1.

Surveying is the technique of establishing the relative locations of various things on the
earth's surface by measuring horizontal distances between them and creating a map to
any appropriate scale. Only measurements in the horizontal plane are collected.
Surveying is the art of identifying the relative locations of points on, above, or beneath
the earth's surface using direct or indirect distance, direction, and elevation
measurements.
2.

Plane surveying

Plane surveying is the process of surveying by assuming that the earth is flat. Which mean
the curvature or spherical shape of the earth is not considered in plane surveying
calculations.

Geodetic surveying

Geodetic surveying is a process of surveying by considering the curvature or spherical

shape of the earth. The exact positions of points obtained on plane surveying are given by
geodetic.

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Astrolabe The astrolabe of Hipparchus is considered to be one of the best

known of the measuring instruments that have come down from ancient
times. It was developed sometime in 140 B.C., and further improved by
Ptolemy. The instrument had a metal circle with a pointer hinged at its
center and held by a ring at the top, and a cross staff, a wooden rod about
1.25 meters long with an adjustable cross arm at right angles to it. The
known length of the arms of the cross staff allow distances and angles to
be determined by proportion. It was originally designed for determining
the altitude of stars.

Telescope The invention of the telescope in. 1607 is generally accredited to

Lippershey. In 1609, Ga1ileo constructed a refracting telescope for
astronomical observations. However, it was only when cross hairs for fixing
the line of sight were introduced, that the telescope was fixed in early
surveying instruments.
 Transit The invention of the transit is credited to Young and Draper who
worked independently from each other sometime in 1830. Both men were
able to put together in one instrument the essential parts of what has long
been known as the universal surveying instrument.

Semicircumferentor An early surveying instrument which was used to

measure and layoff angles, and establish lines of sight by employing peep
sights.

Plane Table One of the oldest types of surveying instruments used in field
mapping. It consists of a board attached to a tripod in such a way that it
can be leveled or rotated to any desired direction.

Dioptra The dioptra, which was perfected by Heron of Alexandria, was

used in leveling and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It
consists essentially of a copper tube supported on a standard and could
be rotated in either a horizontal or vertical plane. For measuring horizontal
angles, a flat circular disc with graduations in degrees is used. An arm
containing sighting apertures at either end could be rotated to any
desired position on the disc.

Vernier The vernier is a short auxiliary scale placed alongside the

graduated scale of an instrument, by means of which fractional parts of
the smallest or least division of the main scale can be determined precisely
without having to interpolate. It was invented in 1631 by a Frenchman
name Pierre Vernier. Surveying instruments employ either a direct or
retrograde vernier.

Compass The magnetic compass came into wide use during the 13th century for
determining the direction of lines and in calculating angles between lines. It was first
introduced for use in navigation. The compass consists of a magnetized steel needle
mounted on a pivot at the center of a graduated circle. The needle continues to
point toward magnetic north and gives a reading which is dependent upon the
position of the graduated circle.

Gunter"s Chain The Gunter's chain, which was invented by Sir Edmund Gunter in
1620, was the forerunner of instruments dsed for taping distances. It is 66 ft long and
contains 100 links, so that distances may be recorded in chains and in decimal parts
of the chain. Each part, called a link, is 0.66 ft or 7.92 inches long.

Merchet The merchet was a device for measuring time and meridian. It was first
used by the Chaldeans in about 4,000 B.C. It consisted of a slotted palm leaf through
which to sight and a bracket from which a plumb bob was suspended. -By sighting
through the 'slot and past the plumb bob string, a straight line could be projected.
https://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/OpenNonWebContent.aspx?content=25276.wba