Design of Pile Fuondation from SESWSGI,BHOPAL ( Design

and Estimation)

Session 2014-2015

A Minor Project Submitted to

SATYAM EDUCATION $ SOCIALWELFARE SOCIETY GROUP OF
INTITUTION, Bhopal (M.P)
Towards partial fulfillment of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering

Under the Guidance of: Submitted By:

Ms. Vinod Gupta Summer singh

Mr. Ahimer Ansari Sanjeev l odhi

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SATYAM EDUCATION $ SOCIALWELFARE SOCIETY GROUP OF INTITUTION,
Village Shukhi Sewaniya, Sanchi-vidisha Road, Bhopal (M.P.)
 SATYAM EDUCATION $ SOCIALWELFARE SOCIETY GROUP
OF INTITUTION, BHOPAL (MP)

RECOMMENDATION

This dissertation entitled “Comparative study of pile fuondation from SATYAM

EDUCATION $ SOCIALWELFARE SOCIETY GROUP OF INTITUTION
” submitted as minor project by Summer singh,And Sanjeev lodhi in partial fulfillment for
the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in civil Engineering of the SATYAM
EDUCATION $ SOCIALWELFARE SOCIETY GROUP OF INTITUTION, Bhopal
during the academic year 2014-15, is a record of the student’s own work carried out under
our direct supervision, in the Department of civil Engineering, SESWSGI, Bhopal.
The work contained in the report is a satisfactory account of his project work and is
recommended for the minor project.

Project Guide Director Head of department

Civil Engg. Civil Engg.
S.E.S.W.S.G.I, Bhopal S.E.S.W.S.G.I, Bhopal S.E.S.W.S.G.I., Bhopal
 SATYAM EDUCATION $ SOCIALWELFARE SOCIETY GROUP
OF INTITUTION , BHOPAL (MP)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Summer Singh, and Sanjeev lodhi has successfully completed
minor project on “Design of pile fuondation from S.E.S.W.S.G.I.” which is accepted
as the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelors of Engineering degree in
Civil Engg. of the SATYAM EDUCATION $ SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIETY GROUP
OF INTITUTION, Bhopal during the academic year 2014-2015.

Director Head of department

Dr. Mukesh kanungo Mr. Vinod Gupta
SESWSGI, Bhopal Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.E.S.W.S.G.I., Bhopal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

After the completion of major project work, words are not enough to express my feelings
about all those who helped me to reach my goal; feeling above this is my indebtedness to the
almighty for providing me this moment in life.

First and foremost, I take this opportunity to express my deep regards and heartfelt
gratitude to my project guide Ms. Vinod Gupta and Mr. Ahimer Ansari Civil Engineering
Department, SESWSGI, Bhopal for his inspiring guidance and timely suggestions in
carrying out my project successfully. He has also being a constant source of inspiration for
me.

I am extremely thankful to Mr. Vinod Gupta, Head of Civil Engineering

Department,S.E.S.W.S.G.I. , Bhopal for his co-operation and motivation during the project.

I extend my deepest gratitude to Dr. Mukesh kanungo, Principal, SESWSGI, Bhopal

for providing all the necessary facilities and true encouraging environment to bring out the
best of my endeavors.

I would also like to thank all the teachers of our department for providing invaluable
support and motivation.

I remain indebted to all the non-teaching staff of our Institute who has helped me
immensely throughout the project.

I am also grateful to my friends and colleagues for their help and cooperation
throughout this work.

Last but not the least; I thank my family for their support, patience, blessings and
understanding while completing my project.

Summer Singh
Sanjeev lodhi
 CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Piles are used where a structure cannot be supported satisfactorily on a shallow foundation.
A single pile can be defined as “a long slender, structural member used to transmit loads
applied at its top to the ground at lower levels”.
Examples of where piled foundations may provide a solution are:
Where a soil layer of adequate bearing capacity lies too deep for the economic use of
conventional footings.
Where the soil layer(s) immediately underlying a structure are soft or poorly compacted.
Where the soil layer(s) immediately underlying a structure are moderately or highly variable
in nature.
On sites where the soil strata, and in some cases the ground surface are steeply inclined.
On river or shoreline sites where tidal or wave action or scouring may vary the amount of
material near the surface.
For structures transmitting very high concentrated loads.
For structures transmitting significant horizontal or inclined loads.
For structures which structurally or functionally may be sensitive to differential settlement.

For more detailed treatment of piling methods. pile types and design, refer to the books by
Tomlinson (1987), Poulos (1980), Fleming (1985) and Whitaker (1970).
A pile carries the applied load via:
1. A shear stress mobilised (developed) on the surface of the shaft of the pile. This is called

skin friction in sands and

adhesion in clays.
2. Bearing capacity at the base of the pile, called end bearing.

From the point of view of both design and construction, piles are classified into two types:
a) Driven or displacement piles – which are usually preformed before being driven, jacked,
screwed or hammered into the ground.

b) Bored or replacement piles – which first require a hole to be bored into which the pile is
then formed, usually of reinforced concrete.
friction piles.
In the majority of cases however, the load carrying capacity is dependent on both the end
bearing and shaft friction.
NOTE: Pile design must be accompanied by in situ load testing. Eurocode 7 emphasises that
pile design must be based on static load tests or on calculations that have been validated by
these tests.
1.Driven or Displacement piles
a) Preformed piles:
Advantages:- - may be inspected for quality and soundness before driving
1.not liable to squeezing or necking
2.construction not affected by ground water
3.can be left protruding above G.L. (useful in marine structures)
4.can withstand high bending and tensile stresses
5.can be driven in long lengths
Disadvantages: - unjointed types cannot easily be varied in length
may break during driving
 1. uneconomic if the design is governed by driving
2. stresses rather than working stresses
3. noise and vibration during driving
4. displacement of soil may affect adjacent structures
5. cannot be driven in situations of low head room
b) Cast in place piles
Advantages: 1.length can easily be adjusted
2.ground water can be excluded by driving with a closed end
3.enlarged base possible
4.design governed by working conditions
5.noise and vibration reduced by internal drop hammer
Disadvantages: 1.necking is possible where temporary tubes are used
2.concrete cannot be inspected after installation
3.length may be limited if tubes are to be extracted
4.displacement may damage adjacent structures
5.noise and vibration may be unacceptable
2. Bored or replacement piles
a) Cast in place piles:
Advantages: 1.length can be varied
2.removed soil can be compared with design data
3. penetration tests can be carried out in boreholes
4.very large bases can be formed in favourable ground
5.drilling tools can break up boulders and other obstructions
6.pile is designed to working stresses
7.very long lengths possible
8.little noise and vibration during construction
9.no ground heave
Disadvantages: 1.piles liable to squeezing and necking in soft soils
2. special techniques required for concreting in water bearing ground
3.concrete cannot be inspected after installation
4.enlarged bases cannot be formed in collapseable soil
5.cannot be easily extended above ground
6.boring may cause instability and settlement of adjacent structures
Chapter 2. Objective:-
1. In this section you will learn the following
2. Static analysis
3. Piles in granular soils (sands and gravel)
4. Bored cast in situ piles
5. Piles in clays
6. Pile load test
7. Determination of Ultimate Load of pile Pile Load Test
8. Single Tangent method
9. Double Tangent Method
10. Log-Log method
11. Rectangular Hyperbola method
12. Vander Veen's method (1953)
13. Maazurkiewicz parabola method (1972)
Chapter 3. Methodology:-Procedure for ultimate pile capacity
1) Static analysis
2) Dynamic formulae
3) Pile load test
1.Static analysis :-

Fig –A: Forces on pile

 ----------(1)

For piles in granular soil, the design is based on an effective stress analysis. In clays, it is common to use a

total stress analysis in which the load capacity is related to the undrained shear strength, .
Ultimate load capacity,
----------(2)
Where

Where is the point bearing load

is the cross sectional area of pile

is the unit skin friction resistance
is the surface area of the pile in contact with the soil

Piles in granular soils (sands and gravel)

Driven piles:-
Point bearing in granular soil,
---------(3)

Where s is the effective overburden pressure at the tip of the pile, equal to

L is the length of the embedment of the pile

For driven piles in sands, a value of may be taken, where is the in situ value of the angle of

hearing resistance

Unit skin friction,

----------(4)

Where K is the lateral earth pressure coefficient and d is the angle of internal friction between the pile and the soil.

Ultimate skin friction resistance,

= effective overburden pressure over the embedded length of the pile

 Table-Values of K and
Pile material Values of K
Loose sand Dense sand
Steel 20 0.5 1.0
Concrete 0.75 1.0 2.0
Timber 0.67 1.5 4.0

Fig-1. Values of for pile formula (after Berezantzev et al, 1961) and for driven piles (IS:
2911 Part I-1979)
Fig-2. Relative density obtained from N values (After Gibbs and Holtz, 1966

1) Bored cast in situ piles:-

The load carrying capacity of a bored cast in situ pile will be much smaller than that of a
driven pile in sand. The angle of shearing resistance of the soil is reduced by 30, to
account for the loosening of the sand due to the drilling of the hole.

The value of, . K is generally varying from 0.3 to 0.75, with a medium
value of 0.5. d can be
taken equal to for bored piles excavated in dry soil and reduced value of d if slurry
has been used during excavation.

Fig-3.Average unit skin friction on driven piles in cohesion less soils

2) Piles in clays:-
The ultimate load capacity of the pile is estimated by,

In clays, ; thus,

----------(6)

is the undrained cohesion at the base of the pile

is the bearing capacity factor for deep foundation, generally taken as 9

is the adhesion factor

undrained cohesion in the embedded length of the pile

Table : Values of Reduction Factor,

Consistency N value Bored piles Driven cast in

situ piles
Soft to very soft <4 0.7 1.0
Medium 4-8 0.5 0.7
Stiff 8-15 0.4 0.4
Stiff to hard >15 0.3 0.3

In this section you have learnt the following:-

Static analysis:-

Piles in granular soils (sands and gravel)

Bored cast in situ piles
. Piles in clays

Pile load test:-

1.Pile load test is the most reliable of all the approaches to determine the allowable load on the pile.
Pile load test are very useful for cohesion less soil. However, incase of cohesive soils, the data from the pile
load test should be used with caution on account of disturbance due to pile driving, development of pore
pressure and the in adequate time allowed of consolidation settlement .
a) Three types of pile tests are generally carried out.
Vertical load test
Lateral load test
Pull out test

2.IS: 2911 Part IV (1979) details the procedure for carrying out the load tests and assessing the allowable load. According
to the code, the test shall be carried out by applying a series of vertical downward loads on a RCC cap over the pile. The
load shall preferably be applied by means of a remote controlled hydraulic jack taking reaction against a loaded plot form.
The test shall be applied in increments of about 20% of the assumed safe load. Settlement shall be recorded with at least
three dial gauges of sensitivity 0.02 mm. each stage of loading shall be maintained till the rate of movement of pile top is
not more than 0.1 mm per hours which ever is later.

1.The loading shall be continued up to twice the safe load or the load at which the total settlement of the pile top/ cap
equals the appropriate value as indicated in the criterion stated below:
2.2/3 the final load at which the total settlement attains a value of 12mm .

3.Fifty percent of the final load at which the total settlement equals 10% of piles diameter in case of uniform diameter piles
and 7.5% of bulb diameter in case of under reamed piles.
4.The allowable load on a group of piles shall be the lesser of the following: Final load at which the total
settlement attains a value of 25mm, unless a total settlement different from 25mm is specified in a given case
on the basis of the nature and type of structure.
Two-thirds the final load at which the total settlement attains a value of 40 mm.
 Changing of brand or type of cement within the same structure shall
not be permitted without the prior approval of the Owner. Sulphate
Resistant Cement shall be used if Sulphate content is more than the
limits specified in IS:456, as per Geotechnical investigation report
and as mentioned in the construction drawing. No additional
payment shall be made for using Sulphate Resistant Cement.

Sand:- Sand shall be hard, durable, clean and free from any adherent coatings
or organic matter and shall not contain clay balls or pellets. The sand shall be
free from impurities such as iron pyrites, alkalis, salts, coal, mica, shale or
other laminated materials, in such forms or quantities as to affect adversely
the hardening, strength, durability or appearance of concrete or to cause
corrosions to any metal in contact with such concrete. In no case the
cumulative percentage of impurities in sand shall be more than 5% by weight.
All sand shall be properly graded. Unless otherwise directed by the Owner all
sand shall pass through IS Sieve no. 2.36mm. Sand for concrete shall conform
to IS:383 .

Water:- Water shall be clean, fresh and free from organic matters, acids or
soluble salts and other deleterious substances which may cause corrosion,
discoloration, efflorescence etc. Potable water is generally considered fit for
use. Water to be used shall comply with the requirements of IS:456 . Average
28 days compressive strength of at least three 15 cm. cubes of concrete
prepared with proposed water shall not be less than 90% of average strength
of three similar cubes prepared with distilled water. PH of water shall
generally be not less than 6.

Reinforcement:-Reinforcement steel shall be clean and free from loose mill

scales, dust, loose rust, oil and grease or other coatings which may impair
proper bond. Structural steel and medium tensile steel bars and hard drawn
steel wire for concrete reinforcement shall conform to IS:432 (Part-I).
Corrosion resistance steel rebars are used. The CRS shall also satisfy the
CRI(Corrosion Resistance Index) value through various tests and their
chemical compositions.
The procedure for corrosion resistance conform to IS:9077 steel bars
including and above 6mm diameter shall be oftested for
quality.Substitution of reinforcement,other than those mentioned
above, shall not be permitted without the prior approval ofthe Owner.

-
 Storage & Handling of construction Materials:- All materials shall be stored by the
Contractor in a manner aiding convenient access for identification and inspection at all
times. The storage arrangements shall be subject to the approval of the Owner. Storage of
materials shall be as described in IS:4082 .
All materials shall be so stored as to prevent deterioration or intrusion of foreign matter
and to ensure the preservation of their quality and fitness for the work. Any material
which has deteriorated or has been damaged or is otherwise considered defective by the
Owner shall not be used for concrete, and shall be removed from site immediately, failing
which, the Owner will get the materials removed and the cost thereof shall be recovered
from contract price. The Contractor shall maintain up to date accounts of receipt, issue and
balance (stock wise) of all materials.
Cement :-The cement shall be stored in dry enclosed shed, well away from the walls and insulated from the floor
to avoid contact with moisture. The cement shall be stacked in easily countable stacks to facilitate removal of first
in first out basis. The cement bags shall be gently kept on the floor to avoid leakage of cement from the bags. Sub-
standard or partially set cement shall be immediately removed from the site as soon as it is detected. Cement
stored for period beyond 90 days shall be tested before
Coarse Aggregates and Sand :-All coarse aggregates & sand shall be stored on brick soling or an
equivalent platform so that they do not come in contact with dirt, clay, grass or any other injurious
substance at any stage. Aggregate of different sizes shall be kept in separate and easily measurable stacks.
If so desired by the Owner, aggregates from different sources shall be stacked separately with proper care
to prevent intermixing. Reinforcement:-Reinforcement steel shall be stored consignment
wise and size wise, off the ground and under cover. It shall be protected from rusting, oil grease and
distortions. If directed by the Owner, the reinforcement steel may have to be coated with cement wash
before stacking, to prevent scale and rust at no extra cost to the Owner. The stacks shall be easily
measurable. Only steel needed for immediate use shall be removed from storage. Fabricated
reinforcement shall be carefully stored to prevent damage,
Cement Concrete

General:
admixtures, inserts and other miscellaneous works.
reinforced, and covers the requirement for concrete mix design, strength
This section of the specification deals with cement concrete, plain or
specification to the extent it has been referred to or applicable within this specification.The contractor shall furnish
all labour shall furnishall,materialandequipmentto form,place and finish allstructural concrete,concrete works
and miscellaneous items complete,asdescribed herein. The provisions of IS:456 shall be complied with,
unless permitted
from the Owner. The Admixtures shall conform to IS:9103.

Admixtures should not impair durability of concrete nor combined with

the constituent to form harmful compounds nor increase the risk of
corrosion of reinforcement.

Addition of admixtures should not reduce the specified strength of

concrete in any case. The workability, compressive strength and the
slump loss of concrete with and without the use of admixtures shall be
established during the trial mixes before use of admixtures.
The chloride content of admixtures shall be independently tested for
each batch before acceptance.

If two or more admixtures are used simultaneously in the same concrete

mix, data shall be provided to asses their interaction and to ensure their
compatibility.
In case admixtures are used in the concrete for any structure, fresh mix
design be done considering the admixture with the specific approval
from Owner. No extra payment shall be made to the Contractor on this
account.
Grades of Concrete :-The minimum grade of concrete to be used for piling shall
3
be M-25 with minimum cement content 400 kg/m and maximum water cement
ratio of 0.5 Concrete shall conform to the controlled design mix as specified in
IS:456 . In addition, nominal mixes of 1:3:6 and 1:4:8 (with aggregates of nominal
size 40mm maximum, by weight converted to equivalent volume shall also be
used as per field quality plan. The concrete in aggressive surroundings due to
presence of sulphate, etc., shall confirm to IS:456. The slump of concrete shall be
maintained between 150 to 200 mm.
The Contractor shall carry out concrete mix design in accordance with
IS:10262 and submit mix design calculations and get them approved from the
Owner well in advance of installation of pile foundations. The Contractor shall
carry out adequate number of tests in accordance with IS:456 to ensure concrete
of the minimum specified strength at requisite workability(i.e.slump).
Workmanship :-All workmanship shall be according to the current Industry
standard and best practices.
Before starting a pour the Contractor shall obtain the approval of the Owner in a
“Pour Card” maintained for this purpose. He shall obtain complete instructions
about the material and proportions to be used, Slump / workability, Quantity of
water per unit weight of cement, number of test cubes to be taken, type of
finishing to be done, any admixture to be added, any limitation on size of pour and
stopping of concrete in case of premature stopping of pours.
Mixing of Concrete:-All design mix concrete shall be mixed in mechanically
operated mixer of an approved size and type capable of ensuring a uniform
distribution on the materials through the mass. However, contractor can also use
central batching plant situated within the area allocated for the Contractor’s
particular use.The proportions of sand, coarse aggregate, cement and water shall
be as determined by the mix design. However, in case of nominal mix concrete
(for lean concrete only) the proportions of sand, coarse aggregate, cement and
water shall be fixed. The proportions, as determined for design mix concrete and
shall always be approved by the Owner. The quantities of the cement, sand and
coarse aggregates shall be determined by weight.
However, for a faster progress at site, quantities of the cement, sand and coarse
aggregates can be converted to equivalent volume. The water shall be measured
accurately after giving proper allowance for surface water present in the
aggregate for which regular check shall be made by the Contractor.
The water shall not be added to the mix until all the cement and aggregates consisting
the batch are already in the drum and dry mixed for at least one minute. Mixing of
each batch shall be continued until there is a uniformity in colour and consistency but
in no case shall mixing be done for less than two . minutes and at least forty (40)
revolutions after all the materials and water are in the drum. When absorbent
aggregates are used or when the mix is very dry, the mixing time shall be extended as
may be directed by the Owner. Mixers shall not be loaded above their rated capacity
as it prevents thorough mixing. If there is segregation after unloading from the mixer
the concrete should be remixed.
1.The entire contents of the drum shall be discharged before the ingredients
for the next batch are fed into the drum. No partly set or remixed or
excessively wet concrete shall be used and it shall be immediately removed
from site. Each time the work stops, the mixer shall be thoroughly cleaned and
when the next mixing commences, the first batch shall have 10% additional
cement at no extra cost to the Owner to allow for loss in the drum.
Conveying Concrete:-
1.Concrete shall be handled and conveyed from the place of mixing to the
place of final laying as rapidly as practicable, by approved means, before the
initial setting of the cement starts. Concrete should be conveyed in such a way
as will prevent segregation of Concrete which may occur during transportation
of concrete. In case of any such segregation during transport, the concrete
shall be re-mixed. During very hot or cold weather, if directed by the Owner,
concrete shall be transported in deep containers, having mortar leak proof,
which will reduce the rate of water loss by evaporation and loss of heat.
Conveying equipments for concrete shall be well maintained and thoroughly
cleaned before commencement of concrete mixing. Such equipment shall be
kept free from set concrete.
Placing of Concrete :-
1.Formwork and placement of reinforcement shall be approved in writing by
the Owner before concrete is placed. The forms shall be well wetted and oil
shavings, dirt and water that may have collected at the bottom shall be
removed before concrete is placed. Concrete shall be deposited in its final
position without segregation,
rehandling or flowing. The interval between adding the water to the dry materials in
the mixer and the completion of the final placing inclusive of compaction of the
concrete shall be well within the initial setting time for the particular cement in use
or as directed by the Owner. As far as possible, concrete shall be placed in the
formwork by means approved by the Owner and shall not be dropped from a height
or handled in a manner which may cause segregation. Any drop over 1800 mm shall
have to be approved by the Owner. Once the concrete is deposited in its final
position, it shall not be disturbed. Care should be taken to avoid displacement of
reinforcement or movement of formwork.
The placing of concrete shall be a continuous operation with no interruption in
excess of 30 minutes between the placing of continuous portions of concrete.

After the concrete has been placed it shall be spread and thoroughly compacted by
approved mechanical vibration to a maximum subsidence without segregation and
thoroughly worked around reinforcement or other embedded fixtures into the
correct form and shape. Vibrators shall not be used for pushing and shoveling
concrete into adjoining areas. Vibrators must be operated by experienced men and
over-vibration shall not be permitted. Head tamping in some case may be allowed
subject to the approval of the Owner. Care must be taken to ensure that the inserts,
fixtures, reinforcement and form work are not displaced or disturbed during placing
of concrete. No concrete shall be placed in open while it rains. If there has been any
sign of washing of cement and sand, the concrete shall be entirely removed
immediately. Suitable precautions shall be taken in advance to guard against rains
before leaving the fresh concrete unattended. No accumulation of water shall be
permitted on or around freshly laid concrete. Tie beams, pile caps, footings shall be
poured in one operation normally, in special circumstances with the approval of the
Owner these can be poured in horizontal layers not exceeding 500 mm in depth.
When poured in layers, it must be ensured that the under layer, is not already
hardened. Blending of under layer if any, shall be effectively removed.

Wherever vibration has to be applied externally the design of formwork and the
disposition of vibrators shall receive special consideration to ensure efficient
compaction and to avoid surface blemishes.
Chapter 8. Estimating & Costing:- This chapter presents a summary of the costs
associated with pile driving operations on the CA/T project. The costs presented in this report were
obtained directly from the contractor and represent the contractor’s bid estimates identified in the
individual contracts. The primary purpose of the cost data is to document the approximate cost of
pile driving on the CA/T project; however, the data may also be useful to design engineers for
planning purposes.
The contractor’s bid costs for pile driving are summarized in table 13 by pile type.
Unless noted, the costs in table 13 do not include costs for preaugering or costs
associated with the mobilization or demobilization of the contractor’s equipment. Steel
pipe piles had the highest unit costs, ranging from $213 per meter for the 81.3-cm pile to
$819 for the 154.9-cm pile. Unit costs for the PPC piles were lower, ranging from $72 to
$197 per meter for the 30-cm PPC piles and $95 to $262 per meter for the 41-cm piles.
As one would expect, the unit costs tended to decrease with the increasing size of the
contract. The contractor’s bid costs for preaugering are summarized in table 14.
Preaugering was not performed in contract C07D1, and preaugering costs were not
 identified in the contract C07D2 bid. As shown in table 14, the additional cost of
preaugering ranged from $33 to $49 per meter.

Table :- Summary of contractor’s bid costs for pile driving.

Estimated Estimated Cost of Cost per meter
Contract Pile Type Length of Pile Installation of Pile1
Installed (m)
C19B1 32-cm concrete-filled steel pipe 550 $1,183,650 $213.19
C09A4 41-cm concrete-filled steel pipe 5,578 $1,647,000 $295.27 2
C19B1 61-cm concrete-filled steel pipe 296 $242,500 $819.26
C08A1 30-cm square PPC with stinger 792 $156,000 $196.97
C19B1 30-cm square PPC with stinger 2,177 $285,720 $131.24
C09A4 30-cm square PPC 3,658 $600,000 $164.02 2
C07D2 30-cm square PPC with stinger 3,981 $289,510 $72.72
C07D1 30-cm square PPC with stinger 7,955 $652,500 $82.02
C19B1 41-cm square PPC with stinger 6,279 $824,000 $131.23
C08A1 41-cm square PPC with stinger 8,406 $2,206,400 $262.48
C09A4 41-cm square PPC with stinger 14,326 $3,290,000 $229.65 2
C07D2 41-cm square PPC with stinger 19,879 $2,396,800 $120.57
C07D1 41-cm square PPC with stinger 32,918 $3,132,000 $95.15
Notes:
5. Unit costs include the costs of materials and labor for pile driving only. Preaugering is not
included unless otherwise noted. See table 14 for preaugering unit costs. Mobilization and/or
demobilization costs are not included.
6. Unit costs include the costs of preaugering.

Table :- Summary of contractor’s bid costs for preaugering.

Preaugering Estimated Total Estimated
Estimated
Contract Depth Range Preaugering Depth Cost of
(m) (m) Preaugering Cost per meter
C08A1 0 to 30.5 2,134 $70,000 $32.80
C19B1 0 to 30.5 3,712 $182,655 $49.21

Chapter 9. Design Sheet:-

PLANE SECTION:-
L-section :-

Cross-section
 CONCLUSION

The study has evolved the structural quantity and cost modeling of three types of
foundation for medium rise reinforced concrete multistoreyed office buildings
considering the variations related to number of storeys, allowable bearing pressure
of soils and design seismic forces. The cost implications for incorporating the seismic
resistances in low to high seismic zones of Indian subcontinent are quantified. The
broad validation of the study is made with the presentation of the structural
quantities of the actual buildings constructed in different seismic zones. Further
studies are required to investigate and quantify the effects of different structural
systems and configurations, occupancy types, soil conditions and foundation types
and optimize the cost premium for seismic resistance. The study besides creating
awareness on the cost implications for seismically designed foundations, presents an
approach for the quantity and cost estimation of building foundations in construction
management practice.
 REFRENCES

Massachusetts Turnpike Authority (2000), Project Summary,

http://www.bigdig.com/thtml/ summary.htm.

Massachusetts Turnpike Authority (2000), Project Contract Lists,

http://www.bigdig.com/ thtml/contlist.htm.

Massachusetts Turnpike Authority (2000), Maps and Plans,

http://www.bigdig.com/thtml/ maps01.htm.

1. GZA GeoEnvironmental, Inc. (1991), Central Artery (I-93)/Tunnel (I-90)

Project, Geotechnical Data Report, South Bay Interchange, Design Sections
D009B/D009C, Boston, MA.

2. GZA GeoEnvironmental, Inc. (1992), Central Artery (I-93)/Tunnel (I-90)

Project, Geotechnical Data Report, South Bay Interchange, Design Section
D009A, Boston, MA.

3. Haley and Aldrich, Inc. (1991), Final Geotechnical Data Report, Central
Artery (I-93)/Tunnel (I-90) Project, Design Sections D007C and D007D
(C07D2), Boston, MA.

4. Haley and Aldrich, Inc. (1996), Final Geotechnical Report, Central Artery
(I-93)/Tunnel (I-90) Project, Design Section D008A, Boston, MA.

5. Maguire Group, Inc., and Frederic R. Harris, Inc. (1995), Final Report on Soil
Stabilization and Testing Program, Central Artery (I-93)/Tunnel (I-90) Project,
D009A, Boston, MA.

6. Maguire Group, Inc., and Frederic R. Harris, Inc. (1995), Supplemental

Geotechnical Data Report, Central Artery (I-93)/Tunnel (I-90) Project,
Design Section D009A, Boston, MA.

7. Stone and Webster, Inc. (1996), Final Geotechnical Data Report, Central
Artery (I-93)/Tunnel (I-90) Project, Design Section D019B, I-93 Viaducts
and Ramps North of Charles River, Boston, MA.