A Technical Report On

ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROJECT

Entitled
Advanced Earthquake Resistant Techniques
Submitted
By
Name: B Rakshitha
Roll No/Branch: 19H61A0153(CIVIL)
As The Partial Fulfillment of Requirement of AECS Lab Course
2022-2023
Under The Supervision
Of
Mr.A Manohar Reddy
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
Submitted
To
Department of English

Head of the Department (CIVIL) Head of the Department English

Examiner-I Examiner-II

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TITLE OF THE REPORT:
“Advanced Earthquake Resistant Techniques”

TEAM LEADER:
Name:B Rakshitha
Roll No: 19H61A0153

TEAM MEMBERS:
Name: Roll No:
V. Naveen 19H61A0149
Kummari. Madhu 19H61A0150
Ravula Sri Charan 19H61A0151
Aitha Srikanth 19H61A0152
B Rakshitha 19H61A0153
Madhu Vijayalakshmi 19H61A0154

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this report on English Language project entitled “Advanced
Earthquake Resistant Techniques” is prepared during the academic year 2022-
2023, has been the result of my own effort and it has not been submitted to any
other institute or published any time before.

Signature:
Name: B Rakshitha
Roll No: 19H61A0153
Branch: Civil 4A

Project Co-coordinator

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 ABSTRACT

Title of the Project: ADVANCED EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT

TECHNIQUES

Earthquakes are one of the most devastating forces on the planet. The seismic waves that

travel through the ground can demolish buildings, kill people, and cost billions of dollars in

damage and restoration. According to the National Earthquake Information Centre, there are

over 20,000 earthquakes every year on average, including 16 major disasters. The damage was

caused by the collapse of buildings with people inside, as in previous earthquakes, prompting

the development of earthquake-resistant constructions.

Constructions intended to withstand earthquakes are known as earthquake-resistant structures.

While no structure can be completely safe from earthquake damage, earthquake-resistant

construction aims to build structures that perform better than their conventional equivalents

during seismic activity. Building rules state that earthquake-resistant constructions must be

able to withstand the greatest earthquake with a reasonable chance of occurring at their site.

There are now various design philosophies in earthquake engineering that use experimental

results, computer models, and historical earthquake observations to provide the requisite

performance for the seismic threat at the location of interest. In this article, we will deal with

numerous techniques that can help improve a structure.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pleasure we want to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt
gratitude to all those who helped in fulfilling the accomplishment of this
Advanced English Communication Skills Lab project work.

I am grateful to my project coordinators “Mr A Manohar Reddy sir”, who

inspired and extended her constructive guidance and supervision which is of
immense help in completion of this report.

I would like to thank “Dr. G.V.S.ANANTA LAKSHMI”, Head of the

Department of English, for enabling to prove our candidature in this
accomplishment.

I would like to thank “Dr. K Madhusudhan Reddy sir”, Head of the Department
(CIVIL), for his cooperation in the preparation of report.

We are highly indebted to “Dr. G. VISHNU MURTHY”, Dean, School of

Engineering, for giving us permission to carry out this project work.

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to “Dr. P. RAJESHWAR REDDY”

Chairman, Anurag Group of Institutions for providing necessary infrastructure
which facilitated to carry out my project work easily.

Name: B Rakshitha

Roll No:19H61A0153

Signature of the Student

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S.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 TITLE PAGE 1

2 ABSTRACT/SUMMARY 4

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6

5 INTRODUCTION 7

6 METHODS 10

7 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 13

8 CONCLUSION 14

9 REFERNCES 15

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1.Introduction

Disasters are sudden occurrences which have unfavourably affected humans as the advent of

our survival. In response to such occurrences, there have been challenges to mitigate

destructive effects of these disasters. Many people have lost their lives owing to the collapse

of houses during earthquakes in the past few decades, millions of moneys of financial losses

have also been prolonged. Building liability usually results from a shortage of awareness of

engineering science and inadequate implementation of building codes. The challenge is most

difficult in emerging countries where peoples are increasing, cities and towns are enlarging,

and buildings are more subjected to damage2 – 4. An Earthquake is the cause of a unexpected

discharge of energy in the earth’s crust that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are dignified

by with seismometers. Earthquakes are so far away unpredictable and unpreventable; the only

alternative is to construct and build the building structures which by earthquake resistant. There

are so many techniques to withstand earthquake, but they are costly are not used by ordinary

people.

Here a variety of beneficial small cost techniques to resist earthquake effects. This is sustained

by negligible damage devoid of loss of life when relative to severe earthquake attacks

developed countries, whereas still a moderate earthquake cause wide-ranging spread

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destruction in emerging countries as has been observed in recent earthquakes. Earthquake,

which is not kills the people, but it is the hazardous in buildings which is at fault for the

widespread devastation the present paper sketches the building typologies confronted in the

Indian subcontinent and their accomplishment during earlier earthquakes incidents. In addition

to efficient and effective seismic design philosophies, it is essential to make sure strict code-

compliant construction practices and structural design.

The professionals elaborate in the Enterprise/construction of such structures are civil/

structural engineers, who are liable for building earthquake resistant structures and possess

the buildings in a safe environment.

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Understanding Of Earthquake And Basic Terminology

Earthquake is well-defined as an unexpected ground shaking produced by the release of

massive stored strain energy at the interface of the tectonic plates.

Focus:-It is the point in the earth from point at the seismic waves originate. Focal Depth:-It is

the vertical distance between Focus and epicenter. Epicenter:-It is the point on surface of the

earth from vertically above the origin of an earthquake.

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2.Methods

Seismic Dampers

In Seismic Dampers are the diagonal braces in a moment resisting frame which is used for

efficient lateral load resisting scheme. In modern area the structural seismic retort to control

have taken the lead to the alternative of these bracings with seismic dampers. These dampers

behaves similar to the hydraulic shock absorbers in cars considerably in case the sudden jerks

are engaged in the hydraulic fluids and only small is transferred to the chassis of the car. In this

case the seismic energy is conveyed through it and dampers is absorbed a small part of it and

decrease the magnitude of the force which is acting on a structure. Generally used types of

seismic dampers are included the friction dampers (energy is fascinated by surfaces within the

friction between them rubbing beside each other), viscous dampers (energy is absorbed by

silicone-based fluid passing between piston-cylinder structure).

Steel Plate Shear walls

Shear walls are deemed as an important component of a lateral load resisting systems and steel

is known for its flexible behaviour. Merging these two attractive properties, an efficient load

resisting system was established and has noticed wide applications in North America and

Japan. These walls are intended and also, they turn as a bend as an alternative of buckling

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below the action of lateral loads. The walls are substantially lighter and thinner; thus, they to

increase the speed of the construction process.

Energy Dissipation Devices

This new technology for strengthening building relies on damping and energy dissipation as

well, but it greatly extends the damping and energy dissipation given by lead-rubber bearings.

Earthquake ground motion transfers a certain amount of vibration energy to the building.

Buildings have the power to disperse, or dampen, this energy on their own.

Buildings also have a finite ability to disperse energy before deformation and destruction occur.

This will release energy either through large-scale movement or increasing internal strains in

structural parts such as columns and beams. Both of them eventually cause damage of differing

degrees. As a result, by installing a building with additional high-damping-capacity devices,

we may considerably reduce the seismic energy entering the structure and thereby reduce

structural damage. As a result, a range of energy dissipation devices have been created and are

now being used in real-world buildings. Damping devices are another name for energy

dissipation devices. Many dampening devices that have been created can be classified into

three categories: friction dampers: that dissipate energy by using frictional forces; metallic

dampers: that rely on metal parts within the damper to deform; and viscoelastic dampers: that

use controlled shearing of solids.

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Base Isolation

A base isolation system is a method of seismic protection where the structure (superstructure)

is separated from the base (foundation or substructure). By separating the structure from its

base the amount of energy that is transferred to the superstructure during an earthquake is

reduced significantly.

These base isolation systems often tend to include one or more type of bearing to support the

weight of the structure. Some examples of these components are;

elastomeric pads, sliding plates or inverted pendulums. All of these components can provide

some level of energy dissipation, but typically only in the form of hysteretic damping.

Hysteretic damping has certain limitations in terms of energy absorption and can excite higher

modes in some cases.

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3.Discussion of Results:

Seismic Engineering is a very complex and constantly evolving. Seismic structural assessment

is a powerful tool in Earthquake Engineering that uses detailed modelling of the structure in

conjunction with structural analysis to get a better understanding of the building’s resistance.

Retrofitting older structures with enhanced designs or materials is as important as rebuilding

new structures from scratch.

The ultimate goal of Earthquake Civil Engineering is to save lives so that the buildings don’t

collapse and allow inhabitants to escape in a timely manner.

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4.CONCLUSIONS

The builders and constructors should adopt the codal provisions in all the future construction,

as prevention is better than cure. On the light of avoiding the risk, this may not be an impossible

task as earthquake resistant measures in building involves only 2%-6% additional cost

depending on the type of building.

Using construction techniques like SIMCON and RHCBM can not only mitigate earthquake

effects but also are cost effective

Seismic base isolation method has proved to be a reliable method of earthquake resistant

Design. The success of this method is largely attributed to the development of isolation devices

and proper planning.

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5.References

Skify Labs, “Advanced Earthquake Resistant Techniques”-

https://www.skyfilabs.com/project-ideas/advanced-earthquake-resistant-techniques

Rishabh Engineering, “Top Seismic Technologies To Build Earthquake Resistant Structures”-

https://www.rishabheng.com/blog/earthquake-resistance-design-techniques-for-civil-structure

Big Rentz, “How Earthquake-Proof Buildings Are Designed”-

https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/earthquake-proof-buildings

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