line
pressure again. If control line pressure is stable, close the needle valve on the control
line at the tree.
6) Jar upward to pull the SCSSV.
6.4.2 Camco ‘WRDP-2’ Wireline Retrievable Safety Valve

This safety valve is illustrated in Figure 5.10. The Camco ‘WRDP-2’ is attached to the
appropriate lock mandrel/opening prong and run and installed by wireline methods into a
landing nipple profile.
Operation
The Camco ‘WRDP-2’ WRSV has the following features:
Closure Mechanism Flapper and Seat.
Actuator Type Rod Piston.
Equalisation Internal Facility.
The ‘WRDP-2’ operates as follows
Hydraulic pressure is applied from surface through the control line. The rod pistons and the
flow tube are moved downwards, opening the flapper valve. The hydraulic pressure applied
must produce sufficient force to compress the power spring and overcome the force
generated by production pressure acting on the cross sectional area of the rod pistons.
Loss of hydraulic fluid pressure from the control line allows the restoring force of the
power spring to move the flow tube upwards and out of the flapper system. The flapper
spring, assisted by well pressure, closes the valve.

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Testing Procedure
1) Record the control pressure.
2) Isolate the well to be closed in from the control manifold if it is a multi-well
platform.
3) Shut in the well at the wellhead.
4) Wait a minimum of five minutes to allow stabilisation and then bleed the control line
pressure to shut the SCSSV.
5) Bleed the pressure off the wellhead to the lowest pressure practical and then shut in
the well.
6) Observe tubing pressure build-up for an appropriate time as per Company policy to
determine the leak-off rate if any.
7) If the SCSSV fails to close or if the leakage rate exceeds Company policy, corrective
action such as cycling or pulling the valve must be taken.
8) After the SCSSV tests successfully, equalise and re-open the SCSSV.
Pulling Procedure
1) Close in the well at the Xmas tree.
2) Attach the pulling prong to the pulling tool (type ‘GR’) and make up onto the
wireline toolstring.
3) Lower the pulling tool into the lock mandrel while holding pressure on the control
line to maintain the SCSSV in the ‘open’ position.
4) Tap down to ensure that the dogs on the pulling tool are engaged properly in the
fishing neck of the lock mandrel.
5) Bleed the control line pressure to CITHP and isolate control manifold pump.
6) Tap down to ensure that any binding between the keys and the expander sleeve is
relieved.
7) Pick up the estimated weight of the toolstring. Include the SCSSV and lock mandrel
plus 200 lbs. to ensure that the pulling tool has latched the fishing neck.
8) Upward jarring will move the expander mandrel up, unlocking the lock mandrel.
Continued upward jarring will move the packing stacks out of the polished bores,
allowing the valve to be pulled to the surface.

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Running Procedure
1) Make up the appropriate prong onto the running tool (type ‘X’).
2) Attach the appropriate locking mandrel (type ‘X’) to the SCSSV.
3) Connect a pressure source to the threaded connection in the valve housing and apply
enough pressure to open the ball.
4) Insert the running tool through the bore of the locking mandrel and into the bore of
the valve far enough to engage the upper end of the piston.
NOTE: The running prong should hold the ball open. If it closes when pressure is
released, remove the running tool and prong and repeat steps 1 through 4
using the correct running prong.
5) Pin the running tool to lock mandrel.

6) Attach the SCSSV and running tool to a standard toolstring.
7) Lower the assembly into the well to approximately 10 ft. above the SCSSV landing
nipple.
8) Set the regulator on the control manifold pump to apply approximately 1,000 psi.
above the CITHP of the well.
9) Allow the pump to run to completely clear the control line to the SCSSV landing
nipple. (Shut down the pump and allow pressure to drop to well shut-in pressure).
10) Lower the SCSSV into the landing nipple.
11) Lightly jar the SCSSV into the landing nipple. (When the SCSSV is completely set in
the nipple, a ‘double bounce’ can be felt through the wireline.)
12) Using the regulator on the control pump manifold, apply pressure down control line.
(This pressure should be enough to hold the ball valve open, but must not exceed the
working pressure of the SSSV, control line etc.)
13) Jar downward to shear the top pins in the running tool. Further downward jarring
moves the expander mandrel downwards locking the lock mandrel in place.
14) Place an overpull of 300 to 500 lbs. on the wireline to ensure that the lock mandrel is
locked in the landing nipple.
15) Upward jarring will shear the bottom pin in the running tool. The running tool and
the toolstring can now be pulled to the surface.

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Figure 6.9 - Operation of the ‘DK’ Valve
NOTE: If it is desirable to set this valve deeper, additional spring modules may
be added to offset the increased hydrostatic head of the hydraulic control
fluid.
NOTE: The valve is designed so that it may be pumped through in an emergency,

eg. loss of control line pressure or killing operations; See Figure 5.9d.
The ‘DKX’ valve has been designed with a theoretical opening ratio of 1.1. However,
additional pressure is required to overcome seal friction and it should not be unexpected
that an opening ratio of the order of 1.2 to 1.4 times the pressure below the valve in order
to open the valve.
Running and Pulling Equipment
Wireline Running Equipment ‘X’ Running Tool c/w Prong.
Wireline Pulling Equipment ‘GR’ Pulling Tool c/w Prong.
Wireline Lock ‘X’ Lock Mandrel

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Operation
The Otis ‘DK’/‘DKX’ Safety Valve has the following features:
Closure Mechanism Ball and Seat
Equalisation Internal Facility
This ball valve assembly consists of a ball, seat, control arms, sleeve weldment (with guide
and drive pins), and alignment pins; the ball is provided with slots to accommodate the
drive pins. The operation of the ball valve assembly is as follows. Downward movement of
the valve seat and control arms within the sleeve weldment will move the ball downwards.
This downward movement causes a 90o rotation of the ball to the open position due to the
(stationary) drive pins; guide pins ensure that this rotation occurs in the same plane. The
reverse of the above action will close the valve assembly.
Figure 5.9 illustrates the operation of the ‘DK’ valve. Figure 5.9a shows the safety valve in
its closed position with well pressure trapped beneath the ball valve.
To open the valve, hydraulic pressure greater than the well pressure is applied to move the
piston downwards by concentric piston actuation. With the valve seat screwed directly to
the lower end of the piston this downward movement will offseat the secondary valve and
expose the equalisation ports allowing well pressure to equalise across the valve; See
Figure 5.9b. This minimises the possibility of damage to primary sealing surfaces when
opening the valve. As additional pressure is applied, the piston continues its downward
movement, the sleeve weldment butts up against the body, and the ball rotates to the open
position, See Figure 5.9c. The ‘wiping’ action of the ball across the seat ensures a good
clean sealing surface.
WARNING: FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE CORRECT OPENING PROCEDURE

CAN LEAD TO SPLITTING OF THE BALL AND HENCE
PREMATURE FAILURE OF THE VALVE.
Upon loss of hydraulic pressure, the power spring is designed to lift the hydraulic head of
control fluid and mechanically rotate the ball into a closed position by the reverse of the
above action.

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Figure 6.8 - Otis ‘DK’ WRSV

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6.4 EXAMPLES OF WRSVs

6.4.1 Otis ‘DK’/‘DKX’ Safety Valves
The Otis ‘DK’/‘DKX’ valve is a fail-safe close wireline-retrievable, ball type, surface
controlled sub-surface safety valve; See Figure 5.8. This valve finds its application in
sweet to moderately corrosive environments.
All Otis ‘D’ type ball valves have a built-in equalising feature, that is, allowing hydraulic
control line pressure to move a piston downward, exposing equalisation ports, and allowing
well pressure to equalise across the valve prior to rotating the ball in its seat to the open
position. This equalising system is designed to protect the ball and seat from damage that
might occur if the ball is rotated under high differential pressure.
NOTE: The ‘DKX’ safety valve is of similar design to the ‘DK’ except that the
‘DKX’ permits faster equalisation across the ball valve.
NOTE: The ‘DKD’ safety valve is of similar design to the ‘DK’ except that the
‘DKD’ can be set deeper in the well. A modified SVLN with balance line
and Lock Mandrel are required to operate this valve.
All valves having an equalising facility require a secondary seal. The ball and seat
comprises the primary sealing system while the equalising valve and seat comprises the
secondary system. Both the primary and secondary sealing surfaces in the ‘DK’ and ‘DKX’
valves are metal-to-metal. Well pressure in excess of 3,500 psi, should provide the
necessary energy to produce good sealing ability with metal-to-metal surfaces, but
unloading across this metal surface when equalising under high differential pressure is
likely to damage the sealing surface.

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Figure 6.7 - Equalisation of a Flapper-Type WRSV

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Figure 6.6 - Secondary Valve Equalisation System of a Ball Type WRSV

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6.3.3 Equalising SCSSVs

Equalising SCSSVs provide an internal mechanism whereby pressurised wellfluid below a
closed valve can be introduced into the production tubing above the valve to facilitate
equalisation of pressure. In general, pressurised wellfluid below a safety valve is allowed to
bypass the closed valve by moving a secondary valve offseat. This small movement of the
secondary valve is provided by applying an appropriate control line pressure to just open
the secondary valve system; the magnitude of this pressure is dependent on the valve
opening pressure, the setting depth of the valve and the control line fluid gradient.
Figure 5.6 illustrates the equalisation of pressure through the secondary valve system of a
ball-type WRSV. When equalising control line pressure is applied, the piston is pushed
fractionally downwards and the secondary valve moves offseat and to expose the
equalising ports in the inner mandrel. After equalisation is complete (this can usually be
observed on a suitable pressure gauge on the Xmas Tree) the control line pressure can be
increase to the hold-open pressure of the SCSSV.
The equalisation of pressure through a flapper-type WRSV is illustrated in Figure 5.7.
When equalising control line pressure is applied, the secondary valve again moves offseat.
Equalisation of pressure across the flapper occurs through the outer ports, down past the
secondary valve, and then through the inner ports. Note that the outer equalisation ports are
below the packing stack on this type of SCSSV.

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6.3 THE EQUALISATION OF SCSSVs

When an SCSSV has been closed to interrupt the flow from a producing well, whatever the
reason, pressure will build up below the safety valve. This pressure may be many times
higher that the flowing pressure at the safety valve during production. Any attempt to open
a safety valve with a differential pressure across the closure mechanism will require higher
than normal control line pressures which will subject the internal components of the valve
to abnormal stresses, especially the primary sealing surfaces. (Such control line pressures
may also exceed the limitations of the wellhead, the tubing hanger or the SCSSV hydraulic
control equipment.) To prevent any damage to the safety valve due to such stresses, the
pressure above and below the valve must be equalised. In other words, the differential
pressure across the valve should be zero. When this situation has been established,
hydraulic pressure can then be applied to the SCSSV control line to open the valve.
WARNING: PRIOR TO OPENING ANY SCSSV, THE PRESSURES ABOVE AND

BELOW THE SAFETY VALVE MUST BE EQUALISED.
6.3.1 Methods of Pressure Equalisation

The following methods are available to equalise fluid pressures above and below a closed
SCSSV:
1) Re-pressurisation of the production tubing above the SCSSV from another well (if
sufficient well pressure exists) via the production manifold.
2) Pump a fluid which is compatible with the produced wellfluid (eg. diesel for thin
oils) into the production tubing and pressurise this fluid until zero differential
pressure is achieved across the valve.
3) Pump a supply of inert gas (eg. nitrogen) at sufficient pressure into the production
tubing.
4) Use a combination of the methods described in 1) and 3). If other wells cannot supply
sufficient pressure, this deficiency can be made up by an additional supply of inert
gas.
5) Using the available built-in equalisation feature of the SCSSV installed; this may be
used in conjunction with some of the methods described above.
6) Equalisation may be achieved via the annulus through the (gas lift) blowdown loop.
Which method of SCSSV equalisation is chosen will be dependent on the available source
of pressure and, of course, Company policy.
6.3.2 Non-Equalising SCSSVs

As the name implies, non-equalising SCSSVs have no internal mechanism to assist in the
equalisation of pressure across the safety valve. Therefore, the only method available is the
re-pressurisation of the production tubing above the safety valve via the Xmas Tree. After
equalisation, the appropriate control line pressure, as recommended by the SCSSV
manufacturer, is applied to the valve; the magnitude of this pressure is dependent on the
valve opening pressure, the setting depth of the valve, the control line fluid gradient and a
safety factor margin.

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Figure 6.5 - Two Methods of a Achieving this Actuation

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6.2.3 Methods of Valve Operation

Ball Valve Operation
Figure 5.3 shows an exploded view of a ball and seat assembly. This assembly consists of
the ball, seat, control arms, sleeve weldment and alignment pins; the ball is provided with
slots to accommodate the drive pins. The ball and seat assembly provides a metal-to-metal
sealing system and is the primary seal to well pressure below the safety valve when closed.
Downward movement of the valve seat and control arms within the sleeve weldment will
move the ball downwards. When the sleeve weldment butts up against the lower assembly,
a 90 degree rotation of the ball will occur to the open position due to the presence of the
(now stationary) drive pins. Reverse of the above action will close the valve assembly;
additional force from well pressure will assist in a pressure tight seal.
Flapper Valve Operation

Figure 5.4 shows an exploded view of a flapper and seat assembly. After actuation, the
flow tube moves downwards and mechanically opens the flapper system. Reverse of the
above action closes the flapper valve; closure is initially assisted by the flapper spring and
then by well pressure. This flapper closure system has a metal-to-metal ‘hard’ seat for high
pressure sealing and a ‘soft’ seat for low pressure sealing.
6.2.4 Methods of Pressure Actuation

As discussed in the previous section, both ball and flapper valve mechanisms require the
downward movement of an internal component to open the valve. This is achieved by
applying hydraulic pressure from surface, down the control line to the valve and allowing
this hydraulic pressure to force a piston (or pistons) downwards against the opposing force
of an internal power spring. This spring will provide the restoring force to close the valve
when hydraulic pressure is bled off or lost.
Two methods of a achieving this actuation are shown in Figure 5.5.
1) Concentric Piston Actuation
Hydraulic fluid is pumped into an annular space within the valve which moves a concentric
piston downwards against the force of the power spring.
2) Rod Piston Actuation

Hydraulic fluid is pumped into essentially small holes and forces rod pistons downwards
against the force of opposing power springs. Rod piston actuation reduces the hydraulic
chamber volume and permits the operation of the SCSSV at greater depths.

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Figure 6.4 - Schematic of a Fail-Safe Close Flapper Type TRSV

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Figure 6.3 - Schematic of a Fail-Safe Close Ball Type WRSV

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Pressure sealing within the nipple is achieved by the packing stacks on the lock mandrel
and on the attached WRSV which locate in the landing nipple's upper and lower seal bores
respectively. These packing stacks also provide a seal above and below the control line port
within the nipple. Control fluid, introduced through the control line (usually a 1 /4 inch OD
conduit), enters the valve and the build up of hydraulic pressure will actuate (open) the
valve.
b) Tubing Retrievable SCSSVs
A tubing retrievable SCSSV is run as an integral part of the completion string. The
equipment requirements for tubing retrievable safety valves (TRSVs) are:
• TRSV
• Hydraulic control line
• Hydraulic control manifold.
NOTE: When running a TRSV, an appropriate hydraulic pressure will be

applied to the control line to keep the valve open.
If a TRSV fails in service, the following additional equipment may be required to continue
production:
• Lockout tool
• Insert wireline retrievable safety valve (WRSV)
• Wireline installation and retrieval tools.
To replace the TRSV, the completion string will need to be pulled, at least to the depth of
the safety valve.
6.2.2 SCSSV Examples

The schematic of Figure 5.3 shows an example of a fail-safe close ball type WRSV.
The schematic of Figure 5.4 shows an example of a fail-safe close flapper type TRSV.
For these two examples, the important mechanisms that will be discussed here are:
• Valve operation
• Valve actuation.
NOTE: WRSVs and TRSVs are available with ball or flapper type closure
systems.
NOTE: TRSV is usually a full-bore valve compatible with the ID of the

production tubing. A WRSV, since it has to be locked into an SVLN, will
have an ID much less than that of the production tubing.

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Figure 6.2 - Safety Valve Landing Nipple
An SVLN is machined with an internal profile which receives the locking keys of the
appropriate lock mandrel used to run, locate and lock the WRSV. The control line
connection is solid in construction and its geometry, being raised, offers a large degree of
protection for the hydraulic control line; an external lug is often provided to increase this
protection. In general, SVLNs are usually non-welded nipples designed to absorb shock
while being run in the casing and to resist cracking due to corrosion.
SVLNs are available in various configurations depending on the intended WRSV, top and
bottom thread connections and tubing weight characteristics.
A Lock Mandrel is a removable locking device used to locate, lock and seal off a WRSVs
in the appropriate SVLN. The WRSV is attached to the lower end of the lock mandrel. The
lock mandrel provides a positive lock where keys are mechanically locked out into the
internally machined recess in the SVLN.
NOTE: When running a WRSV, an opening prong on the wireline toolstring will
be used to retain the valve in the open position. When locked into the
SVLN, hydraulic pressure will be applied to the control line to keep the
valve open before retrieval of the toolstring.

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6.2.1 SCSSV Installations

There are two main categories of Surface Controlled Sub-Surface Safety Valves (SCSSVs):
1) Wireline Retrievable Safety Valves - run and set by wireline methods into the tubing
string after the completion has been landed, tested and the Xmas Tree installed.
2) Tubing Retrievable Safety Valves - run as part of the completion string.
a) Wireline Retrievable SCSSVs

A wireline retrievable SCSSV is run, located and locked into a Safety Valve Landing
Nipple (SVLN) after the completion string has been run but before production. The SVLN
is run as an integral part of the completion string. The components required for the
installation of a wireline retrievable safety valve (WRSV) are:
• Safety valve landing nipple (SVLN)
• Hydraulic control line
• Hydraulic control manifold
• Lock mandrel
• Wireline installation and retrieval tools.
A safety valve landing nipple is a short tubular component primarily designed to lock a
WRSV in the production tubing string. The main features of an SVLN are:
• Control line port
• Locking groove or profile
• Polished seal bore above the control line port
• Polished seal bore below the control line port
• No-Go shoulder.
These features are shown in Figure 5.2.

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Figure 6.1 - A Typical SCSSV Installation

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6.2 TYPES OF SUB-SURFACE SAFETY VALVES

Two types of Sub-Surface Safety Valve (SSSV) are available for production tubing strings,
i.e.
1) Direct Controlled
This type of SSSV uses the flowing characteristics of a well to keep the valve open. Any
deviations from these ‘normal’ conditions (eg. destruction of the wellhead or a rupture of a
surface production flowline producing a change in flowrate) will cause the safety valve to
close. Such valves are generally termed Sub-Surface Controlled Sub-Surface Safety
Valves or ‘storm chokes’. However, if an emergency arose on surface (eg. surface fire near
oil and gas separation equipment) which does not directly affect the flowing characteristics
of the well, closure of the safety valve will not occur. Since such a system lacks human
control, the use of safety valves of this type are diminishing. Directly controlled SSSVs
will not be discussed here as they have little or no application in North Sea wells.
2) Remote Controlled
This type of safety valve, as the name suggests, moves the point of control from downhole
to the surface. The remote operation of this type of valve from surface can be integrated
with pressure pilots, emergency shut-down systems (ESD, PSD) and surface safety control
manifolds. Thus, Surface Controlled Sub-Surface Safety Valves (SCSSVs) are better suited
to the manual and automatic action required for many wells today.
In the simplest system, a remotely controlled safety valve is held open by transmitting
hydraulic pressure, supplied by a manifold at surface, through a stainless steel line to the
valve. This pressure is supplied by hydraulic pumps controlled by a pressure pilot installed
at some strategic point at the wellhead. Damage to the wellhead or flowline causes the
pressure pilot to be activated resulting in a loss of hydraulic pressure from the control line
and closure of the safety valve shutting off all flow up the tubing.
A typical SCSSV installation is shown in Figure 5.1; this well schematic also features
annulus safeguard for the gas lift system.

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6 SUB-SURFACE SAFETY VALVES
6.1 WHY RUN A SUB-SURFACE SAFETY VALVE ?

A Sub-Surface Safety Valve (SSSV) is a downhole safety device that can be used to shut in
a well in if an emergency arises on surface or to provide a barrier between the reservoir and
the surface. In general, an emergency may arise on or around a well from one or more of
the following occurrences:
• Equipment failure
• Human error
• Collision
• Fire
• Leaks
• Sabotage.
Thus, the main reasons for utilising SSSVs on land, platform and offshore installations are:
• To protect the surface from corrosive well fluids
• To protect people, equipment (especially on offshore installations), the
environment and the reservoir
• General ‘what if’ safety.
and these reasons have greater implications for wells which have been drilled and
completed in geologically unstable areas and politically unstable areas/potential war zones.
Nowadays, in the light of the potential effects of oil and gas discharges into the
environment, most operating companies have a definitive policy regarding wells that can
sustain natural flow. In many countries, the inclusion of an SSSV as the primary safety
device in a well in the event of an emergency is dictated by government legislation.

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Figure 5.2 - 3/16” Rope Socket

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Figure 5.1 - ‘Tear Drop’ Rope Socket and Conventional Rope Socket
3 /16 ” Rope Socket
This design is also available for braided line up to 5/ 16” diameter. There are two types of
slips, the overload release type and the plain type; See Figure 4.2.
The overload release type is designed to cause the line to break under severe loading at a
specific percentage of the full strength of the line. A range of five breaking strength slips
are available: 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% of line strength.
The plain type is designed without the overload release feature. Experience indicates that
the line will usually break near the top end of these slips at approximately 90% of the
breaking strength of the line. It is recommended to pull test these rope sockets prior to
running in the hole.

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5 ROPE SOCKETS
The rope socket provides the means to attach the wireline to the tool string.
Two types of rope sockets exist for the different sizes of wireline.
`Tear Drop' Rope Socket

For 0.108 in. wireline, the most commonly used rope socket is the ‘Tear Drop’ socket, See
Figure 4.1a. This socket is easy to make up and little experience is necessary to reliably
‘tie the knot’. The wire is bent around a slotted ‘Tear Drop’ and the loose end held in place
at the top by an Allen screw or by the friction of the mating sleeve itself.
The benefits of this type of rope socket are that there are no sharp bends in the wire which
could reduce its ultimate tensile strength and the socket allows a simple and quick means to
make the connection to the wire.
Even with no overpull or jarring, the rope socket should be rebuilt after a predetermined
number of runs and a length of wire cut and discarded. The aim of this is to change the
section of wire continuously run over the pulleys. If this is not done, particularly if the
operations are repetitive and at the same depth, the wire will become embrittled at the
pulleys, possibly break at the surface and fall into the well.
With poor well conditions and when an overpull or jarring occurs, the rope socket must be
rebuilt more often.
For each operation, a safe maximum pull is determined. This depends on a number of
factors, particularly the diameter, type and condition of the wire.
Knot Type Rope Socket

For smaller wirelines, the traditional wireline knot is favoured by experienced operators;
See Figure 4.1b. With practise, this knot can be tied to allow the rope socket to break at a
pre-determined pull.
This part of the assembly is called the weak point and allows separation and retrieval of the
wire, downhole, without exceeding the breaking strength of the wireline at the surface.
The knot type rope socket consists of a body, spring, spring support and disc. The wire is
bent around the disc and then wound around itself between 3 to 8 turns dependent upon the
required weak point value required. For general wireline operations, 8 wraps are wound.
The rope socket incorporates a fishing neck at its top end. This allows a fishing tool to latch
onto a stuck or dropped toolstring to fish it from the well.
It is important to record the fishing neck size of each individual section of toolstring, as this
data is required for the selection of fishing tools should fishing operations become
necessary.

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Figure 4.14 - Wireline Clamp Configuration

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4.9.4 Wireline Clamp

The Wireline Clamp, See Figure 3.14, is used to hold the wire while raising or lowering the
lubricator and can be utilised during fishing operations.
Clamps must be kept clean and dry to allow maximum grip on the wire.
This clamp is employed when it is necessary to clamp the wire and hold the toolstring in
position, allowing the tension from the unit to be slackened off during rigging up, down or
on operations where the tools are to be left in the well. It can also be used in fishing
operations to engage a wireline which has parted above the Wireline Valve or stuffing box.
The clamp has grooves in the clamping jaws, assisted by a spring, which grip the wire
without crushing it. It is usually attached to the Lubricator with a short chain at the bleed-
off valve.
Care must be taken not to kink the wire when placing the clamp on the line, a kink may
cause a weak point or stick in the Stuffing Box.
NOTE: Different sizes of clamps must be used for 3 /16 “ braided lines.

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Figure 4.13 - Measuring Head and Odometer
The measuring device is normally mounted on moveable supports so that it can move
laterally, guided by the operator as the wire is spooled onto or from the drum. This is
controlled with a handwheel inside the cab through a spindle and chain arrangement.
A measuring wheel exists for each wire diameter and may be calibrated in feet or metres.
When changing the diameters of wire, it is only necessary to change the wheel and pressure
wheels which are supplied in matched sets.
Prior to threading the wire through the counter, check that the counter wheel is free to
rotate and that the odometer is recording - this is especially important when there is a
flexible connection to the odometer in the cab. Also check for wear in the counter rim and
pressure wheels.

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4.9.3 Halliburton - ‘K’ Measuring Wheel

a) Purpose
The purpose of the Measuring Wheel is to indicate accurately the length of wire passing
through it. It is set to zero with the tool at the wellhead and therefore measures the depth of
the tool in the well.
b) Description
The main component of the counter is an accurately machined grooved sheave around
which the wireline is normally wrapped once; See Figure 3.13. Contact of the wireline with
this measuring wheel is maintained by the tension in the wireline and by two adjustable
pressure wheels machined to fit into the groove of the measuring wheel. The wheel is
attached, either directly to the axis of a digital meter (odometer) or by means of a flexible
drive, permitting location of the meter on the panel inside the cabin of the wireline unit.
For braided lines, straight line type measuring devices, such as those manufactured by
Mathey, Bowen, Gearhardt Owen and Otis are utilised. Alternatively, the measuring wheel
on the Halliburton type head can be changed and the 3/ 16“ line run straight through the
head and not wrapped around the wheel. Care should be taken to ensure that the correct
path for the line round the measuring wheels is selected to avoid reverse bending of the
wire.

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In addition to preventing the overloading of the wireline, the Weight Indicator will also
show changes in tension due to:
• Fluid levels or changes in fluid density
• Jar action
• Position of downhole equipment.
A different Martin Decker Weight Indicator is used for 3/16“ line because of the higher pull
which can be exerted. The load cell for this instrument has a smaller cross-sectional area in
the diaphragm and is matched to a higher range dial (gauge). The gauge load cell cannot be
interchanged.
• Maximum loading(standard) = 2,000 lbs. (approx.)
• 3/16“ unit = 4,000 lbs. (approx.).
Fluid loss can occur due to leaks or punctured hose etc. and occasionally the system needs
to be refilled.
The load cell must then be calibrated against a tensiometer or another weight indicating
device.
NOTE: Prior to bleeding the system, the hydraulic line should be laid out with no
bends in it to allow free flow of the fluid.
CAUTION: ENSURE THAT THE INDICATOR HOSE IS NOT CRUSHED OR

CUT.

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Figure 4.12 - Weight Indicator
The load cell is provided with a connection at the top to attach to the hay pulley and at the
bottom to attach to the Xmas Tree forming a pull at 90o . The system is calibrated to this
right angle pull and accuracy will be slightly affected if this angle is not true but the
sensitivity of the system is always maintained.
NOTE: If a 90o angle cannot be achieved, refer to Guidex for correction factor.
The gauge is a 6 ins. diameter fluid filled instrument which can be fastened onto the winch.
A damper is provided on the gauge to set the pointer motion to the required sensitivity. The
fluid filled case eliminates severe vibrations and also lubricates and protects the load gap
before and during wireline operations. If fluid leaks out and this gap closes, the readings on
the gauge will be incorrect.

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The lower Hay Pulley should be so positioned that the wireline goes through an angle of
90o at the wellhead or lubricator/riser as this is necessary to ensure accurate weight
indicator readings when the hay pulley is attached to the wellhead via a weight indicator. In
addition, the location of the hay pulley must be such that wireline handling when jarring up
by hand, hand feeling of the wireline toolstring into the lubricator or when pulling out of
the well, etc. can be readily accomplished. It is also important to secure the hay pulley as
close as possible to the wellhead or riser in order to avoid lateral loading of the lubricator
during heavy jarring operations. Securing of the hay pulley to the wellhead is best
accomplished by means of a chain or a wire rope sling. The hay pulley should be installed
with the lock pin facing upwards to ensure that it cannot fall out during wireline operations.
Sheaves are manufactured to suit the wireline size.
The sheave diameters for well measuring lines should be as large as the design of the
equipment will permit but not less than 120 times the diameter of the wire, otherwise cold
working of wireline material will occur, resulting in premature failure.
The Hay Pulley generally has a hole for the attachment of a line wiper which is used to
remove corrosive liquids and dirt from the line as it is spooled onto the drum.
b) Maintenance
Always check the shackle connection and the swivel for wear and tear and replace any
worn parts as the connection is subject to high shock loading and the pulley can cause
severe injuries if it breaks loose.
4.9.2 Weight Indicator

Weight Indicators are instruments which measure the tension placed on the wireline at the
surface; See Figure 3.12. There are various types, but all are either hydraulic or
electronically operated. The Weight Indicators commonly used are:
• The Martin Decker with the tree mounted load cell
• The unit-mounted electronic type in the ‘K’ winch.
The most often-used weight indicator is the Martin Decker which is completely hydraulic.
The sensing load cell attached to the Xmas Tree by a chain and a heavy duty hose, carries
the pressure to the fluid filled gauge situated inside the wireline unit.

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4.9 SURFACE WIRELINE ACCESSORIES

4.9.1 Hay Pulley
a) Description
There are normally two Hay Pulleys used, their purpose being to change the direction and
level of the wire from vertical at the top of the lubricator to horizontal at the level of the
Wireline Unit. Figure 3.11 shows various Hay Pulley assemblies.
The lower Hay Pulley is positioned generally at the wellhead on the lubricator/riser on
offshore locations to guide the wireline from the stuffing box to the wireline unit.
Figure 4.11 - Hay Pulley Assembly

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Figure 4.10 - Safety Check Union

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WARNING: HIGH PRESSURE - Never allow any part of the human body to come
in front of or in direct contact with the grease outlet. Accidental
operation of the pump could cause an injection into the flesh. If
injection occurs, medical aid must be immediately obtained from a
physician.
WARNING: COMPONENT RUPTURE - This unit is capable of producing high

fluid pressure as stated on the pump model plate. To avoid component
rupture and possible injury, do not exceed 75 cycles per minute or
operate at an air inlet pressure greater than 150 psi. (10 bar).
WARNING: SERVICING - Before servicing, cleaning or removing any component,

always disconnect or shut off the power source and carefully relieve all
fluid pressure from the system.
4.8 SAFETY CHECK UNION

This device can be included in braided/stranded wireline Lubricator hook-ups just below
the Grease Injection Head. The wire is threaded through both these units and in the event
that the wire breaks and is blown out of the Grease Injection Head, the well pressure will
automatically shut off by the Safety Check Union. Shut-off is accomplished by the velocity
of the escaping well effluents causing a piston to lift a ball up against a ball seat; See
Figure 3.10. Well pressure holds the ball against the seat. This device does in fact fulfil the
same function as the internal Wireline Valve in the solid wireline Stuffing Box. As with all
Lubricator equipment, this Safety Check Union is furnished with Quick Unions.

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Figure 4.9 - Grease Injection Rig Up

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4.7 GREASE INJECTION SYSTEM

The system is designed to deliver grease as demanded under continuous operation within
the parameters of a single pump unit.
There are two circuits on the unit for control/drive air and grease and both are described
below:
a) Grease System
The system pump draws grease from the grease reservoir through the pump suction tube
and it is pumped to the outlet port which is split into two lines. One line delivers grease to
the control panel vent valve which allows the operator to vent grease pressure to
atmosphere via a short hose into an alternate grease reservoir which is not in use (this is
normally permissible as grease from this source should be clean; however, care should be
taken to isolate grease from airborne contamination). The other line is the grease supply
line plumbed via a rotary valve to hose storage reels and then to the appropriate grease
head; See Figure 3.9.
The grease return line via the hose reel, rotary valve, and system pressure gauge leads to a
system pressure control vent valve from which the vented grease flow rate is controlled.
This grease is plumbed (now at atmosphere pressure) through a short flexible hose to a
waste grease container and should not be re-used as this may be contaminated. Excessive
grease returns will indicate incorrectly sized flow tubes.
NOTE: If a 5 /16 ” line is used, the supply pump must be fitted with at least a 3 /4 ”
ID. hose to ensure adequate supply to retain seal.
b) Pneumatics
The drive air enters the unit via a bulkhead quick connect to a pressure control valve which
is pilot controlled from the control panel and also acts as a stop/start control. A separate
supply is plumbed to the control panel into a three way, two position valve. Position one is
where the supply is blocked with the reservoir vented to atmosphere, position two is where
the supply air is directed to the reservoir via the reservoir lid pressure controller; both allow
the operator an auto pre-set reservoir pressurisation or vent to atmosphere in one control
valve.

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Figure 4.8 - Flow Tube Schematic

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The Grease Injection Control Head is composed of three flow tube sleeves, a flow tube
sleeve coupling, a quick union pin end, a flow hose and a line rubber and hydraulic packing
nut assembly at the upper end. The amount of flow tube sleeve used depends on the well
pressure. For 3/ 16” Braided Line:
• 3 flow tubes 0 - 4,000 psi.
• 4 flow tubes 4,000 - 6,000 psi.
• 5 or 6 flow tubes 6,000 - 10,000 psi.
The flow tubes are close-fitting around the wireline and they, along with the flow tube
sleeves, form the main length of the grease head. This appreciable length affords sufficient
length to form an effective pressure barrier.
The flow tube sleeves are simplified body parts which hold the various other components
rigidly together and seal them. In addition, they are made of a very hard metal and the wire
predominantly bears on them, preventing wear on the other parts. The flow tube coupling
forms a junction for the flow tubes and also as the point of entry for the grease.
The Hydraulic Packing Nut is a simple but efficient device which is remotely operated by a
hydraulic hand-pump assembly. The Hydraulic Packing Nut is actuated by pumping
pressure into the cylinder. When a complete seal is established, the pressure is maintained
by closing the valve at the hand pump assembly. The pressure may be relieved by opening
the valve and thus relaxing the seal. Thus, the piston in the packing nut is retracted by a
strong spring when the pressure is relieved from the piston.
The body has a port into which is assembled a flow hose to lead off any seepage that
migrates through the line and finds its way above the two flow tubes.
The optional differential pressure regulator valve, when used, controls the flow of grease to
the control head which is supplied by the grease supply system. In all cases, the grease is
delivered at a pressure of 350 psi. to 400 psi. greater than the wellhead pressure.
4.6 FLOW TUBES

A range of flow tubes, See Figure 3.8, are available with small increments of IDs so as to
provide an effective seal over the life of a wireline which reduces in size with usage.
The OD. of the line should be measured and the size of the tubes selected for the closest fit
(ID. of flow tubes should be 0.004 in. - 0.006 in. larger than OD. of wireline). Slip each
tube in turn over the wire and physically check that they do not grip the wire as this can
lead to ‘bird caging’ of the outer strands when running in the well. This is an effect where
the drag on the outer strands gradually holds them back with regard to the inner strands so
they become loose and spring out from the cable like a bird's cage until they jam at the
packing nut. If the packing nut is too tight it can also cause this same effect. (Alternatively,
if the tubes are too big, they will not create an effective barrier and too much grease will be
wasted.)

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Figure 4.7 - Grease Injection Head

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4.5 GREASE INJECTION HEAD

To supply grease under pressure the following equipment is required to rig up the Grease
Injector Head:
• High pressure grease pump
• Grease reservoir
• Compressor
• Hoses
• Wiper box
• Grease injector head assembly
• Sheave
• Crane or drawworks.
The Grease Injection Head, See Figure 3.7, is designed to effectively seal off stranded
wirelines, such as fishing and logging cables. The Grease Injection Head utilises grease or
honey oil, pumped under high pressure from a grease pump, into a very small annular
space between the outside of the wire and the inside of a tube covering it. The high
pressure fluid provides two sealing mechanisms:
• Since stranded lines have interstices between the strands and between layers
which cannot be packed off in a more direct, conventional manner, the sealing
fluid fills these spaces, depriving the well fluid of escape paths inside and
around the wire
• The sealing fluid in the small annular space is held at a higher pressure than
that in the well, forming a barrier to the flow of wellhead fluids and gases.
This results in the complete sealing and also lubrication of the wireline which reduces
friction.
NOTE: When calculating the amount of stem required to overcome the well
pressure, a percentage must be added to compensate for friction.

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4.4 HYDRAULIC PACKING NUT

The Hydraulic Packing Nut assembly, See Figure 3.6, is designed for a standard Wireline
Stuffing Box to allow remote adjustment of the packing nut. This method is a safe and
convenient way of regulating the packing nut. Regulation is made from a ground position
by means of a hydraulic hand pump and hose assembly.
a) Benefits
The need for a man to climb the Lubricator is eliminated.
The hand pump is positioned away from the nut itself, and therefore possible escaping well
fluid.
b) Operation
The Hydraulic Packing Nut Assembly includes a piston which has a permissible travel of
0.4 in. enclosed in a housing. The housing has a 1/ 4“ NPT connection for a hydraulic hose.
The area above the piston is arranged so that when hydraulic pressure is applied to this
area, the piston is forced downward against the force of the spring. This downward action
of the piston is transmitted to the upper packing gland. This is designed to cause the
Stuffing Box packing to be squeezed around the wireline, sealing off well fluids within the
Stuffing Box.
Figure 4.6 - Hydraulic Packing Nut

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Figure 4.5 - Wireline Stuffing Box

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Wireline sealing devices fulfil one of two functions:

• Pressure containment (sealing)
• High pressure containment on braided line.
For solid wirelines, only pressure containing Stuffing Boxes are utilised. The standard
Stuffing Box is available in 5,000 psi. and 10,000 psi. pressure ratings although higher
pressure ratings are now also available.
The essential function of the Wireline Stuffing Box is to ensure containment or sealing off
around solid wirelines, whether stationary or in motion, at the upper end of the Lubricator
during wireline operations. In addition, most Stuffing Boxes contain a BOP plunger which
is forced out of the packing section to seal off flow in the event of wireline breakage.
A swivel-mounted (360o free movement) sheave wheel and guard are fitted to the top half
of the Stuffing Box. The wheel is positioned so as to maintain the passage of the wire
through the centre of the packing rubbers.
The sheave guard on the Stuffing Box is designed to trap any wire which breaks on the
surface before it drops downhole.
The adjustment to the packing retainer nut at the top of the Lubricator is time consuming
and a Hydraulic Packing Nut (See Section 3.4) can be installed so that control can be
executed from the deck.

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A colour coding system is implemented by Shell Expro. The colour coding system uses
one or two bands of colour to identify the service. The pressure rating is identified by the
base colour of the item (eg. lubricator) or accessory and should satisfy the following:
Maximum Working Pressure Colour
psi.
3,000 Red
5,000 Dark Green
10,000 White
15,000 Yellow
Table 4.1 - Colour Coding and Pressure Rating of Pressure Control Equipment
The first band indicates if the service is Standard or Sour.

Standard service has no band.
Sour service has an orange band.
The second band indicates the temperature of the service.
Standard service (-30o C to 250o C) has no band.
Low temperature service (below -30o C) has a blue band.
High temperature service (above 250o C) has a purple band.
4.3 STUFFING BOX

The Stuffing Box, See Figure 3.5, is a sealing device connected to the top of the Lubricator
sections. It allows the wireline to enter the well under pressure and also provides a seal
should the wireline break and be blown out of the packing. The Stuffing Box will cater for
all sizes of slickline but the size of the wire must be specified to ensure the correct packing
rubbers are installed.
If the wireline breaks in the well, the loss of weight on the wire at surface allows well
pressure to eject the wire from the well. To prevent well fluids leaking out the hole left by
the wire, an Internal Blow Out Preventer Plunger is forced up into the Stuffing Box by well
pressure and seals against the lower gland.
A packing nut and gland located at the top of the Stuffing Box can be adjusted to compress
the packing and seal on the wireline. Hydraulically controlled Packing Nuts are available to
ease operation should the packing require to be compressed during wireline operations.
These are controlled remotely by a hand pump and this avoids the need for manual
adjustment of the Packing Nut.
For slickline operations, the top sheave is normally an integral part of the Stuffing Box.
This reduces the rig up equipment required and the large 10 or 16 ins. sheaves can handle
the larger OD. wire with less fatigue and breakdown.

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Figure 4.4 - Lubricator Connectors
b) Construction
Lubricators for normal service (up to 5,000 psi.) can be made of carbon or manganese
steel. Over 5,000 psi., consideration should be given to sour service as quantities of H2S
can be absorbed into the steel of the Lubricator body and heat treatment becomes
necessary.
All Lubricator sections must have full certification from the manufacturer or test house. A
standard colour code identifies different pressure ratings of lubricator.

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Figure 4.3 - Wireline Lubricator Sections

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d) Equalising Valves
Permits equalisation of pressure from below the closed rams, after bleed off of the
lubricator. The equalising valve must be opened and closed prior to use.
A check should be made to ensure that the equalising assembly is not inverted and that the
retainer screw is towards the bottom of the valve; See Figure 3.1.
When operating with stranded/braided line, it is strongly recommended that a twin valve or
two single valves (one on top of the other), be installed and equipped with the appropriate
size moulded rams with the lower rams inverted to shut off from above. This enables
grease injection between the rams to block off the interstices of the braided line, preventing
leakage through the internal parts of the wire.
NOTE: If the BOP fails test, the equalising valve should be checked to confirm it
is fully closed.
4.2 LUBRICATORS - BLEED OFF VALVE

The Lubricator is, in effect, a pressure vessel situated above the Xmas Tree, subject to the
wellhead shut-in pressure and also test pressures. For this reason, it should be regularly
inspected and tested in accordance with Statutory Regulations.
All Lubricator sections and accessories subject to pressure must be stainless steel banded;
the band should be appropriately stamped with the following data:- maximum working
pressure, test pressure, and date and rating of last hydrostatic test.
a) Description
A Lubricator allows wireline tools to enter or be removed from the well under pressure. It
is a tube of selected ID. and can be connected with other sections to the desired length by
means of Quick Unions; See Figure 3.3.
The following factors govern the selection of Lubricators:
• Shut-in wellhead pressure
• Well fluid
• Wireline tool diameter
• Length of wireline tools.
The lowermost Lubricator section normally has one or more bleed off valves installed; a
pressure gauge can be connected to one of the valves to monitor pressure in the Lubricator.
If the Lubricator has no facility to install valves then a Bleed-off Sub, a short Lubricator
section with two valves fitted, should be connected between the Wireline Valve and
Lubricator.
Quick Unions connect Lubricator sections together and to the Wireline Valve; these unions
have Acme type threads and seal by means of an O-ring, thereby requiring only tightening
by hand; See Figure 3.4.

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Figure 4.2 - Wireline Valve Ram Configuration
b) Uses of Wireline Valves

• To enable well pressure to be isolated from the lubricator when leaks develop
etc. without cutting wire by closing the master valve
• To permit assembly of a wireline cutter above the rams
• To permit dropping of wireline cutter or cutter bar
• To permit ‘stripping’ of wire through closed rams only when absolutely
necessary.
c) Description of Operation
A mechanical or hydraulic force is applied to close the rams to seal against well pressure.
The sealing elements are arranged so that the differential pressure across them forces them
closed and upwards, assisting in the sealing action.
Figure 3.2 shows the ram configuration of a Wireline Valve. Blind rams close without wire
and will also close on 0.108 in. wire without damage. Both 3/ 16 in. and 7/ 32 in. rams have a
semi circular groove in each of the two ram faces to permit the ram to close and seal on 3/16
in. or 7/ 32 in. braided line.
NOTE: Ensure that the correct guide is installed as an incorrect guide may
damage or cut the wire.
CAUTION: WIRELINE VALVES WILL HOLD PRESSURE FROM BELOW

ONLY.

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Figure 4.1 - Typical Wireline Valve (BOP)

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4 PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT
4.1 WIRELINE VALVE (BOP)

a) Description
A Wireline Valve, See Figure 3.1, must always be installed between the Wellhead/ Xmas
Tree and Wireline Lubricator. This valve is a piece of safety equipment that can close
around the wireline and seal off the well below it. This enables the pressure to be bled off
above it, allowing work or repairs to be carried out on equipment above the valve without
pulling the wireline tools to surface. A positive seal is accomplished by means of rams
which are manually or hydraulically closed without causing damage to the wire.
Hydraulically actuated Wireline Valves are more commonly used because of the speed of
closing action and ease of operation. During an emergency, often the valve is not easily
accessible to allow fast manual operation and therefore remote actuation is preferred.
Single or dual ram valves are available in various sizes and in a full range of working
pressure ratings. Dual rams offer increased safety during slick line work and allow the
injection of grease to secure a seal on braided wireline. They are used particularly in gas
wells, or wells with a gas cap.
Wireline Valves are fitted with equalising valves that allow Lubricator and well pressure to
equalise prior to opening the rams when wireline operations are to be resumed. Without
this, if the valve rams were to be opened without first equalising, the pressure surge could
blow the toolstring or wire into the top of the Lubricator, causing damage or breakage.
WARNING: SINCE THEY ARE SUCH A VITAL COMPONENT CONTROLLING

THE SAFETY OF THE WELL, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT
WIRELINE VALVES ARE REGULARLY PRESSURE AND
FUNCTION TESTED.
TESTS SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT PRIOR TO TRANSPORT OFFSHORE, BEFORE

EACH NEW WIRELINE OPERATION AND AFTER ANY REDRESS OR REPAIR OF
THE VALVE.

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3.3 GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1) There is a certain amount of tension in a coil of wire, so when it is unfastened, care
should be taken to make sure that the leading end does not lash out. Ensure that the
free end is always under control.
2) The use of safety glasses and protective gloves is recommended at all times.
3) Never carry out flame cutting or welding operations near reels of wireline. Heat or
metal spray coming in contact with the wire could change the condition of the steel
(metallurgy) significantly and lead to early failure in use.
NOTE: Damage and abuse may not always be obvious or the significance be
appreciated. Wire damage (mechanical, corrosion, wire winding) effects
are cumulative.

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If the number of turns is satisfactory, the test piece is deemed to have passed the test,
irrespective of the position of the failure. If the number of turns does not satisfy the
requirements of the specification and if failure is within 0.5 cm of the grips, the test shall
be considered as invalid and shall be repeated.
If, when making any individual test, the first specimen fails, then two additional specimens
should be tested. The average from any two will then be taken as the value to represent the
wire. If these also fail, 450 ft. of wire should be pulled from the drum and the test repeated.
On further failure of the tests, a maximum of two more 450 ft. lengths should be removed
and tests conducted. If, after this, the wireline still fails, the Wireline Supervisor should be
informed in order to make a decision on the disposition of the line.
Few people appreciate the significance of the torsion test as a definitive wire quality arbiter
for carbon steel wirelines. It is not just the number of twists to failure that is important, but
more specifically, whether the material exhibits a ‘ductile’ or a ‘brittle’ primary fracture.
Ductility Wrap Testing

These test are for stainless steel alloys. Ductility wrap testing involves wrapping the wire
around its own OD. and counting the number of turns to failure.
NOTE: Recommended minimum amount of wraps acceptable is 8 for Stainless

Steel/Alloy Wirelines.
As the end of the wire is used for testing, it will not give true representative conditions of
work hardened areas on the spool.
3.2 HANDLING OF WIRELINES AND WELL SERVICE STRANDS

Regulations on care and maintenance apply to elevators, mine hoists and lifting gear, where
lives are at risk. Similarly with a wireline unit, valuable human resources, equipment and
time are at risk, therefore operational care and maintenance should be faithfully applied.
Detrimental effects on wire can be minimised by considering the following:
• Damage to wire can result during re-winding
• Corrosion may occur if the wire is inadequately protected during storage
• Incorrect selection of wire may result in failure during operations in the well
due to adverse corrosive conditions
• To ensure good spooling under tension, it is necessary to use an intermediate
capstan. In all instances, strands are layer wound
• Before commencing spooling, ensure that the starting end of the wire is free
and not crossed under other wire wraps
• Variable tension can cause snagging/kinking during re-winding
• Loops and bends will result in loss of breaking strength. In the case of single
strand wire, breakage may occur
• The curvature of the wire ‘as spooled’ should always be maintained during re-
winding. This is particularly important for single strand wirelines
• Excessive abrasion will result in loss of strength due to reduction in cross
sectional area. In the case of braided line, individual strands may break.

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Figure 3.2 - Torsion Tester

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3.1 WIRELINE TORSION TESTER

The portable torsion tester is designed to be able to test IPS wirelines in the field; See
Figure 2.2. The objective of this test is to measure the number of twists a 20 cm long
sample piece of wireline can withstand before breakage occurs. Recording of these results
in a log allows a performance curve to be drawn showing the lifespan of a wireline in
relationship to its usage. This highlights the current embrittlement in a line prior to carrying
out further wireline operations.
Procedure
Pull approximately 50 ft. of wire from the drum, cut a small length and prepare a specimen.
Place the specimen through the jaws of the tester. Set the jaws at the appropriate marks
which provide the wire gauge length of 20 cm between the jaws.
Tighten down the Allen holding screws sufficiently to hold the wire in place during the
test.
Arrange the tension weight over the pulley to provide the appropriate tension.
Mount the tester guard and secure with the studs provided.
Rotate the handle at a constant rate of approximately 60 turns per minute (60 rpm) until the
wire parts. Count and record the number of turns taken to part the wire and if the total of
rotations is not a whole number, round up, if the part rotation is equal to or greater than
half.
Remove the cover and wire ends from the jaws and inspect for a lean shear; See Figure 2.3.
Record the number of turns or rotations into the log book and any relevant information
from the analysis.
The torsion test should be carried out at the start of any wireline operations and thereafter
every time a new rope socket connection is made. If the number of rotations is less than
operator’s or manufacturer’s guidelines, refer to wireline test analysis.
NOTE: Recommended minimum amount of turns acceptable is 18 for IPS

wirelines.

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Figure 3.1 - Braided Wirelines

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3 BRAIDED LINE
The conventional cable comprises 16 (9+6+1) strands; See Figure. 2.1a. The core and the
right - lay inner wires are thinner than the left-lay outer wires. By using right and left lay
the twisting tendency of the wire under load is prevented.
Table 2.1 gives wireline data relating to conventional braided line.
Size dia. Flow Weight Rec. Minimum Breaking Load
Min.
Tube Pulley Galvanised 316 Supa 60 Supa 70
Bore dia. Stainles /Supa 75
s Steel
ins. ins. lbs/1,000 ins. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
ft
3/16 0.196 71.1 12 4,960 3,990 3680 4,320
1/4 0.228 95.9 14 6,610 5,400 4960 5,842
7/32 0.261 125.5 16 8,640 7,030 6480 7,600
3/4 0.327 195.9 20 13,490 11,000 10120 11,660
Table 3.1 - Relative Strengths of Various Conventional Braided Wirelines
Some time ago Bridon introduced Dyform cable; See Figure 2.1b. Around the single centre
core are nine thinner right-lay wires, the outer wires are also right-lay, but thicker. The
finished cable is pulled through a die, and by doing this the following improvements are
made:
• 20% increase in breaking load, because there is more steel in the same diameter
• Smooth external periphery and closer tolerance of outside diameter, reducing
leakage at the stuffing box
• Higher crush resistance because of the increased steel content of the cable. Low
twist tendency because of the Dyform process.
Table 2.2 gives wireline data relating to Dyform braided line.

Size Flow Weight Rec. Min. Minimum Breaking Load
dia. Tube Bore Pulley dia. Galvanised 316 Stainless Supa 60 Supa 70 /Supa 75
Steel
ins. ins. lbs/1,000 ft. ins. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
3/16 0.196 85.21 12 6,170 4,930 4,560 4,960
1/4 0.228 111.4 14 8,370 6,500 5,990 5,990
7/32 0.263 147.6 16 11,200 8,640 7,830 8,530
3/4 0.330 231.5 20 17,540 13,550 12,08 13,380
0
Table 3.2 - Relative Strengths of Various Dyform Braided Wirelines

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2.4.6 Procedure For Completing A Permit To Work Form
The detailed procedures involved in completing the various sections of the Permit to Work
forms are set out in the following subsections. The sequence of compiling a Permit to Work
form is summarised below.
Section Action By Action to be Taken

Number
1 PERFORMING Ensures that Section 1 is completed giving sufficient
AUTHORITY information for subsequent personnel to assess the
task. Dates the anticipated time frame for the task then
signs the section.
2. PERMIT OFFICER Indicates the hazard potential in the equipment, tools,
work area and adjacent or associated work.
3. PERMIT OFFICER Specifies the type of protective clothing to be worn
and equipment to be carried whilst the task is
undertaken.
4. PERMIT OFFICER Lists the Supplementary Certificates raised in
connection with the Permit.
5. PERMIT OFFICER
Specifies whether or not scaffolding should be used.
PERMIT OFFICER
Examines and signs to approve the Permit.
6. PERMIT OFFICER AND Formal handover to Performing Authority, after
PERFORMING worksite inspection for Red and Yellow Permits.
AUTHORITY
Permit PERMIT CLERK The Permit is entered into the Permit Office Register,
Registry Inhibitions instituted, and Permit Number entered on
the Permit form.
7. PERFORMING Statement of completion or non-completion of task
AUTHORITY and worksite inspection with Permit Officer.
PERMIT OFFICER Acceptance by Permit Officer of state of completion
task and worksite inspection. Declaration that systems
where applicable can be returned to normal operation.
8. PERMIT CLERK Completes Permit Office Register.
It should be remembered that persons signing the Work Permit are acknowledging personal
responsibility for the standard of precautions being undertaken and the safe state of the
equipment and/or worksite.

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2.4.5 Definition Of Personnel And Responsibilities
Everyone involved on a site or Installation, including owners, employers, contractors and
workers, may have responsibilities under Permit to Work procedures. It is important that
each individual knows what his own responsibilities and duties are and carries them out
properly.
Paragraph 10 Oil Industry Advisory Committee 'A Guide to Principles and
Operations of Permit to Work Procedures'.
a) Permit Officer (PO)

The Permit Officer is responsible for ensuring that written procedures and systems for
Permits to Work are in place. He is responsible for ensuring the competence of relevant
personnel to carry out the functions of the Permit to Work System.
The Permit Officer must approve all Hot Work (Naked Flame), Hot Work (Spark
Potential), Cold Work (Well Intervention) and Entry Certificates.
The Permit Officer may delegate the signing of Cold Work (General Operation) Permits.
b) Performing Authority
The Performing Authority is the senior person actually in charge of the task on a
continuous basis who is present on the site during the work.
The Performing Authority is responsible for and signs the Permit to acknowledge that both
he/she and his/her men will:
• Comply with the conditions specified on the Permit
• Use the protective equipment specified on the Permit.
The Performing Authority signs the Permit at the end of the task to certify:
• The status of the task specified on the Permit
• That all his workforce has been withdrawn from the worksite
• That the worksite has been left safe and clean.
c) Isolating Authority
An Isolating Authority is appointed by the Permit Officer and is responsible for the
application and removal of isolations under an ICC. The Isolating Authority carries out his
duties under the instructions of the Permit Officer. His expertise in his particular discipline
will enable him to advise the Permit Officer as to the isolations required for an ICC or
Sanction to Test. His discipline can be:
• Mechanical
• Electrical
• Process
• Control.
d) Permit Clerk (PC)

The Permit Clerk (PC) is appointed by the Permit Officer. He/she is responsible for
maintaining an up to date register of all active Permits and Certificates.

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Entry Certificate
a) Activities Covered
An Entry Certificate must be issued when it is necessary for personnel to enter vessels,
tanks, sumps, structural members and enclosed void spaces. Adequate safety precautions
must be taken to prevent anyone who enters these confined spaces from suffering harm or
injury.
The purpose of the Entry Certificate is to certify the atmospheric conditions inside the
confined space and stipulate the level or precautions while work is being carried out. The
Entry Certificate does not permit any work to be carried out. The appropriate Permit to
Work must be raised before any task can be undertaken.
The Entry Certificate only allows visual inspection by the Authorised Gas Tester Level 1 to
be done within the space.
b) Period of Validity
The Entry Certificate is valid for an indefinite period subject to gas retest which will be
carried out at a maximum interval of 12 hours. The Permit Officer or Authorised Gas
Tester may stipulate a more frequent retest if conditions dictate.
c) Signatories
The Entry Certificate must be signed by the Permit Officer.
d) Copies
There are two copies of each Entry Certificate. They are distributed as follows:
• Original Performing Authority, for display at worksite
• First Copy Permit office.

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2.4.4 Supplementary Certificate
Isolation Confirmation Certificate
Before a Permit to Work can be issued for a task it may be necessary for the equipment or
plant to be worked on to be isolated. The Isolation Confirmation Certificate (ICC)
combines on one document a record of all the isolations required for a task to proceed in
safety. The equipment may require isolation from:
• Sources of electricity
• Process fluids and pressure
• Mechanical drive
• Control systems.
The ICC ensures that the isolations are applied and documented in a thorough, systematic
manner.
b) Period of Validity
The ICC is raised before the Permit to Work is issued, and it remains in force at least until
the Permit to Work is cancelled. The ICC will only be cancelled upon the cancellation
declaration being signed by the Area Authority.
c) Signatories
The ICC must be signed by the Permit Officer or his deputy and each of the involved
Isolating Authorities. The Permit Officer signs for isolations to be applied or removed and
to certify that the plant is available for return to normal operations.
The Isolating Authorities sign for each isolation they apply and remove.
d) Copies
There are two copies of each ICC. One copy is retained by the issuing Isolating Authority,
the second copy is given to the Permit Office.

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d) Signatories
The Cold Work (General Operation) Permit must be signed by the Permit Officer or his
appointed deputy.
e) Copies
There are two copies of each Cold Work (General Operation) Permit. They are distributed
as follows:
No Permit Required
Under certain circumstances the Permit Officer may allow work to be carried out in his
area of control without the issue of a Permit. The discretion to use this facility lies entirely
with the Permit Officer. The decision must be taken only after deliberate consideration of
the circumstances.
The Permit Officer may give a verbal instruction or use a Maintenance Request form to
allow work to be carried out by suitably competent persons.
The work must not be hazardous to either the person who carries it out or to anyone else,
and the Permit Officer must be satisfied that all reasonably practicable steps have been
taken to ensure the safety of those involved, and anyone else that the work might affect.
Activities covered may include:
• Routine materials handling
• Routine work in offices.
• General cold work inside workshops
• Visual inspection of areas (not including confined spaces)
• Operating or demonstrating portable fire-fighting equipment or life saving
appliances during drills or training.
b) Workshop Operations
At his discretion the Permit Officer may issue, in the form of a memorandum, standing
orders to cover operations in workshops. Such orders can be valid only for designated
workshops and the authorised use of permanent facilities provided in the workshops. The
order should be prominently displayed in the workshops to which it refers. The
memorandum should include specific precautions and conditions to be observed.

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Cold Work (General Operation) Permit
A Cold Work (General Operation) Permit is required for work which does not fall into the
preceding categories of Permit, yet still requires to be covered by a Permit.
For example:
• Brush painting operations
• General maintenance
• Erection and dismantling of scaffolds
• Work on isolated electrical equipment
• Installation of instrumentation pipework, cables and termination’s (no live tie-
ins)
• Wet shot/grit blasting
• Any work affecting the integrity or availability of safety or emergency systems
e.g., fire pumps, fire mains, shutdown systems, fire and gas detection
• Any repair, construction or overhaul work on communication systems or
equipment
• Persons(s) being in exposed locations e.g., outboard of handrails, underneath
the Installation, access to flare or derrick, or where persons may fall 2 metres or
more
• Pressure testing of plant and equipment
• Any work inside enclosed or confined spaces including tanks, vessels or non-
operational, non-ventilated areas where hazardous concentrations of toxic or
flammable gases, fumes or vapours might arise or where the oxygen content of
the air could be reduced to below 20% by volume or an excess of oxygen may
be present
• Work involving use of certified personnel work baskets
• Removal of handrails, gratings, ladders, etc.
• Chemical cleaning
• Handling of hazardous substances e.g., radioactive sources, toxic/corrosive
chemicals, asbestos, etc.
• High pressure water jetting
• Spraying of paint
• Heavy lifts, e.g. over wellheads
• Specialised rigging operations
• Any out of the ordinary activity.
b) Colour
The Cold Work (General Operation) Permit is blue in colour.
c) Period of Validity
The Cold Work (General Operation) Permit is valid for a continuous period of up to 72
hours. Revalidation is required every 12 hours or at a shift change.

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Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit
A Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit is required for a task which may not involve hot
work but still has a high risk potential. For example:
• Well servicing/wireline/coiled tubing/ logging operations.
b) Colour
The Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit is yellow in colour.
The Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit is valid for continuous period of up to 24 hours.
Revalidation is required every 12 hours or at a shift change.
d) Signatories
The Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit must be approved by the Permit Officer or his
appointed deputy.
e) Copies
There are two copies of each Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit. They are distributed
as follows:
• First Copy Permit Office.

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Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit
A Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit is required if the task may produce or expose a
possible source of ignition. For example:
• Use of non-certified electrical/electronic equipment (megger, avometer, battery
drills, power tools, etc.)
• Opening live junction boxes
• Use of air or hydraulic powered metal cutting, chipping or caulking tools
• Use of electrical soldering irons
• Use of explosives and perforating guns
• Use of powered steel wire brushes
• Dry grit/shot blasting
• Use of battery powered camera with/without flash
• Needle gunning.
b) Colour
The Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit is green in colour.
The Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit is valid for a continuous period of up to 72 hours.
d) Signatories
The Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit must be approved by the Permit Officer or his
appointed deputy..
e) Copies
There are two copies of each Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit. They are distributed as
follows:

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2.4.3 Permits To Work
Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit
• A Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit is required if the task involves the use of a
flame or other source of ignition. For example:
• Electrical welding
• Flame cutting
• Electrical induction pre-heating/stress relieving
• Use of heat shrink blowers
• Grinding.
b) Colour
The Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit is red in colour.
The Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit is valid for a continuous period of up to 24 hours.
d) Signatories
The Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit must be approved by the Permit Officer or his
appointed deputy.
e) Copies
There are two copies of each Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit. They are distributed as
follows:

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2.4 THE PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM
2.4.1 Safe Working System
The purpose of the Permit To Work system (PTW) is to achieve a safe working
environment by providing management control over the various activities which may have
hazardous interactions. The system has four key features:
• It limits the potentially harmful effects of the actions of the person doing the
work, by specifying safety precautions and setting limits to the duration and
extent of the work
• It allows those responsible for overall Installation safety to be aware of the
various hazardous activities and to take a systematic overview which identifies
interactions and allows priorities to be set for conflicting work tasks
• It encourages formal and careful attention to safe systems of working, by
requiring the signature of specified individuals who must confirm that all
hazards have been identified and effective precautions taken
• It encourages those responsible for overall site safety to plan the carrying out of
tasks so that minimal inconvenience and interference is caused to other tasks or
production.
The PTW system requires the involvement of competent and responsible persons as well as
the application of particular safety measures in a controlled sequence. The PTW system
ensures that responsibility and accountability for safe working practices is passed in a
logical sequence to those responsible for the work being carried out at any given time, and
ensures that specified effective safeguards are provided.
The Tristar PTW system in operation at the training centre, has been formulated from
various offshore PTW systems to cover the activities carried out at Tristar’s unique training
facility.
2.4.2 Overview Of The Permit To Work System

The PTW system requires the allocating of a task to one of the following categories:
• Hot Work (Naked Flame)
• Hot Work (Spark Potential)
• Cold Work (Well Intervention)
• Cold Work (General Operation)
• No Permit Required.
Supplementary certificates may be required to augment the PTW when specialist activities
are performed in conjunction with a task. While separate from the PTW, they are clearly
cross-referenced on each document.
• Confirmation of isolation
• Entry

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CAUTION: The guidelines are not precise weights. Use them with caution. If in
doubt, make a more detailed assessment.

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e) Keep close to the load
Keep the load close to the trunk for as long as possible. Keep the heaviest side of the load
next to the trunk. If a close approach to the load is not possible, slide it towards you before
trying to lift.
f) Don’t jerk
Lift smoothly, keeping control of the load.
g) Move the feet

Don’t twist the trunk when turning to the side.
h) Put down, then adjust

If precise positioning of the load is necessary, put it down first, then slide into the desired
position.
i) Individual capability
For the working population the guideline weights will give reasonable protection to nearly
all men and between one-half and two-thirds of women. To provide similar protection to
nearly all working women, reduce the guideline weights by about a third.
Any operation involving more than twice the guideline weights should be rigorously
assessed - even for very fit, well-trained individuals working under favourable conditions.

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c) Adopt a good posture
When lifting from a low level, bend the knees.
But do not kneel or overflex the knees. Keep
the back straight (tucking in the chin helps).
Lean forward a little over the load if necessary
to get a good grip. Keep the shoulders level
and facing the same direction as the hips.
d) Get a firm grip

Try to keep the arms within the boundary
formed by the legs. The best position and type
of grip depends on the circumstances and
individual preference; but it must be secure. A
hook grip is less tiring than keeping the fingers
straight. If you need to vary the grip as the lift
proceeds, do it is smoothly as possible.

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a) Stop and think
Plan the lift. Where is the load to be placed?
Use appropriate aids if possible. Do you need
help with the load? Remove obstructions such
as discarded wrapping materials. For a long
lift, such as floor to shoulder height, consider
resting the load mid-way on a table or bench in
order to change grip.
b) Position the feet

Feet apart, giving balanced and stable base for
lifting (tight skirts and unsuitable footwear
make this difficult). Leading leg as far
forward as is comfortable.

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2.2.1 H2 S May Be Found
• At any well site.
• In the yard, when breaking down equipment even if the equipment has come
from sweet field due to the effects of sulphate reducing bacteria.
• In laboratories.
2.2.2 Precautions Against H2 S Gas

In the absence of any other information, always assume H2 S is likely to be present. In areas
where there is a risk of H2 S being present, either portable or fixed H2 S detection equipment
must be used.
In well test operations a check for H2 S will be carried out and reported as soon as reservoir
fluids reach surface. Regular subsequent checks will be carried out and reported.
Should the presence of H2 S be established, supervisors must be informed so that action can
be taken to control the risk.
Persons in areas of risk must withdraw to a safe area, generally upwind in an elevated
position.
In established H2 S areas, breathing apparatus and resuscitators must be available.
Personnel must familiarise themselves with the locally available breathing apparatus and
resuscitators.
PPM %
1 .0001 Can Smell.
10 .001 Allowable exposure – 8 Hours.
Danger Level
100 .01 Kills smell in 3-15 mins – burns
eyes and throat.
500 .05 Loses sense of reasoning and
balance. Respiratory disturbances
in 2-15 minutes.
700 .07 Becomes unconscious quickly.
1000 .1 Unconscious at once. Permanent
brain damage may result.
Table 2.1 – Toxicity Table
2.2.3 Control
As with other hazardous substances, safe working with H2 S is controlled by the Control of
Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations. Company Health and Safety
System N0. 802 - Hydrogen Sulphide, details the procedures that have to be followed to
control exposure to H2 S.
2.3 LIFTING TECHNIQUE

AVOID UN-NECESSARY INJURY, GET INTO THE KINETIC LIFTING HABIT.
Here are some important points, using a basic lifting operation as an example.

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2.1.7 Assessment
Assessment means identifying the hazards, weighing up the risks and deciding what further
action is required.
Only by such a systematic approach can it be ensured the protection of the health of
personnel who may be harmed by work activities. Piecemeal efforts are likely to be costly
and waste effort without achieving the correct results.
2.1.8 Who Carries Out The Assessment

The responsibility for the assessment rests with safety management even when others do
some or even most of the work of preparing the assessment. Whoever carries out the
assessment will need to:
• Have access to the COSHH Regulations and appropriate Approved Codes of
Practice
• Understand the requirements of those Regulations and Codes of Practice
• Have the ability and authority to get all the necessary information and to make
correct decisions about the risk and the precautions needed
If it has been concluded that there is no likelihood of risk to health, or any risk is
insignificant, the assessment is complete and no further action is needed (until review of
the assessment). If it is concluded that there are risks to health, it has to be decided what
else is needed to comply fully with the regulations.
2.1.9 Recording And Reviewing The Assessment

Unless assessment is so simple that it can easily be recalled and the conclusions explained
at any time, it should be put it in writing. Sufficient information should be included to
show how decisions about risks and precautions were arrived at and to make it clear to your
employees and others what role they have to play in the precautions.
The assessment should be reviewed regularly, at intervals of no less than 5 years duration,
whenever there is reason to believe that it is no longer valid or where there has been a
significant change in the work. It should be stated in the assessment when the next review
is intended.
2.2 H2 S GAS
Properties and dangers of H2 S gas
• H2 S is a highly toxic (as dangerous as cyanide), flammable, colourless gas
heavier than air with the odour of rotten eggs.
• Even very low concentrations impairs the sense of smell, quickly causes
unconsciousness and kills.
• Be aware of the hazards and the proper precautions to avoid its effects.
• H2 S concentrations greater than 10 parts per million are dangerous.
• H2 S dangerously corrodes equipment not designed for H2 S (sour) service.

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2.1.3 Hazard And Risk
The words hazard and risk are used often in this section. They have special meanings in
the regulations and guidance about substances at work. The difference between them is
important for a correct understanding of COSHH.
2.1.4 Hazard
The hazard presented by a substance is its potential to cause harm. It may cause coughing,
damage to internal organs or even cause death. Some substances can cause harm in several
ways, by breathing, swallowing or absorption through the skin.
2.1.5 Risk
The risk from a substance is the likelihood that it will cause harm during use. This depends
on:
• The hazard presented by the substance
• How it is used
• Control of exposure
• Quantity exposed to
• Length of exposure
• Personal vulnerability
There can be a substantial risk even from a substance that is not particularly hazardous, if
exposure is excessive. With proper precautions, however, the risk of being harmed by even
the most hazardous of substances can be very small.
2.1.6 Complying With COSHH

Complying with COSHH involves:
• Assessing the risks to health arising from your work.
• Deciding what precautions are needed. Work must not be carried out, which
may expose employees to hazardous substances unless both the risks and
necessary precautions have been assessed, it will be unlikely that the correct
precautions have been taken.
• Preventing or controlling the risks. The advice in this leaflet, and in the other
guidance it refers to, will help you get the assessment right, but remember that
even a perfect assessment achieves nothing unless its conclusions are put into
practice.
• Ensuring that control measures are used and maintained properly, and that any
safety procedures that have been laid down are followed.
• Monitoring the exposure of workers to hazardous substances and carrying out
appropriate health surveillance, where necessary.
• Informing, instructing and training employees about the risks and the
precautions required.

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2 SAFETY OFFSHORE
2.1 CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH

(COSHH)
2.1.1 Ill Health And Hazardous Substances At Work
Every year exposure to hazardous substances at work affects the health of many thousands
of people. The results can be discomfort, pain, time off work and, all too often, premature
retirement and early death. Some common examples are:
• Long term disability from lung disease following years of work in industry
conditions.
• Injuries to hands and eyes from contact with corrosive liquids.
• Death or injury from exposure to toxic fumes - damage can be caused by the
fumes and by falling after losing consciousness.
Apart from the pain and suffering, there is also a high economic price to be paid for all this
occupation ill health. The workers and their families lose earnings. Employers lose money
from reduced productivity and lost production. Accidents cause disruption. Prosecutions
and civil actions can be very expensive. The nation as a whole has to pay for the sickness
benefit and National Health Service care involved.
2.1.2 COSHH Regulations

The COSHH Regulations provide a framework to help protect personnel in the workplace
against health risks from hazardous substances. Some examples of such substances were
given above. There are many others. They may be used directly in the work, like paints,
cleaning materials and chemical reagents, or they may arise from the work, like dusts,
fumes and waste products. Others occur naturally, such as fungal spores in agriculture.
COSHH lays down a sensible step-by-step approach to the necessary precautions. It sets
out essential measures that employers, and sometimes employees have to take. Failure to
comply with COSHH may expose people to risk and is an offence subject to penalties
under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA), but it is better to look at
COSHH as a useful tool of good management. In a recent HSE survey, employers who put
real effort into making COSHH work reported many benefits from doing so. For example,
they had saved money from tighter control over the use and storage of materials, through
staff training on COSHH and led to better understanding of health and safety, improved
morale and industrial relations.
All employers have to consider how COSHH affects their business. Many are able to
comply with the regulations with little trouble, while others whose work involves greater
risks have more to comply with.

Wireline Module 3
1.1.4 Fire Plan
Figure 1.1 - Emergency Fire Plan

Wireline Module 3
1.1.3 Course Rules
1) Personnel safety is paramount. Always wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
when working outside, in the workshop or wellhead areas.
2) Report all accidents or incidents to your instructor, no matter how trivial they may
seem at the time. Seek medical aid if required. If accidents are not reported,
appropriate actions cannot be implemented to prevent similar future occurrences.
3) No alcohol is to be consumed in the training centre, unless authorised for special non-
training occasions. Any student found under the influence of alcohol will be
immediately expelled from the class and reported to his immediate line manager.
4) Full effort by students is expected on all courses.
5) Random alcohol and/or substance abuse test may be carried out during the term of
the course.
6) PPE and dirty clothes/shoes shall not be worn inside the building i.e. classroom,
recreation area, office, etc.
7) As you are not the only students using the facility, please show respect for others.
No foul language and no obscene materials are allowed.
8) Good housekeeping is required everywhere, including the locker facilities and toilets.
9) You are expected to be in class by 08.30 am each day and you will be allowed coffee
and lunch breaks at the set times. Your course instructor will advise you of these
times.
10) The course register must be filled in each day. The register keeper should deliver it
to the training secretary by 08.45 am.
11) Tristar operate a no smoking policy within the training centre, however a designated
smoking area is provided for delegates.
SIGNED DATE

Wireline Module 3
1.1.2 Workshop Or Well Site Rules
a) Lockers
Lockers will be provided for all students during the course. The locker will be your
personal responsibility and kept clean and tidy. Also keep the changing room tidy.
b) Wellsite
We must assume the work area is a pipe deck offshore and respect it the same manner.
• All equipment must be rigged up and laid out neatly.
• All oil or diesel spillage must be mopped up immediately using the oil spill
granules or cleaning fluids provided.
• After rigging down the unit, the workbench and tools must be cleaned and
returned to the appropriate storage place and left as you would expect to find it.
c) All downhole tools used will be stripped, cleaned and redressed, if necessary, ready
for the next class.
d) When outside on the Training Well you will always wear the following:
• Hard Hat
• Safety Boots
• Coveralls
• Safety Glasses
• Gloves
• Hearing Protection as required
e) Equipment operating signals

There are a number of signals that must be learnt know in order to acknowledge proper
functioning and movement of the wireline equipment. These signals will be demonstrated
to you and must be used at all times when working with the wireline unit.
f) Safety harness
As offshore, all students must wear a safety harness while working any more than 1.5
metres off the ground.
• While rigging the equipment up or down these safety harnesses will be
provided and will be used.

Wireline Module 3
1 FACILITY SAFETY
1.1 RULES AND REGULATIONS

1.1.1 Classroom House Rules
a) Starting time will be 08:30 and finishing time 17:30, Monday through Friday.
• Coffee Breaks - 15 minutes in the morning.
- 15 minutes in the afternoon, depending on workload.
• Lunch break will be 30 minutes or at the instructor's discretion.
b) All materials, handouts etc. will be collected and left tidy on your desk at the end of
each day.
• Empty coffee cups and rubbish must be disposed in the bins provided.
c) Due to the number of students which may be using the facility at the same time, the
canteen will become busy. We therefore request that after you have finished eating
you return to the recreation area, smoking area or elsewhere until the class begins
again. This will allow other students and staff access to the canteen.
d) A sensible dress code will be expected while working in the classroom.

Wireline Module 3
iv Expro North Sea Ltd.

Wireline Module 3
6.8 SCSSV CONTROL LINE FLUIDS 6-47
6.9 SCSSV CONTROL LINES 6-48
6.10 SCSSV TESTING 6-49
6.10.1 Leak-off Testing 6-49
6.10.2 Routine Testing 6-49
6.11 SCSSV TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE 6-50
6.12 SCSSV SELECTION 6-51
7 BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE SURVEY EQUIPMENT 7-1

7.1 INTRODUCTION 7-1
7.2 AMERADA ‘RPG’ PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE GAUGE 7-1
7.2.1 Pressure Element 7-1
7.2.2 Chart Holder and Stylus Assembly 7-2
7.2.3 Lead Screw Assembly 7-2
7.2.4 Clock 7-2
7.2.5 Selection of Elements 7-5
7.2.6 Performances Given by Manufacturer 7-6
7.2.7 Calibration Principle 7-7
7.2.8 Calibration Procedure 7-9
7.2.9 Running Procedure 7-12
7.2.10 Trouble Shooting Guide 7-15
7.3 INSTRUMENT HANGERS 7-16
7.3.1 Otis ‘Soft-Set’ Instrument Hanger 7-18
7.3.2 AVA Model ‘BIH’ Instrument Hanger 7-21
7.4 ELECTRONIC PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RECORDERS 7-23
7.4.1 The GRC ‘EMR’/’EMS’ Electronic BHP/BHT Memory Recording System 7-23
7.4.2 PDR ‘MST-2’ Pressure and Temperature Gauge 7-27
7.5 ISOLATION TOOL 7-30
 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 iii

Wireline Module 3
4 PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT 4-1

4.1 WIRELINE VALVE (BOP) 4-1
4.2 LUBRICATORS - BLEED OFF VALVE 4-4
4.3 STUFFING BOX 4-7
4.4 HYDRAULIC PACKING NUT 4-10
4.5 GREASE INJECTION HEAD 4-11
4.6 FLOW TUBES 4-13
4.7 GREASE INJECTION SYSTEM 4-15
4.8 SAFETY CHECK UNION 4-17
4.9 SURFACE WIRELINE ACCESSORIES 4-19
4.9.1 Hay Pulley 4-19
4.9.2 Weight Indicator 4-20
4.9.3 Halliburton - ‘K’ Measuring Wheel 4-23
4.9.4 Wireline Clamp 4-25
5 ROPE SOCKETS 5-1
6 SUB-SURFACE SAFETY VALVES 6-1

6.1 WHY RUN A SUB-SURFACE SAFETY VALVE ? 6-1
6.2 TYPES OF SUB-SURFACE SAFETY VALVES 6-2
6.2.1 SCSSV Installations 6-4
6.2.2 SCSSV Examples 6-6
6.2.3 Methods of Valve Operation 6-9
6.2.4 Methods of Pressure Actuation 6-9
6.3 THE EQUALISATION OF SCSSVs 6-11
6.3.1 Methods of Pressure Equalisation 6-11
6.3.2 Non-Equalising SCSSVs 6-11
6.3.3 Equalising SCSSVs 6-12
6.4 EXAMPLES OF WRSVs 6-15
6.4.1 Otis ‘DK’/‘DKX’ Safety Valves 6-15
6.4.2 Camco ‘WRDP-2’ Wireline Retrievable Safety Valve 6-21
6.5 EXAMPLES OF TRSVs 6-25
6.5.1 Otis Series 10 ‘FN’ Tubing Retrievable Flapper Valve 6-25
6.5.2 Baker Type ‘FVL’ Tubing Retrievable Flapper Valve 6-34
6.6 SURFACE CONTROL MANIFOLDS 6-38
6.6.1 SCSSV Control Manifolds 6-38
6.6.2 Total Well Shut-in Control Panels 6-41
6.7 SCSSV SETTING DEPTHS 6-43
6.7.1 Factors Affecting SCSSV Setting Depths 6-43
6.7.2 SCSSV Fail-Safe Setting Depths 6-43
6.7.3 Maximum Fail-Safe Depth Calculation Example 6-46
ii Expro North Sea Ltd.

Wireline Module 3
Index
Page
1 FACILITY SAFETY 1-1

1.1 RULES AND REGULATIONS 1-1
1.1.1 Classroom House Rules 1-1
1.1.2 Workshop Or Well Site Rules 1-2
1.1.3 Course Rules 1-3
1.1.4 Fire Plan 1-4
2 SAFETY OFFSHORE 2-1

2.1 CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) 2-1
2.1.1 Ill Health And Hazardous Substances At Work 2-1
2.1.2 COSHH Regulations 2-1
2.1.3 Hazard And Risk 2-2
2.1.4 Hazard 2-2
2.1.5 Risk 2-2
2.1.6 Complying With COSHH 2-2
2.1.7 Assessment 2-3
2.1.8 Who Carries Out The Assessment 2-3
2.1.9 Recording And Reviewing The Assessment 2-3
2.2 H2 S GAS 2-3
2.2.1 H2 S May Be Found 2-4
2.2.2 Precautions Against H2 S Gas 2-4
2.2.3 Control 2-4
2.3 LIFTING TECHNIQUE 2-4
2.4 THE PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM 2-9
2.4.1 Safe Working System 2-9
2.4.2 Overview Of The Permit To Work System 2-9
2.4.3 Permits To Work 2-10
2.4.4 Supplementary Certificate 2-15
2.4.5 Definition Of Personnel And Responsibilities 2-17
2.4.6 Procedure For Completing A Permit To Work Form 2-18
3 BRAIDED LINE 3-1

3.1 WIRELINE TORSION TESTER 3-3
3.2 HANDLING OF WIRELINES AND WELL SERVICE STRANDS 3-5
3.3 GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 3-6
 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 i

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Wireline Module 3

7-32 Expro North Sea Ltd.

Figure 7.17 - Example of Isolation Tool (Camco ‘MX-OX’)

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-31

7.5 ISOLATION TOOL

7-30 Expro North Sea Ltd.

Figure 7.16 - Surface Read-Out System

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-29

7-28 Expro North Sea Ltd.

7.4.2 PDR ‘MST-2’ Pressure and Temperature Gauge

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-27

Figure 7.13 - EMR System Schematic

7-26 Expro North Sea Ltd.

The temperature transducer consist of a voltage controlled oscillator and a platinum

Gauge accuracy’s are as follows for the EMS-700:

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-25

Figure 7.11 - Component Parts of Downhole Memory Recorder

Figure 7.12 - Pressure Transducer Schematic

7-24 Expro North Sea Ltd.

7.4 ELECTRONIC PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RECORDERS

The pressure transducer consists of a voltage controlled oscillator, a pressure sensitive

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-23

Figure 7.10 - AVA Model ’BIH’ Instrument Hanger

7-22 Expro North Sea Ltd.

7.3.2 AVA Model ‘BIH’ Instrument Hanger

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-21

Figure 7.9 - Otis ‘HR’ Hydraulic Running Tool

7-20 Expro North Sea Ltd.

Figure 7.8 - Otis ‘XNS’ Soft-Set Instrument Hanger

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-19

7.3.1 Otis ‘Soft-Set’ Instrument Hanger

NOTE: If the running tool cannot be hydraulically released, it incorporates a

7-18 Expro North Sea Ltd.

Figure 7.7 - Typical Instrument Hanger and Shock Absorber

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-17

7.3 INSTRUMENT HANGERS

7-16 Expro North Sea Ltd.

7.2.10 Trouble Shooting Guide

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-15

7-14 Expro North Sea Ltd.

NOTE: When a sequential survey is being performed, it is preferable to flow the

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-13

7.2.9 Running Procedure

Loading and Unloading Procedure

7-12 Expro North Sea Ltd.

Figure 7.4 - Example of a Calibration Chart

Figure 7.5 - Example of Calibration Report

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-11

• Determine gauge calibration co-efficients by Least Squares Method; See Table

7-10 Expro North Sea Ltd.

7.2.8 Calibration Procedure

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-9

Calibration of the instruments should be performed on a calibration bench which

Figure 7.3 - Calibration Bench

7-8 Expro North Sea Ltd.

7.2.7 Calibration Principle

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 7-7

7.2.6 Performances Given by Manufacturer

Model Maximum WP Collapse Strength

7-6 Expro North Sea Ltd.

7.2.5 Selection of Elements

At temperatures under 300o F (150o C)

At temperatures over 300o F (150o C)