Intellectual Revolutions that

Defined Society
 Cradles of Early Science
At the end of the lesson, the students should be
able to:

• Analyze how scientific revolution is done in

various parts of the world like in Latin
America, East Asia, Middle East, and Africa.
 Cradles of Early Science

❖ Development of science in Mesoamerica

❖ Development of Science in Asia.
❖ Development of Science in Middle East
❖ Development of Science in Africa.
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
 Development of Science in Mesoamerica

• It includes the entire area of Central America

from Southern Mexico up to the border of
South America.

• Maya civilization lasted for approx. 2000 years.

• They incorporated their advanced

understanding of astronomy into their
temples and other religious structures
 Example

The “El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza” is situated at the location of the
sun during the spring and fall equinoxes.
 Development of
Science in
• Mayan knowledge and understanding about
Mesoamerica
celestial bodies was advanced for their times.
– Predicting eclipses
– Using astrological cycles in planting and
harvesting.
 The Mayan Calendar
System
• Mayan is known for measuring time using two
complicated calendar systems.
• It is useful for their life especially in planning
activities and observing religious rituals and
cultural celebration.

• See video in the link:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhWItvjk9Yg
 The Mayan Calendar
System
The tzolk'in calendar combines twenty day
names with the thirteen day numbers to
produce 260 unique days. It is used to
determine the time of religious and ceremonial
events and for divination. Each successive day is
numbered from 1 up to 13 and then starting
again at 1. Separately from this, every day is
given a name in sequence from a list of 20 day
names:
The Mayan Calendar
System
 The Mayan Calendar System

The Haab' was made up of eighteen months of

twenty days each plus a period of five days at
the end of the year known as Wayeb' .
The Mayan Calendar
System
 Development of
Science in Mesoamerica:
• Mayans also developed technology for
Mayan Civilization
growing different crops and building elaborate
cities using ordinary machineries and tools.

• Mayan built looms for weaving cloth.

• Devised rainbow of glittery paints made from

mineral called MICA.
 Development of
Science in Mesoamerica:
• Mayan
Mayan Civilization
Heiroglyphics – writing system of Mayan.

• Mayan are considered one of most scientifically

advanced societies in mesoamerica.

• They are skilled in mathematics.

• Created number system based on the numeral 20.

• Developed the concept of zero and positional value

eve before Roman did.
 INCA CIVILIZATION
• Famous in mesoamerica.

– Roads paved with stones.

– Stone building that surmounted earthquakes and

other disasters.

– Irrigation system and technique for storing water for

their crops to grow in all types of land.
 INCA CIVILIZATION
• Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious
festivals and prepare them for planting season.

• The first suspension bridge.

• Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records

that only experts can interpret.

• Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially

prized artistic achievements
 Aztec Civilization

• Mandatory Education

• Chocolates
• Antispasmodic medication

• Chinampa
• Aztec calendar
• Invention of canoe
 Development of Science
in ASIA
• The biggest continent in the world.

• Considered as the home of many ancient

civilization

• The host of many cultural. Economic,

scientific, and political activities of all
ages.
Development of Science in
ASIA: INDIA

• A huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies

of water and fortified by huge mountains in its
northern boarders.

• Known for manufacturing of iron and in

metallurgical works.
Development of Science in
ASIA: INDIA
• Famous in medicine e.g. AYURVEDA.

• AYURVEDA – a system of traditional medicine

that originated in ancient India before 2500
BC.

• Susruta Samhita
Development of Science in
ASIA: INDIA
• Spherical self-supporting earth

• Year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30

days each.

• Siddhanta Shiromani – the interest in

astronomy was evident in this book.
Development of Science in
ASIA: INDIA
• Indus Valley Civilization
– The people in this civilization tried to standardize
measurement of length to a high degree of
accuracy and a designed ruler. (Mohenjodaro
Ruler)
• Aryabhatiya
– Introduced a number of trigonometric functions,
tables, and techniques as well as algorithms of
algebra.
Development of Science in
ASIA: INDIA
Development of Science in
ASIA: INDIA
Development of Science in
ASIA: CHINA
• Traditional Medicine – acupuncture
• Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing
tools.
• Astronomy – heavenly bodies, Lunar calendars
Development of Science in
ASIA: CHINA
Development of Science in
the MIDDLE EAST
 Development of Science
in the MIDDLE EAST
• Dominantly occupied by Muslims
• Greater value on science experiments.

• Hasan Ibn al-Haytham

– An Arab Mathematician , astronomer, and
physicist of the Islamic Golden age.
– Father of Optics.
Development of Science in
the MIDDLE EAST
Development of Science in
Africa
 Development of Science in Africa

•
Copernican Revolution.
 Modern science was born out of an effort
over many centuries to understand the
motions of celestial bodies.
 Two competing models were proposed:
 Geocentric (earth-centered) – Claudius
Ptolemy
 Heliocentric (Sun-centered) – Nilocalus
Copernicus
 The final success of the heliocentric model
relied on crucial philosophical insights and
technological advances. “ Birth of the
Modern Astronomy”
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
 Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution
developed by the English naturalist Charles
Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all
species of organisms arise and develop through
the natural selection of small, inherited variations
that increase the individual's ability to compete,
survive, and reproduce.
 THEORY OR EVOLUTION
 WHAT IS A EVOLUTION?
 Evolutionis change in the heritable
characteristics of biological populations
over successive generations.
Evolutionary processes give rise to
biodiversity at every level of biological
organization, including the levels of
species, individual organisms, and
molecules.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
 A relating to the ideas or methods of Sigmund
Freud, especially his ideas about the way in which
people's hidden thoughts and feelings influence their
behavior especially with respect to the causes and
treatment of neurotic and psychopathic states, the
interpretation of dreams, etc.
 relating to or influenced by Sigmund Freud and his
methods of psychoanalysis, especially with reference
to the importance of sexuality in human behavior.
THE FREUDIAN THEORY OF
PERSONALITY

 Human Personality: The adult personality emerges

as a composite of early childhood experiences,
based on how these experiences are consciously and
unconsciously processed within human
developmental stages, and how these experiences
shape the personality.

 Not every person completes the necessary tasks of

every developmental stage. When they don’t, the
results can be a mental condition requiring
psychoanalysis to achieve proper functioning.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

 Believing that most human suffering is determined

during childhood development, Freud placed
emphasis on the five stages of psychosexual
development. As a child passes through these
stages unresolved conflicts between physical
drives and social expectation may arise.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
 These stages are:
 Oral (0 – 1.5 years of age): Fixation on all things oral. If not
satisfactorily met there is the likelihood of developing negative
oral habits or behaviors.
 Anal (1.5 to 3 years of age): As indicated this stage is primarily
related to developing healthy toilet training habits.
 Phallic (3 – 5 year of age): The development of healthy
substitutes for the sexual attraction boys and girls have toward a
parent of the opposite gender.
 Latency (5 – 12 years of age): The development of healthy
dormant sexual feelings for the opposite sex.
 Genital (12 – adulthood): All tasks from the previous four stages
are integrated into the mind allowing for the onset of healthy
sexual feelings and behaviors.