LATIHAN SOAL

ULTRASONIC TEST

1) The following sound wave mode has multiple or varying wave velocities:
Lamb waves.

2) The following would be considered applications of ultrasonic techniques:

the determination of a materials elastic modulus, the study of a materials metallurgical
structure, and the measurement of a materials thickness.

3) The only significant sound wave mode that will travel through a liquid is:
a longitudinal wave.

4) The acoustic impedance of a material is used to:

determine the relative amounts of sound energy coupled through and reflected at an
interface.

5) When angle beam contact testing a test piece, increasing the incident angle until the
second critical angle is reached results in:
production of a surface wave.

6) Acoustic energy propagates in different modes. The following represents a mode:

longitudinal wave, shear wave, and surface wave.

7) The simple experiment where a stick in a glass of water appears disjointed at the water
surface illustrates the phenomenon of:
refraction.

8) The crystal thickness and transducer frequency are related. The thinner the crystal:
the higher the frequency.

9) The random distribution of crystallographic direction in alloys with large crystalline

structure is a factor in determining:
the acoustic noise levels, the selection of a test frequency, and the scattering of sound.

10) The length of the zone adjacent to a transducer in which fluctuations in sound pressure
occur is mostly affected by:
the frequency of the transducer and the diameter of the transducer.

11) The differences in signals received from identical reflectors at different material
distances from a transducer may be caused by:
material attenuation, beam divergence, and near field effects.
12) It is possible for a discontinuity smaller than the transducer to produce indications of
fluctuating amplitude as the search unit is moved laterally if testing is being performed in
the:
near field.

13) The near field effects of a transducer in immersion testing may be eliminated by:
using an appropriate water path.

14) What relationship would you expect to exist between the amplitudes of a reflected
laminar signal if in position A, the transducer is right over the laminar reflector and in
position B the transducer is clear of the laminar reflector?
The amplitudes will be 2 to 1.

15) The maximum sound intensity is at the beam centerline in the far field of a uniform
ultrasonic beam.

16) The following may result in a long narrow rod if the beam divergence results in a
reflection from a side of the test piece before the sound wave reaches the back surface:
the conversion from the longitudinal mode to the shear mode.

17) Where does beam divergence occur:

in the far field.

18) As the frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given
crystal:
decreases.

19) As the radius of the curvature of a curved lens is increased, the focal length of the lens
will:
increase.

20) When examining materials for planar flaws oriented parallel to the part surface, what
testing method is most often used:
straight beam.

21) If a contact angle beam transducer produces a 45?-shear wave in steel, the angle
produced by the same transducer in an aluminum specimen would be:
(Vssteel =.323 cm/?sec; VsAL = .310 cm/?sec),less than 45?.

22) Rayleigh waves are influenced most by defects located:

close to or on the surface.
23) The ultrasonic test method in which finger damping is most effective in locating a
discontinuity is:
surface wave.

24) Lamb waves can be used to detect:

laminar type defects near the surface of a thin material.

25) The ratio of the velocity of sound in water compared to that for aluminum or steel is
approximately:
1:4.

26) The following scanning method could be classified as an immersion type test:
tank in which the search unit and test piece are immersed, squirter bubbler method in
which the sound is transmitted in a column of flowing water, and scanning with a wheel
type search unit with the transducer inside a liquid filled tire.

27) In an immersion test of a piece of steel or aluminum, the water distance appears on the
display as a fairly wide space between the initial pulse and the front surface reflection
because of:
reduced velocity of the sound in the water as compared to the test piece.

28) Using the immersion method, a distance amplitude curve (DAC) for a �-inch diameter,
5-MHz search unit shows the high point of the DAC at the 1 �-inch block. One day
later, the high point of the DAC for the same search unit is at the �-inch block.
Assuming calibration has not changed, this would indicate that the search unit:
is becoming defective and has the beam of a smaller search unit.

29) The following law can be used to calculate the angle of refraction within a metal for both
longitudinal and shear waves:
Snell�s Law.

30) An impedance difference results in the division of sound energy into transmitted and
reflected modes at an interface between two different materials.

31) When using a focused transducer, non-symmetry in a propagated sound beam may be
caused by:
backing material variations, lens centering or misalignment, and porosity in the lenses.

32) Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for the following types of examinations:
straight or longitudinal examination, angle beam or shear wave examination, and surface
wave or Rayleigh wave.
33) During straight beam testing, test specimens with non-parallel front and back surfaces
can cause:
partial or total loss of back reflection.

34) In the immersion technique, the distance between the face of the transducer and the test
surface (water path) is usually adjusted so that the time required sending the sound beam
through the water:
is greater than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece.

35) In a B-scan display, the length of the screen indication from a discontinuity is related to:
the discontinuity�s length in the direction of the transducer travel.

36) The following circuit triggers the pulser and sweep circuits in an A-scan display:
clock.

37) The �dead zone� on an A-scan display refers to:

the distance covered by the front surface pulse width and the recovery time.

38) The following represents the intensity of a reflected beam on an A-scan display:
signal amplitude.

39) The following scan type can be used to produce a recording of the flaw areas
superimposed over a plan view of the test piece:
C-scan.

40) A manually operated manipulator for immersion testing in a small tank is used to:
set the proper water path and to set the proper transducer angle.

41) A 45?-shear angle beam transducer produces a wave in the metal that is polarized:
perpendicular to the direction of propagation and at 45? to the entry surface.

42) A reduction in the back surface reflection amplitude in normal straight beam contact
testing could indicate:
inadequate coupling, a flaw that is not normal to the beam, or a near surface defect that
cannot be resolved from the main bang (initial pulse).

43) A six-inch diameter rod is being inspected for centerline cracking. The A-scan
presentation for one complete path through the rod is established, the alarm gate should
be set:
between points 2 and 5 on the timeline.
44) The bridge or carriage in an automatic scanning immersion unit serves to:
support the manipulator and scanner tube and to move it about transversely and
longitudinally.

45) When adjusting the flaw-locating rule for a shear wave weld inspection, the zero point on
the rule must coincide with the:
sound beam exit point of the wedge.

46) A special scanning device with the transducer mounted in a tire-like container filled with
couplant is commonly called:
a search unit.

47) The following best describes a typical display of a crack whose major surface is
perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam:
a sharp indication.

48) A primary purpose of a reference standard is:

to provide a guide for adjusting the instrument controls to reveal discontinuities that are
considered harmful to the end use of the product.

49) Compensation for the variation in the echo height related to the variations in the
discontinuity depth in the test material is known as:
distance amplitude correction (DAC).

50) The following is a reference reflector that is not dependent on the beam angle:
the side drilled hole that is parallel to the plate surface and perpendicular to the sound
path.

51) During a straight beam ultrasonic test, a discontinuity indication is detected that is small
in amplitude compared to the loss in amplitude of the back reflection. The orientation of
this discontinuity is probably:
such that complete loss of the back reflection will result.

52) A discontinuity is located having an orientation such that its long axis is parallel to the
sound beam. The indication from such a discontinuity will be:
small in proportion to the length of the discontinuity.

53) Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat discs or other shapes parallel to the surface by:
rolling.

54) In what zone does the amplitude of an indication from a given discontinuity diminish
exponentially as the distance increases:
the far field zone.
55) A smooth flat discontinuity whose major plane is not perpendicular to the direction of
the sound propagation may be indicated by:
an echo amplitude in magnitude to the back reflection, a complete loss of the back
surface reflection, or an echo amplitude larger in magnitude than the back surface
reflection.

56) Using a pulse-echo technique, if the major plane of a flat discontinuity is oriented at
some angle other than perpendicular to the direction of the sound propagation, the result
may be:
the loss or the lack of a received discontinuity echo.

57) As the transducer diameter decreases, the beam spread:

increases.

58) A set of standard reference blocks with the same geometrical configuration and
dimensions other than the size of the calibration reflectors, e.g., flat bottom holes, is
called a set of:
area/amplitude standards.

59) The angle at which a 90? refraction of a longitudinal sound wave is reached is called:
the first critical angle.

60) The following controls the voltage supplied to the vertical deflection plates of the CRT in
an A-scan UT set-up:
amplitude circuit

61) Attenuation is a difficult quantity to measure accurately, particularly in solid materials, at

the test frequencies normally used. The overall result usually observed includes other
loss mechanisms that can include:
beam spread, couplant mismatch, and test piece geometry.

62) The vertical linear range of a test instrument may be determined by obtaining ultrasonic
responses from:
a set of area-amplitude reference blocks.

63) Large grains in a metallic test specimen usually result in:

decrease or loss of the back surface reflection, large �hash� or noise indications, and
decrease in penetration.

64) The total energy losses occurring in all material is called:

attenuation.

65) Delay-tip (stand-off) type contact search units are primarily used for:
thickness measurement or flaw detection in thin materials.
66) The acoustical lenses are commonly used for contour correction. When scanning the
inside of a pipe section by the immersion method, the following lens type would be used:
convex.

67) When using an IIW block, the transducer is on the longest plane and the sound path is
facing the curved end, this is done to establish the:
exit point.

68) When using an IIW block, the transducer is on the second longest plane and the sound
path is facing the small-drilled hole, this is done to establish the:
sensitivity calibration.

69) When using an IIW block, the transducer is on the longest plane and the sound path is
facing the round Lucite embedment, this is done to establish the:
verification of the wedge angle.

70) When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the
ultrasonic wave generated within the part will be:
a shear wave.

71) When using an IIW block, the transducer is on the longest plane and the sound path is
facing straight down in front of the lower end of the curved notch, this is done to
establish:
the resolution.

72) The angle at which 90? refraction of the shear wave mode occurs is called the:
second critical angle.

73) In a water immersion test, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel at an incident angle
of 14?. What is the angle of the refracted shear wave within the material:
Vs = 3.2 x 105cm/sec Vw = 1.5 x 105 cm/sec, it is 31?.

74) If you were requested to design a plastic show to generate a Rayleigh wave in aluminum,
what would be the incident angle of the ultrasonic energy:
VA = 3.1 x 105 cm/sec Vp = 2.6 x 105 cm/sec would be 57?.

75) Compute the wavelength of ultrasonic energy in lead at 1 Mhz: VL = 2/1 x 105 cm/sec V
=?xF
Is 0.21cm.

76) The attenuation of energy within a material in the far field of the ultrasonic beam may be
expressed as the:
exponential decay.
77) The longitudinal velocity for aluminum and steel is approximately twice the shear
velocity.

78) Water travel distance for immersion inspections should be:

such that the second front reflection does not appear between the first front and the back
reflections.

79) The electronic circuitry that allows selection and processing of only those signals relating
to discontinuities that occur in specific zones of a part is called:
an electronic gate.

80) When conducting a contact ultrasonic test, the �hash� or irregular signals that appear
in the CRT display of the area being inspected could be caused by:
coarse grains in the structure.

81) When inspecting a 4-inch diameter threaded steel cylinder for radial cracks extending
from the root of the threads, it would be preferable to transmit:
longitudinal waves from the end of the cylinder and perpendicular to the direction of the
thread roots.

82) In an immersion inspection of raw material, the water travel distance should be:
equal to the water distance used in setting up on the reference standards.

83) The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a medium of different velocity than
the one from which it came and a line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the
two media is called:
the angle of refraction.

84) The process of adjusting an instrument or device to a reference standard is referred to as:
calibration.

85) An electron tube in which a beam of electrons from the cathode is used to reproduce an
image on a fluorescent screen at the end of the tube is referred to as:
a cathode ray tube.

86) A grouping of a number of crystals in one search unit, with all contact surfaces in the
same plane and vibrating in phase with each other to act as a single transducer is called a:
crystal mosaic.

87) The scattering of the rays of an ultrasonic beam due to reflection from a highly irregular
surface is called:
dispersion.
88) The angle of reflection is:
equal to the angle of incidence.

89) The angular position of the reflecting surface of a planar discontinuity with respect to the
entry surface is referred to as:
the orientation of the discontinuity.

90) A short burst of alternating electrical energy is called:

a pulse.

91) In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the transmitted pulse is referred to as:
the pulse length or pulse width.

92) The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary and changes the direction of its
propagation within the same medium is referred to as:
reflection.

93) The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one medium to
another whose velocity differs from that of the first medium is called:
refraction.

94) The coated inside surface of the large end of a cathode ray tube which becomes luminous
when struck by an electron beam is called:
a CRT screen.

95) The following mode of vibration exhibits the shortest wavelength at a given frequency
and in a given material:
is the surface wave that has the shortest wavelength.

96) In general, the shear waves are more sensitive to small discontinuities than longitudinal
waves for a given frequency and in a given material because:
the wavelength of the shear wave is shorter than the wavelength of the longitudinal
wave.

97) In general, the following mode of vibration will have the greatest penetrating power in a
coarse-grained material if the frequency of the waves are the same:
the longitudinal wave has the greatest penetrating power.

98) A testing technique in which the crystal or transducer is parallel to the test surface and
the ultrasonic waves enter the material being tested in a direction perpendicular to the
test surface is:
straight beam testing.
99) The distance from a given point on an ultrasonic wave to the next corresponding point is
referred to as:
a wavelength.

100) the surface tension of a liquid is referred to as:

a wetting agent.

102) The transducers most commonly used in ultrasonic search units (probes) used for
discontinuity testing utilize:
the piezoelectric principles.

103) The mechanical and electrical stability, the insolubility in liquids, and the resistance to
aging are the three advantages of search units containing transducers made of:
quartz.

104) The formula sin?1 = sin?2 is referred to as:

V1 V2 Snell�s law.

105) The formula sin?1 = sin?2 is used to determine:

V1 V2 angular relationships.

106) The amount of energy reflected from a discontinuity will dependent on:
the size of the discontinuity, the orientation of the discontinuity, and the type of
discontinuity.

107) If an ultrasonic wave is transmitted through an interface of two materials in which the
first material has a higher acoustic impedance value but the same velocity value as the
second material, the angle of refraction will:
be the same as the angle of incidence.

108) The following frequency will probably result in the greatest ultrasonic attenuation loss:
25 megahertz.

109) The product of the sound velocity and the density of a material is known as the:
acoustic impedance of the material.

110) The amplifier range over which the unsaturated signal response increases in amplitude
in proportion to the discontinuity surface area is:
linear range.

111) When inspecting a rolled or forged surface with a thin scale that is generally tightly
adhering to the part, what is necessary to do before testing the part:
clean the surface of all loose scale.
112) The angle of reflection of an ultrasonic beam at an aluminum-water interface is:
equal to the angle of incidence.

113) What kind of wave travels at a velocity slightly less than shear waves and their mode of
propagation is both longitudinal and transverse with respect to the surface:
Rayleigh waves.

114) The following ultrasonic test frequency will probably provide the best penetration in a
12-inch thick specimen of coarse-grain steel:
1 megahertz.

115) During immersion testing of an ASTM Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block, a B-scan
presentation system will show a:
cross section of the reference block, showing the top and bottom surfaces of the block
and the location of the hole bottom in the block.

116) Properties of shear and transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing include:
particle motion normal to propagation direction and propagation velocity that is about
� the longitudinal wave velocity in the same material.

117) One of the most common applications of ultrasonic tests employing shear wave is:
detection of discontinuities in welds, tubes, and pipes.

118) Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if:

the velocity of propagation deviates substantially from an assumed constant value for a
given material.

119) Generally, the best ultrasonic testing method for detecting discontinuities oriented
along the fusion zone in a welded plate is:
an angle beam method using shear waves.

120) An ultrasonic testing instrument displaying pulses that represent the magnitude of the
reflected ultrasound as a function of time or depth of the metal is said to contain:
an A-scan presentation.

121) The principle mode of vibration that exists in the steel at a water-to-steel interface when
the angle of incidence in the water is 7? is:
a longitudinal wave.

122) The only mode of vibration that can exist in a liquid medium is:
a longitudinal wave.
123) The number of pulses produced by an ultrasonic instrument in a given period of time is
known as the:
pulse repetition rate.

124) The component in a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument that coordinates the action
and the timing of the other components is called a:
synchronizer, clock, or a timer.

125) The component in a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument that produces the voltage
that activates the search unit is called:
a pulser.

126) The component in a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument that produces the time base
line is called a:
sweep circuit.

127) The component in a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument that produces the visible
signals on the CRT that are used to measure distance is called:
marker circuit.

128) Most basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instruments use:

an A-scan presentation.

129) The cathode ray tube screen will display a plan view of the part outline and the defects
when using:
C-scan presentation.

130) The incident angles at which 90? refraction of longitudinal and shear waves occurs are
called:
the critical angles.

131) Compression waves whose particles displacement is parallel to the direction of

propagation are called:
longitudinal waves.

132) The following mode of vibration is quickly dampened out when testing by the
immersion method:
surface waves.

133) The motion of particles in a shear wave is:

transverse to the direction of the beam propagation.
134) An ultrasonic longitudinal wave tracks in aluminum with a velocity of 635,000 cm/sec
and has a frequency of one megahertz. The wavelength of this ultrasonic wave is:
6.35 millimeters in length.

135) The refraction angle of a longitudinal wave passing from water into a metallic material
at angles other than normal to the interface is primarily a function of:
the relative velocities of the sound in the water and metal.

136) In contact testing, shear waves can be induced in the test material by:
using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so that the sound enters the part at an
angle.

137) As the frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a
given diameter crystal:
decreases.

138) The following is not an advantage of contact ultrasonic search units (probes) adapted
with Lucite shoes:
increases sensitivity.

139) The velocity of sound will be the lowest in the following medium:
air.

140) A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is transmitted from water into steel at an angle of 5?
from the normal. In such a case, the refracted angle of the transverse wave is:
greater than the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave.

141) The velocity of a longitudinal wave will be the highest in:

aluminum.

142) In steel, the velocity of sound is greatest in the following mode of vibration:
longitudinal.

143) The acoustic impedance is:

the product of the density of the material and the velocity of the sound in the material.

144) Thin sheets of metal may be inspected with the ultrasonic wave directed normal to the
surface by observing:
the multiple reflection patterns.

145) A diagram in which the entire circuit stage or sections are shown by geometric figures
and the path of the signal or energy by lines and/or arrows is called a:
block diagram.
146) A hole produced during the solidification of metal due to escaping gases is called:
a blowhole.

147) A discontinuity that occurs during the casting of molten metal which may be caused by
the splashing, surging, interrupted pouring, or the meeting of two streams of metal
coming from different directions is called:
A cold shut.

148) The ratio between the wave speed in one material and the wave speed in another
material is called:
the Index of Refraction.

149) The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material under the influence of a changing
magnetic field is referred to as:
magnetostriction.

150) The ratio of stress in a material within the elastic limit is called:
Young�s modulus or the Modulus of Elasticity.

151) A point, line, or surface of a vibrating body marked by absolute or relative freedom
from vibratory motion is referred to as:
a node.

152) The factor that determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two dissimilar
materials is:
the specific acoustic impedance.

153) A quartz crystal cut so that its major faces are parallel to the Z and Y axes and
perpendicular to the X axis is called:
an X-cut crystal.

154) The equation describing wavelength in terms of velocity and frequency is:
wavelength = velocity ? frequency.

155) The following can occur when an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of two
dissimilar materials:
reflection, refraction, and mode conversion.

156) When inspecting aluminum by the immersion method using water for a couplant, the
following information is known: velocity of the sound in the water = 1.49 x 105
cm/sec, velocity of the longitudinal waves in the aluminum = 6.32 x 105 cm/sec, and
the angle of incidence = 5?. The angle of refraction for the longitudinal wave is
approximately:
22?.
157) The most efficient sound transmitter of the piezoelectric material listed (lithium sulfate,
quartz, barium titanate, silver oxide) is:
barium titanate.

158) The most efficient sound receiver of the piezoelectric material listed (lithium sulfate,
quartz, barium titanate, silver oxide) is:
lithium sulfate.

159) The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a test part when
inspecting by the immersion method is:
by angulating the search tube to the proper angle.

160) Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of the crystal and the wavelength of
the beam transmitted through a medium, and it:
increases if the frequency or crystal diameter is decreased.

161) The wavelength of an ultrasonic wave is:

directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequency.

162) The fundamental frequency of a piezoelectric crystal is primarily a function of:

he thickness of the crystal.

163) Acoustic velocities are primarily described by:

density and elasticity.

164) Inspection of castings is often impractical because of:

coarse grain structure.

165) Lamb waves may be used to inspect:

thin sheet metal.

166) The formula used to determine the angle of beam divergence of a quartz crystal is:
Sin ?/2 = 1.22 x wavelength/diameter.

167) The resolving power of a search unit is directly proportional to its:

bandwidth.

168) An acoustic lens element with the following permits focusing the sound energy to enter
cylindrical surfaces normally or along a line focus:
cylindrical curvatures.
169) The synchronizer, clock, or timer circuit in the basic pulse-echo instrument will
determine the instrument�s:
pulse repetition rate.

170) The primary requirement of a paintbrush transducer is that:

the intensity of the beam pattern will not vary greatly over the entire length of the
transducer.

171) Heat conduction, viscous friction, elastic hysteresis, and scattering are four different
mechanisms that lead to:
attenuation.

172) Since the velocity of sound in aluminum is approximately 245,000 inches/second, it

takes the sound how long to travel through one inch of aluminum:
4 microseconds.

173) When testing a part with a rough surface, it is generally advisable to use:
a lower frequency search unit and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a
smooth surface.

174) Reflection indications from a weld area being inspected by the angle beam technique
may represent:
porosity, cracks, or weld bead.

175) During a test using A-scan equipment, strong indications that move at varying rates
across the screen in the horizontal direction appear. It is impossible to repeat a
particular screen pattern by scanning the same area. A possible cause of these
indications is:
electrical interference.

176) In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal line formed by the uniform and repeated
movement of an electron beam across the fluorescent screen of a cathode ray tube is
called:
a sweep line.

177) The following frequency will probably result in the greatest amount of attenuation
losses:
10 megahertz.

178) In general, the following wave will travel around gradual curves with little or no
reflection from the curve:
surface waves.
179) To evaluate and accurately locate discontinuities after scanning a part with a paintbrush
transducer, it is generally necessary to use a:
search unit with a smaller crystal.

180) An ultrasonic instrument has been calibrated to obtain a 2-inch indication from a 5/64-
inch diameter flat-bottomed hole located 3 inches from the front surface of an
aluminum reference block. When testing an aluminum forging, a 2-inch indication is
obtained from a discontinuity located 3 inches from the entry surface. The cross-
sectional area of this discontinuity is probably:
greater than the area of the 5/64-inch flat-bottomed hole.

181) As the impedance ratio of two dissimilar materials increases, the percentage of sound
coupled through an interface of such material:
decreases.

182) Low frequency sound waves are not generally used to test thin material because of:
poor near-surface resolution.

183) When using two separate search units (one a transmitter, the other a receiver), the most
efficient combination would be: .
a barium titanate transmitter and a lithium sulfate receiver

184) In immersion testing, the accessory equipment that the search cable and the search unit
are attached is called a:
search tube or a scanning tube.

185) In general, discontinuities in wrought products tend to be oriented:

in the direction of the grain flow.

186) In immersion testing, irrelevant or false indications caused by contoured surfaces are
likely to result in a:
broad-based indication.

187) In contact testing, defects near the entry surface cannot always be detected because of:
the dead zone.

188) In cases where the diameter of the tubing being inspected is smaller than the diameter
of the transducer, what can be used to confine the sound beam to the proper range of
angles:
a collimator.

189) The maximum scanning speed possible is primarily determined by:

the pulse repetition rate of the instrument.
190) The following is frequently displayed by a facsimile recording instead of a CRT
presentation:
C-scan presentation.

191) The property of certain materials to transform electrical energy to mechanical energy
and vice versa is called:
the piezoelectric effect.

192) Surface waves are reduced to an energy level of approximately 1/25 of the original
power at a depth of:
one wavelength.

193) To prevent the appearance of the second front surface indication before the first back
reflection when inspecting aluminum by the immersion method (water is used as a
couplant), it is necessary to have a minimum of at least one inch of water for every:
four inches of aluminum, a four to one ratio (4:1) of aluminum to water.

194) Increasing the length of the pulse used to activate the search unit will:
increase the strength of the ultrasound but decrease the resolving power of the
instrument.

195) The lack of parallelism between the entry surface and the back surface:
may result in a screen pattern that does not contain back reflection indications.

196) A discontinuity with a concave surface will:

cause the reflected beam to focus at a point determined by the curvature of the
discontinuity.

197) When testing a tapered plate by the immersion method, the plate should be positioned
to ensure:
an uniform water distance over the entire area of the plate.

198) Angle beam testing of a plate will often miss:

laminations that are parallel to the front surface.