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Equine anatomy
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encompasses the gross and microscopic anatomy of horses, ponies and other equids, including
Cite this page
Wikidata item donkeys, mules and zebras. While all anatomical features of equids are described in the same
terms as for other animals by the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical
Print/export Nomenclature in the book Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, there are many horse-specific
Download as PDF colloquial terms used by equestrians.
Printable version
Contents []
In other projects
1 External anatomy
Wikimedia Commons 2 Digestive system
2.1 Mouth
Languages
2.2 Esophagus
বাংলা
2.3 Stomach
Bosanski
2.4 Small intestine
Français
2.5 Large intestine
Português
2.5.1 Cecum
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt 2.5.2 Other section of the large intestine
Edit links 3 Reproductive system
3.1 Mare
3.2 Stallion

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4 Teeth
5 Feet/hooves
6 Skeletal system
7 Ligaments and tendons
7.1 Ligaments
7.2 Tendons
8 Muscular system
9 Respiratory system and smell
10 Circulatory system
11 The eye
12 Hearing
13 See also
14 References
15 External links

External anatomy ​[ edit ]

Back: the area where the saddle sits, beginning at the end of the withers, extending to the
last thoracic vertebrae (colloquially includes the loin or "coupling," though technically
incorrect usage)
Barrel: the body of the horse,[1][2] enclosing the rib cage and the major internal organs
Buttock: the part of the hindquarters behind the thighs and below the root of the tail
Cannon or cannon bone: the area between the knee or hock and the fetlock joint,
sometimes called the "shin" of the horse, though technically it is the third metacarpal
Chestnut: a callosity on the inside of each leg
Chin groove: the part of the horse's head behind the lower lip and chin, the area that dips
down slightly on the lower jaw; area where the curb chain of certain bits is fastened
Coupling: see "Loin" below
Coronet or coronary band: the ring of soft tissue just above the horny hoof that blends into
the skin of the leg
Crest: the upper portion of the neck where the mane grows
Croup: the topline of the hindquarters, beginning at the hip, extending proximate to the
sacral vertebrae and stopping at the dock of the tail (where the coccygeal vertebrae begin);
sometimes called "rump"
Dock: the living part of the tail,[3] consisting of the coccygeal vertebrae, muscles and
ligaments. Sometimes used colloquially to refer to the root of the tail, below.
Elbow: The joint of the front leg at the point where the belly of the horse meets the leg.
Homologous to the elbow in humans
Ergot: a callosity on the back of the fetlock
Face: the area between the forehead and the tip of the upper lip
Fetlock: sometimes called the "ankle" of the horse, though it is not the same skeletal
structure as an ankle in humans; known to anatomists as the metacarpophalangeal (front) or
metatarsophalangeal (hind) joint; homologous to the "ball" of the foot or the
metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers in humans

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Flank: where the hind legs and the barrel meet, specifically the area right behind the rib
cage and in front of the stifle joint
Forearm: the area of the front leg between the knee and elbow, consisting of the fused
radius and ulna, and all the tissue around these bones; anatomically, the antebrachium.
Forehead: the area between the poll, the eyes and the arch of the nose
Forelock: the continuation of the mane, which hangs from between the ears down onto the
forehead of the horse
Frog: the highly elastic wedge-shaped mass on the underside of the hoof, which normally
makes contact with the ground every stride, and supports both the locomotion and
circulation of the horse
Gaskin: the large muscle on the hind leg, just above the hock, below the stifle, homologous
to the calf of a human
Girth or heartgirth: the area right behind the elbow of the horse, where the girth of the
saddle would go; this area should be where the barrel is at its greatest diameter in a
properly-conditioned horse that is not pregnant or obese
Hindquarters: the large, muscular area of the hind legs, above the stifle and behind the
barrel. Can also be used to refer to the back end of a horse.
Hock: the tarsus of the horse (hindlimb equivalent to the human ankle and heel), the large
joint on the hind leg
Hoof: the foot of the horse; the hoof wall is the tough outside covering of the hoof that
comes into contact with the ground and is, in many respects, a much larger and stronger
version of the human fingernail
Jugular groove: the line of indentation on the lower portion of the neck, can be seen from
either side, just above the windpipe; beneath this area run the jugular vein, the carotid artery
and part of the sympathetic trunk
Knee: the carpus of the horse (equivalent to the human wrist), the large joint in the front
legs, above the cannon bone
Loin: the area right behind the saddle, going from the last rib to the croup, anatomically
approximate to the lumbar spine
Mane: long and relatively coarse hair growing from the dorsal ridge of the neck
Muzzle: the chin, mouth, and nostrils of the face
Pastern: the connection between the coronet and the fetlock, made up of the middle and
proximal phalanx
Poll: commonly refers to the poll joint at the beginning of the neck, immediately behind the
ears, a slight depression at the joint where the atlas (C1) meets the occipital crest;
anatomically, the occipital crest itself is the "poll"
Root of the tail or root of the dock: the point where the tail is "set on" (attached) to the
rump;[3] Sometimes also called the "dock"
Shoulder: made up of the scapula and associated muscles, runs from the withers to the
point of shoulder (the joint at the front of the chest, i.e. the glenoid); the angle of the shoulder
has a great effect on the horse's movement and jumping ability, and is an important aspect
of equine conformation
Splints: bones found on each of the legs, on either side of the cannon bone (8 total);

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partially vestigial, these bones support the corresponding carpal bones in the forelimb, and
the corresponding tarsal bones in the hindlimb;[4] anatomically referred to as
Metacarpal/Metatarsal II (on the medial aspect (inside)) and IV (on the lateral aspect
(outside))
Stifle joint: corresponds to the knee of a human, consists of the articulation between femur
and tibia, as well as the articulation between patella and femur
Tail: the long hairs which grow from the dock; may also include the dock[3]
Throatlatch[5][6][7][8][9][10] (also, throttle, throatlash[citation needed], throat[11]): the point at
which the windpipe meets the head at the underside of the jaw,[3] corresponding to where
the eponymous part of a bridle goes.[12]
Withers: the highest point of the thoracic vertebrae, the point just above the tops of the
shoulder blades, seen best with horse standing square and head slightly lowered; the height
of the horse is measured at the withers.

Digestive system ​[ edit ]

See also: Equine nutrition

Horses and other equids evolved as grazing animals,

adapted to eating small amounts of the same kind of
food all day long. In the wild, the horse adapted to
eating prairie grasses in semi-arid regions and traveling
significant distances each day in order to obtain
adequate nutrition.[13] Therefore, the digestive system
of a horse is about 30 m (100 ft) long, and most of this
is intestines.

Mouth ​[ edit ]
See also: Equine dentistry

Digestion begins in the mouth, which is also called the

"oral cavity." It is made up of the teeth, the hard palate,
the soft palate, the tongue and related muscles, the
cheeks and the lips. Horses also have three pairs of
salivary glands, the parotoid (largest salivary gland and
located near the poll), mandibular (located in the jaw),
and sublingual (located under the tongue). Horses
select pieces of forage and pick up finer foods, such as
A dehydrated anatomical specimen
grain, with their sensitive, prehensile lips. The front
teeth of the horse, called incisors, clip forage, and food
is then pushed back in the mouth by the tongue, and ground up for swallowing by the premolars
and molars.[14]

Esophagus ​[ edit ]

The esophagus is about 1.2 to 1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) in length, and carries food to the stomach. A
muscular ring, called the cardiac sphincter, connects the stomach to the esophagus. This

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sphincter is very well developed in horses. This and the oblique angle at which the esophagus
connects to the stomach explains why horses cannot vomit.[14] The esophagus is also the area
of the digestive tract where horses may suffer from choke.

Stomach ​[ edit ]

Horses have a relatively small stomach for their size,

and this limits the amount of feed a horse can take in at
one time. The average sized horse (360 to 540 kg [800
to 1,200 lb]) has a stomach with a capacity of around
19 L (5 US gal), and works best when it contains about
7.6 L (2 US gal). Because the stomach empties when
2⁄ full, whether stomach enzymes have completed their
3
processing of the food or not, and doing so prevents full Equine stomach.
digestion and proper utilization of feed, continuous
foraging or several small feedings per day are preferable to one or two large ones.[14] The horse
stomach consists of a non-glandular proximal region (saccus cecus), divided by a distinct
border, the margo plicatus, from the glandular distal stomach.[15]

In the stomach, assorted acids and the enzyme pepsin break down food. Pepsin allows for the
further breakdown of proteins into amino acid chains.[14] Other enzymes include resin and
lipase. Additionally, the stomach absorbs some water, as well as ions and lipid-soluble
compounds.

Small intestine ​[ edit ]

The horse's small intestine is 15 to 21 m (50 to 70 ft) long and holds 38 to 45 L (10 to
12 US gal). This is the major digestive organ, and where most nutrients are absorbed.[16] It has
three parts, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The majority of digestion occurs in the
duodenum while the majority of absorption occurs in the jejunum. Bile from the liver aids in
digesting fats in the duodenum combined with enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine.
Horses, in common with mammals such as camels, do not have a gall bladder, meaning bile
flows constantly.[14] Most food is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream from the small
intestine, including proteins, simple carbohydrate, fats, and vitamins A, D, and E. Any remaining
liquids and roughage move into the large intestine.

Large intestine ​[ edit ]

Cecum ​[ edit ]

The cecum is the first section of the large intestine. It is

also known as the "water gut" or "hind gut". It is a cul-
de-sac pouch,[16] about 1.2 m (4 ft) long that holds 26 to
30 L (7 to 8 US gal). It contains bacteria that digest
cellulose plant fiber through fermentation.[17] These
bacteria feed upon chyme digestive, and also produce
certain fat-soluble vitamins which are absorbed by the
[14]

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horse. The reason horses must have their diets

changed slowly is so the bacteria in the cecum are able
to modify and adapt to the different chemical structure
of new feedstuffs.[16] Too abrupt a change in diet can
cause colic, as the new food is not properly digested.

Other section of the large intestine ​[ edit ]

The large colon, small colon, and rectum make up the Equine colon

remainder of the large intestine. The large colon is 3.0

to 3.7 m (10 to 12 ft) long and holds up to 76 L (20 US gal) of semi-liquid matter. It is made up of
the right ventral (lower) colon, the left ventral colon, the left dorsal (upper) colon, the right dorsal
colon, and the transverse colon, in that order.[14] Three flexures are also named; the sternal
flexure, between right and left ventral colon; the pelvic flexure, between left ventral and left
dorsal colon; the diaphragmatic flexure, between left dorsal and right dorsal colon. The main
purpose of the large colon is to absorb carbohydrates, which were broken down from cellulose
in the cecum. Due to its many twists and turns, it is a common place for a type of horse colic
called an impaction.[16][17]

The small colon is 3.0 to 3.7 m (10 to 12 ft) in length and holds only 19 L (5 US gal) of material.
It is the area where the majority of water in the horse's diet is absorbed, and is the place where
fecal lumps are formed. The rectum is about 30 cm (1 ft) long, and acts as a holding chamber
for waste matter, which is then expelled from the body via the anus.[14]

Reproductive system ​[ edit ]

See also: Horse breeding

Mare ​[ edit ]
Main articles: Mare and Horse breeding

The mare's reproductive system is responsible for controlling gestation, birth, and lactation, as
well as her estrous cycle and mating behavior. It lies ventral to the 4th or 5th lumbar vertebrae,
although its position within the mare can vary depending on the movement of the intestines and
distention of the bladder.

The mare has two ovaries, usually 7 to 8 cm (2.8 to 3.1 in) in length and 3 to 4 cm (1.2 to 1.6 in)
thick, that generally tend to decrease in size as the mare ages. In equine ovaries, unlike in
humans, the vascular tissue is cortical to follicular tissue, so ovulation can only occur at an

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ovulation fossa near the infundibulum. The ovaries connect to the fallopian tubes (oviducts),
which serve to move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. To do so, the oviducts are lined with
a layer of cilia, which produce a current that flows toward the uterus. Each oviduct attaches to
one of the two horns of the uterus, which are approximately 20 to 25 cm (7.9 to 9.8 in) in length.
These horns attach to the body of the uterus (18 to 20 cm [7.1 to 7.9 in] long). The equine
uterus is bipartite, meaning the two uterine horns fuse into a relatively large uterine body
(resembling a shortened bicornuate uterus or a stretched simplex uterus). Caudal to the uterus
is the cervix, about 5 to 7 cm (2.0 to 2.8 in) long, which separates the uterus from the vagina.
Usually 3.5 to 4 cm (1.4 to 1.6 in) in diameter with longitudinal folds on the interior surface, it
can expand to allow the passage of the foal. The vagina of the mare is 15 to 20 cm (5.9 to
7.9 in) long, and is quite elastic, allowing it to expand.[citation needed] The vulva is the external
opening of the vagina, and consists of the clitoris and two labia. It lies ventral to the
rectum.[18][19] The mare has two mammary glands, which are smaller in maiden mares. They
have two ducts each, which open externally.[citation needed]

Stallion ​[ edit ]
Main article: Stallion § Reproductive anatomy

The stallion's reproductive system is responsible for his

sexual behavior and secondary sex characteristics
(such as a large crest). The external genitalia include
the urethra; the testes, which average 8 to 12 cm (3.1
to 4.7 in) long; the penis, which, when housed within
the prepuce, is 50 cm (20 in) long and 2.5 to 6 cm (0.98
to 2.36 in) in diameter with the distal end 15 to 20 cm
(5.9 to 7.9 in) and when erect, increases by 3 to
4 times. The internal genitalia accessory sex glands are Secondary characteristics of a
the vesicular glands, prostate gland, and bulbourethral stallion include heavier muscling for a
given breed than is seen in mares or
glands, which contribute fluid to the semen at
geldings, often with considerable
ejaculation, but are not strictly necessary for fertility.[20] development along the crest of the
neck, as shown in this image.

Teeth ​[ edit ]

Main article: Horse teeth

A horse's teeth include incisors, premolars, molars, and sometimes canine teeth. A horse's
incisors, premolars, and molars, once fully developed, continue to erupt throughout its lifetime
as the grinding surface is worn down through chewing. Because of this pattern of wear, a rough
estimate of a horse's age can be made from an examination of the teeth. Abnormal wear of the
teeth, caused by conformational defects, abnormal behaviors, or improper diets, can cause
serious health issues and can even result in the death of the horse.

Feet/hooves ​[ edit ]

Main article: Horse hoof

The hoof of the horse encases the second and third

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phalanx of the lower limbs, analogous to the fingertip or

toe tip of a human. In essence, a horse travels on its
"tiptoes". The hoof wall is a much larger, thicker and
stronger version of the human fingernail or toenail,
made up of similar materials, primarily keratin, a very
strong protein molecule. The horse's hoof contains a
high proportion of sulfur-containing amino acids which
contribute to its resilience and toughness. Vascular
fold-like structures called laminae suspend the distal
phalanx from the hoof wall.

Skeletal system ​[ edit ]

Main article:
1- Heel perioplium, 2-Bulb, 3-Frog,
Skeletal 4-Frog cleft, 5-Lateral groove, 6-Heel, 7-
system of the Bar, 8-Seat-of-corn, 9-Pigmented walls
horse 10-Water line, 11-White line, 12-Apex of
the frog, 13-Sole, 14-Toe, 15-How to
The skeleton of measure hoof width (blue dotted line),
the horse has 16-Quarter, 17-How to measure length
(blue dotted line)
three major
functions in the
A horse's skeleton body. It protects vital organs, provides framework, and
supports soft parts of the body. Horses have
205 bones, which are divided into the appendicular
skeleton (the legs) and the axial skeleton (the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs). Both
pelvic and thoracic limbs contain the same number of bones, 20 bones per limb. Bones are
connected to muscles via tendons and other bones via ligaments. Bones are also used to store
minerals, and are the site of red blood cell formation.

The Appendicular system includes the limbs of the horse;

The Axial system is composed of the spine, ribs and skull;

The bones of the horse are the same as those of other domestic species, but the third
metacarpal and metatarsal are much more developed and the second and fourth are
undeveloped, having the first and fifth metacarpal and metatarsal.[21]

Horse skeleton bones

Spine 54
Ribs 36
Sternum 01
Head (including ear ) 34
Thoracic region 40
Pelvic region 40

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Ligaments and tendons ​[ edit ]

Ligaments ​[ edit ]
Main article: Skeletal system of the horse

Ligaments attach bone to bone or bone to tendon, and are vital in stabilizing joints as well as
supporting structures. They are made up of fibrous material that is generally quite strong. Due to
their relatively poor blood supply, ligament injuries generally take a long time to heal.

Tendons ​[ edit ]
Main article: Muscular system of the horse

Tendons are cords of connective tissue attaching muscle to bone, cartilage or other tendons.
They are a major contributor to shock absorption, are necessary for support of the horse's body,
and translate the force generated by muscles into movement. Tendons are classified as flexors
(flex a joint) or extensors (extend a joint). However, some tendons will flex multiple joints while
extending another (the flexor tendons of the hind limb, for example, will flex the fetlock, pastern,
and coffin joint, but extend the hock joint). In this case, the tendons (and associated muscles)
are named for their most distal action (digital flexion).

Tendons form in the embryo from fibroblasts which become more tightly packed as the tendon
grows. As tendons develop they lay down collagen, which is the main structural protein of
connective tissue. As tendons pass near bony prominences, they are protected by a fluid filled
synovial structure, either a tendon sheath or a sac called a bursa.

Tendons are easily damaged if placed under too much strain, which can result in a painful, and
possibly career-ending, injury. Tendinitis is most commonly seen in high performance horses
that gallop or jump. When a tendon is damaged the healing process is slow because tendons
have a poor blood supply, reducing the availability of nutrients and oxygen to the tendon. Once
a tendon is damaged the tendon will always be weaker, because the collagen fibres tend to line
up in random arrangements instead of the stronger linear pattern. Scar tissue within the tendon
decreases the overall elasticity in the damaged section of the tendon as well, causing an
increase in strain on adjacent uninjured tissue.

Muscular system ​[ edit ]

Main article: Muscular system of the horse

When a muscle contracts, it pulls a tendon, which acts

on the horse's bones to move them. Muscles are
commonly arranged in pairs so that they oppose each
other (they are "antagonists"), with one flexing the joint
(a flexor muscle) and the other extending it (extensor
muscle). Therefore, one muscle of the pair must be
relaxed in order for the other muscle in the pair to
contract and bend the joint properly. A muscle is made
up of several muscle bundles, which in turn are made
up of muscle fibers. Muscle fibers have myofibrils,

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which are able to contract due to actin and myosin. A

muscle together with its tendon and bony attachments form an extensor or flexor unit.

Respiratory system and smell ​[ edit ]

Main article: Respiratory system of the horse

The horse's respiratory system consists of the nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, diaphragm, and
lungs. Additionally, the nasolacrimal duct and sinuses are connected to the nasal passage. The
horse's respiratory system not only allows the animal to breathe, but also is important in the
horse's sense of smell (olfactory ability) as well as in communicating. The soft palate blocks off
the pharynx from the mouth (oral cavity) of the horse, except when swallowing. This helps
prevent the horse from inhaling food, but also means that a horse cannot use its mouth to
breathe when in respiratory distress—a horse can only breathe through its nostrils, also called
obligate nasal breathing.[22] For this same reason, horses also cannot pant as a method of
thermoregulation. The genus Equus also has a unique part of the respiratory system called the
guttural pouch, which is thought to equalize air pressure on the tympanic membrane. Located
between the mandibles but below the occiput, it fills with air when the horse swallows or
exhales.

Circulatory system ​[ edit ]

Main article: Circulatory system of the horse

The horse's circulatory system includes the four-chambered heart, averaging 3.9 kg (8.5 lb) in
weight, as well as the blood and blood vessels. Its main purpose is to circulate blood throughout
the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and to remove waste from these tissues.
The hoof (including the frog - the V shaped part on the bottom of the horses hoof) is a very
important part of the circulatory system. As the horse puts weight onto the hoof, the hoof wall is
pushed outwards and the frog compressed, driving blood out of the frog, the digital pad, and the
laminae of the hoof. When weight is removed from the hoof, the release of pressure pulls blood
back down into the foot again. This effectively creates an auxiliary blood-pumping system at the
end of each leg. Some of this effect may be lost when a horse is shod (eliminating the
expansion and contraction of the hoof wall and raising the frog higher from the ground).[23]

The eye ​[ edit ]

Main article: Equine vision

The horse has one of the largest eyes of all land

mammals.[24] Eye size in mammals is significantly
correlated to maximum running speed as well as to
body size, in accordance with Leuckart's law; animals
capable of fast locomotion require large eyes.[25] The
eye of the horse is set to the side of its skull, consistent
with that of a prey animal.[24] The horse has a wide field
of monocular vision, as well as good visual acuity.
Horses have two-color, or dichromatic vision, which is

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somewhat like red-green color blindness in humans.[26]

Because the horse's vision is closely tied to behavior,
the horse's visual abilities are often taken into account
A horse's eye when handling and training the animal.

Hearing ​[ edit ]

The hearing of horses is good,[27] superior to that of

humans, and the pinna of each ear can rotate up to
180°, giving the potential for 360° hearing without
having to move the head.[28] Often, the eye of the horse
is looking in the same direction as the ear is directed.

See also ​[ edit ]

Equine conformation
Glossary of equestrian terms
The pinna of a horse's ears can
Ergot (horse anatomy) rotate in any direction to pick up sounds
Chestnut (horse anatomy)
Limbs of the horse

References ​[ edit ]

1. ^ Goody, John (2000). Horse Anatomy (2nd ed.). J A Allen. ISBN 0851317693.

2. ^ Pavord, Tony; Pavord, Marcy (2007). Complete Equine Veterinary Manual. David & Charles.
ISBN 978-0715318836.
3. ^ a b c d Brander, Michael (1971). The Complete Guide to Horsemanship. London: A & C Black.
p. 444. ISBN 0-7136-1701-2. p.38
4. ^ Getty (1975)"Equine Osteology" in Sisson and Grossman's The Anatomy of the Domestic
Animals Volume 1", Sunders, ISBN 0-7216-4102-4
5. ^ Interactive points of the horse chart Archived 29 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
6. ^ "OSU Extension Catalog - Oregon State University" (PDF). extension.oregonstate.edu.
Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
7. ^ Whittington, Beverly. "Body Parts of the Horse" . www.gaitedhorses.net. Archived from the
original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
8. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2011.
Retrieved 25 August 2011.
9. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2011. Retrieved

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Equine anatomy - Wikipedia

25 August 2011.
10. ^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
11. ^ "Points - the Horse" . HorseData.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011.
12. ^ "Definition of THROATLATCH" . www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
13. ^ Budiansky, Stephen. The Nature of Horses. Free Press, 1997. ISBN 0-684-82768-9
14. ^ a b c d e f g h Giffen, James M.; Gore, Tom (1998) [1989]. Horse Owner's Veterinary
Handbook (2nd ed.). New York: Howell Book House. ISBN 0-87605-606-0.
15. ^ Andrews, F. M.; Buchanan, B. R.; Elliot, S. B.; Clariday, N. A.; Edwards, L. H. (2005). "Gastric
ulcers in horses" . J. Anim. Sci. 83 (13): E18–E21. Archived from the original on 23 February
2013.
16. ^ a b c d "Horse Nutrition - The Horse's Digestive System." Bulletin 762-00, Ohio State
University. Web site accessed 9 February 2007.
17. ^ ab Williams, Carey A. (April 2004). "The Basics of Equine Nutrition" . Equine Science Center.
Rutgers University. FS #038.
18. ^ Mina C G Davies Morel (5 June 2015). Equine Reproductive Physiology, Breeding and Stud
Management, 4th Edition . CABI. ISBN 978-1-78064-442-4.
19. ^ Juan C. Samper (1 January 2009). Equine Breeding Management and Artificial
Insemination . Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4160-5234-0.
20. ^ "The Stallion: Breeding Soundness Examination & Reproductive Anatomy" . University of
Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
21. ^ Riegal, Ronald J. DVM, and Susan E. Hakola RN. Illustrated Atlas of Clinical Equine Anatomy
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External links ​[ edit ]

Veterinary Anatomical lllustrations, University of Wisconsin Digital Collections

v·t·e Anatomy and morphology [show]

v·t·e Equus (genus) [show]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_anatomy#Reproductive_system[04/12/2022 8:22:09 PM]

Equine anatomy - Wikipedia

Categories: Horse anatomy

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_anatomy#Reproductive_system[04/12/2022 8:22:09 PM]