Population growth

Stage 1. many births and many deaths

Stage 2. Fewer deaths and population explosion

Stage 3. Fewer deaths and fewer birth, population came to an end

Geography - Map work

Form 4MDH

March 31, 2022

Topic: Grid Reference

Grid reference is used to locate places on maps.

 There are two types of grid references

1. Four figure grid reference

2. Six figure grid reference
 In giving grid reference, grid lines are used.
 71 72 73 74 75

14

13

12

GRID SQUARE

11
71 72 73 74 75

 This grid has vertical and horizontal lines that have specific names.
 Each small Square is called a GRID SQUARE

Grid Lines

There are two types of grid lines, they are called: -> EASTING LINES AND NORTHING LINES

Easting lines

These are vertical lines that run from north to south on a map, however, their values increase eastwards
(to east)

Example
 71 72 73 74 75

71 72 73 74 75

Northing Lines

These are horizontal lines that run from east to west, however there values increase northward (to the
north).

14 14

13 13

12 12

11 11
Finding four figure grid reference

Rule: 1. always read the Easting line first, followed by the Northing line

2 . Read rom the south – western corner of the grid square

 It must form a capital “L”

 Do not use comas or periods to separate the values.

80 81 82
Geography – 4DMH

April 6, 2022

Topic: Continental Drift

Home Work

Topic: The earth’s structure and plate tectonics Alfred Wegener

1. Draw and label a diagram of the earth’s surface

2. Write detailed description of the:
- Crust
- Mantle and core
3. Define the term plate
4. Explain the theory of continental drift
5. Give at least 5 evidences that support the theory of continental drift
6. Explain the theory of plate tectonics
Tonia Cameron
2:01 PM
Evaluate and compare at least three factors affecting population growth in the Caribbean with any one of
the following countries: India, China and Nigeria.
Geography
The Demographic Transition

What is the Demographic Transition Model?

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is based on historical population trends of
two demographic characteristics – birth rate and death rate  – to suggest that a
country’s total population growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops
economically. Each stage is characterized by a specific relationship between birth rate
(number of annual births per one thousand people) and death rate (number of annual
deaths per one thousand people). As these rates change in relation to each other, their
produced impact greatly affects a country’s total population. Within the model, a country
will progress over time from one stage to the next as certain social and economic forces
act upon the birth and death rates. Every country can be placed within the DTM, but not
every stage of the model has a country that meets its specific definition. For example,
there are currently no countries in Stage 1, nor are there any countries in Stage 5, but
the potential is there for movement in the future.
What are the stages of the Demographic Transition
Model?
In Stage 1, which applied to most of the world before the Industrial Revolution, both
birth rates and death rates are high. As a result, population size remains fairly constant
but can have major swings with events such as wars or pandemics.

In Stage 2, the introduction of modern medicine lowers death rates, especially among
children, while birth rates remain high; the result is rapid population growth. Many of the
least developed countries today are in Stage 2.

In Stage 3, birth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved economic

conditions, an increase in women’s status, and access to contraception. Population
growth continues, but at a lower rate. Most developing countries are in Stage 3.

In Stage 4, birth and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population. These
countries tend to have stronger economies, higher levels of education, better
healthcare, a higher proportion of working women, and a fertility rate hovering around
two children per woman. Most developed countries are in Stage 4.
 A possible Stage 5 would include countries in which fertility rates have fallen
significantly below replacement level (2 children) and the elderly population is greater
than the youthful population.

The Demographic Transition Model was developed by the American demographer Warren

Thompson in 1929. DTM depicts the demographic history of a country. It refers to the transition from
high birth and high death rates to low birth and low death rates regime as a country develops from a
pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

The five stages of the demographic transition model

Stage One: The Pre-Industrial Stage (highly fluctuating – high stationary)

 Both birth rate and death rate are high

 Population fluctuates due to incidence of famine, disease and war.
 High infant mortality and very low life expectancy.
 Rural societies dependent on subsistence agriculture.
 Total population is low and balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates.
Example: No country as a whole at present retains the characteristics of stage 1. However, it applies
only to the most remote societies on earth such as the isolated tribes in Amazon with little or no
contact with the outside world.
All human populations are believed to have had this stage until the late 18th century, when many
countries in Western Europe were able to cross this stage.
Stage Two: The Industrial Revolution (early expanding) –very rapid increase

 Death rate falls sharply due to improvements in health care and sanitation. Birth rates remain high.
Total population grows very quickly.
 Improvement in farming technology and increase in food supply
 Better nutrition, water supply, sewage, and personal hygiene and improvement in public health
system.
 Increase in female literacy combined with public health education programs
Example: poorest developing countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bolivia, sub-Saharan countries
such as Niger, Uganda and Middle East countries like Yemen, Palestinian Territories are still in
stage 2.
Stage Three: Post-Industrial Revolution (late expanding) –increase slows down

 Birth rate falls due to the availability of contraception.

 Reduction of child labor- fewer children being needed to work in farm due to mechanization of
farming
 Death rate stays at low level due to improved health conditions
 An increase in the status and education of women
 Total population still rises rapidly due to population momentum.
 The gap between birth and death rates narrows down
 Example: Most developing countries that have registered significant social and economic advances
are in stage 3, such as Costa Rica, Panama, Jamaica, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Philippines,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Tunisia,
Algeria, Morocco, Lebanon, South Africa, and India.
On the way: South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Namibia, Kenya and Ghana
have begun to move into stage 3
Stage Four: Stabilization (low stationary) – very slow increase

 Birth control is widely available and there is a desire for smaller families.
 Both birth and death rate are low
 Total population is still high, but it is balanced by a low birth rate and a low death rate.
Example: Newly industrialized countries such as South Korea and Taiwan have just entered stage
4.United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, most of Europe, Bahamas,
Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, Singapore, Iran, China, Turkey, Thailand and
Mauritius
Stage Five: Declining population

 Low birth rate along with an aging population leads to declining population
 Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases
like obesity, stress and diabetic.
 Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level
Example:  Countries like Germany, Italy, Japan, and Russia leading to a shrinking population
Home work –

Draw color an label the following plate bla bla bla on a blank paper

1. Convergent plate margin

2. Divergent plate margin
3. Transform plate margin

Geography

Form 4

Topic: Types of plate margins

Transformed plate margins are also known as neutral or conservative plate boundaries.

Transform fault margins separates two crustal plates. The plates move in parallel, that is sideways, but in
opposite directions passing each each other, without causing destruction or adding new materials to the
ocean floor.

For example, the Pacific plate, sliding pass the North American plate or the Caribbean plate sliding pass
the North American plates.

The plate boundaries are characterized by numerous earthquakes.

Friction prevents the plates from moving smoothly. They do not move smoothly, but jam and grate
along as they slide pass each other.

The force are built up so strongly. That the plates suddenly snap or jerk.

The plate margin is so termed a fault. The margins are marked by transform fault margin.

Divergent Plate Margin or Constructive Plate Margin