fiday Choapte 2(Histpu)

Devotiema0 Path To The Divine

Queal Diacua he HLOLOms th gxoh oBhokti

mouement.
Ansl The that Qed o the 9oLoth o hoakti
movement wAe

social Ond politico0 conditicma Ou hot tim

(aThe tAeatment mparted tothe oweCajt

(3 omen COudd also oin. themavement

( The aintg preoched in toe anduoge he

Common People.

Aas
Quesa Who 0Rre. the aindhe Nouahas
Anaa The ealin GhaktiSaints wehe ca0lad
Alva and the Nauanas. Thekvoa Sainta s eshe
uwoauhigpeso Vishnu and uoere CalAed heaishnaveu

The Noauanaas wene devotees LOrd Chiva.

Quuos 3 who Shankaro.charua?

An3 Shankaochanya. wa me s the geatest Bhakti saint
and was bom in Kerala in the 8th He
Centuny. playe
a map 9AoNe n the. eival o Hinduisum. He as
 DA

AG

kounde o tdvaita. Uedanta, or montsm. He etablih-

the
dkou maths 0r eligious centes im duitiexen
bo
neLd o ndia to guide the Hindu. He Lemposed
conels

u m e w u

humns amd mmentanies m spinitual text

he Vedas.
like

ues A(ont.)

ashoa oe en Mirakaid.
nite
chiidhood she
miabai
Mirabai was a Rajputpaicesond aince

atachedd od Krishna iorAdly pleasune mever

was

xemunciatlen.
atracked he amd she led a ite o
Kaitha.
She SpeMt all he ife Atngi paise Lod
He sengs were called poolas amd became extemely popula
BOYme Othe
omolRag Mia Malhar are

hamous emes

Siddhas
uL SLho wee Nathponhis-
dne amd yegia 2
Cemvemtianal
SNahpambhus, Slddhas
amd Sbgiu challemged
Meligianomd Ltualk.Accorolimg to hem, im ordes to
mece.ssa2y They Censidered
Aeach saluakien- HOmunciation w a s

amol bady thoough

meditabien, y0ga amd breathm9 enerises Theywe ven
Polar amengtha Lotser Casts.

eachtmgs h a Bhakti Saumbi

he cemmdn
webe

ecommonteachings ot theBhaki Saimts axe

INTheag seme God who be wOrshiepec with Joe

0nd dlevoiam
 wanship.
aThexe. m ddol,tree . or.animal

euils likee child

C3 They were agaimt Sacial

maiage amd Sati.

the caste yAtenn.

(9They wereagaimat

the Suh Saimta 2

Cue. What were the belies
Ans1 The belis o heSuni Saimts weLe
-

God. Al are te chilctaem o god.

(DThere i emly eme

dihherent ways neach Goo.

are
Dierent Keligcema

(3)| Pecple should atlow he teachimgoaA

similaritie amd tioo disferenceA

CueA Write adoumtwo
GuTu Nlanak and. Kablr.
between the e s o
Ans Tu Similaies were-

(1Both belieied hotE god wa

tomles amd eternal..

(2)Both were agaimst Case SsEem amd idal worshp.

oditerence uere
(DGuru Nanakk Atadtecd h e Cncept Community kitchen

but kabir did mot

(2Kabiz Compssed Dohos whereas GuouNanak Campied

yms.
2l2021
Fxidau Chapte Io ( Histoay)
ndio
Palitical formation n Eghteenth
Quea Ans

Quesl who wxe the Later Muphals2 a

disimtegxotlon
the
deadh o Aummgeb,
Anal Ate begam. There were
were O
a3eueL
Jei

-thareat ughal Empire the lates Mug.hal

ughala.
kmoum asthe at
m e l i c i e n t kimgs ings

Quesa Who Dere the Pexhns?

wasapointd o act as
Ana The Peshuoa 07 Prime MinisteL
im i m e s o enegency j m
the bead o he Atate
became the
h e kimgderm. Wth time,
he Peshwas
while theAUCceusL G
Xeal xulers theempixe
maminal heads othe Atate. The
SHivaji weAe just
ice a Peshtsa became hereditaTy

Nadir Shah's Jovasion a loLo o h e (Mughal

Ques3 Ohy was
Eimpie
Ans3 Nadi Shah imaded India He plumdeted im I739.

the Mughal Empireamd cariedawaytreasune

woth_Crores upees.He alocandedauway h e
Peacock 7hrene amd Kohno0diamod This imvaairm
Reuitedim a Loss oprestige -ha Mug.hal
Empireamd Heealed weakneAR

who was Tpu Sultan?

 DATE.

PAGE

A Tou Sultan was he AULL oMysote ound eldlest 88m o

Haide A. He
workedtor-the tare o -the pesple and
undeltook many publicwoak& He oo a aue potot amd
ealized thepotential the ast ndia Company- He
tought
ans and died while tjghtng. Hs
patiotcpiitinapiredde Hreedonghtersim
Qater yeas.

221220
Dueg S Discus the ALOIm thot Jed o the dlecline o he
Mugnal Empre
The
declime
anS that Jed tothe Mugnal Empire
weAR --

Aurangaebls thodox Migiaus polic ed o he

disaatistackion among he people

2Theucces4urag3eh wexe weak_and he empixe

was Leyt in dhe hamdo4 the mobleL who weNe

CoAupt, selhah md 9Meedy.

3Ale dejimite Jaus &ucceuiom Led to bitesness,

blomdshed, Loz o meney and pHestige

The huge ge o e empine made admimiataatien

vexy olithcult

The Sikhu amd The Maxatha emerged Q a psuwexHuL

gMup amd chalenged-he Qushaitessof he Mughal.
Ques 6 wite a ahort ote n Jats
established
Ana6 The Jats ere Qqlcultnists& ond
and Aaa l hey A
themaelues in aeas aound Delhi
im the
im MeLalt agaimst the mughalL
am mpontamt Jat Leade
CenturyChwamam, wa
The l a t e s Jat Leaders
amd build ap am Onmy.
huthestrergthimed
mal auahir Shah
Suwaj amd

he Jat kingdon

imtroduced Cm_ m i l i t y
Quea7 What Chamges did Shivaji'
admimitvration?
Jntxoduced by Shivaji im the militay
Ar The chamges by
admimiutxatan were

1Shivajt had a 4tamdimg amy Colled Faga. He

amd Commamdo warfaue.
imtnoduced Guenilta
weapem Like
23 12202
2)He mvemted the use Bagh_Nakh amd Vita. He had
Cavaly amd may.
imkonty,

3)Heemhorced Atrict diclplimary measLUALS m th

aumy md had am ehhiciemtnetwoakk spices

Ques8 Wnite a mote em diskeemt_ minixter in Shiva

adminitxotion.
Ans9 The dibbeAent ministers in Chivaj adminutraten

OThe Amaha Looked alte the accounta.

 was he home
The
manti
minist

oyal Letes.
The Sachiv wa respemaible all

AeCHuited amd tuaimed Asldier.

TheSenapati

was he Nyayadhish.
OThe highestjudicial
authaiy
Danadhyakshya worta.
Rooked ote the Chankable
 Chepter 6 (Geoperhy.)
Menday butian
Naturol egetati
wonid Distal
And ildife
Dues ng

Foes8.

foreAts Name the diherent upe o6

OLeS I Degine ecaystem CemaL&ting mainly
The hoest acomplex
Ars Earth_with man kimdy
that e the
ees

aeforrms.

The ditenent dupe o ferests ae-

1Topical Raimfaneats
Txspicak Menseen) Decidluous
faxeht
3) Temperate
Deciduous anestA
4Tempenate Cemifexous farest
0 Taiga
s)MediteraneamareL vegetatibm)

HeasAM the the falloing-

QULea give

(A)The Topical Kaimgaxests give an evegMeen

dense
0DALarance
The foxests a e venp and there i s Luuiant
Leaues
QMOuth_o vegetatiem. kee gno and shed their
at dihhenent imes s e year, which gives tne joeit

an evespreen ppeaance.

s he Termperate CeniferouL Forest (Taiga) axe

Conical imshape.
xees in the Tempoas enifesous Forests are tal,
Aotttoad, evegeen and cenical in shape which
 AG
aoas
he no un ointex tD ide down eailu.

ohich
9n whtch egi.on
Megiom are he Txoptcal Raimhonestu found ?
Ruts3
amgaMeAt: ree odat to e tropical
H o w do he
elimate?

THopical Rainrestta between atitudes S'N

ore ound
the eajuakon. The TMopical Rainhaneuts erperience
and S'S
a 0 the year aound, andvery high
high tenmperotures

annual
xaino. Thereis hiah percentape umidity
CauAeS Convectionol
The wam oist isig ai
ain dailu unne aternoon.

st out the veaekatien and animal3 t

u
peciduous Mon&om Foreats.

r1 Veatatien-
a n d Condalwood.
Txees includes Teak, Sal

enimal
bometo iRdlije uhat
a variey
Theseorests
Leopand himocexa, elephant,-
includesthe Asiatic iem
d e e and antelope as well as dienent
wate butale
monkeyt, eptiles and bds
2pecio

important chamcteristicss athe

Explainot east Forests..
the Temperate Decidpùs
natual vegetaion
Characteristica ok Tempeate Deciduous Forests are-

The dleciduous txees shed her Lanves olunnq autumn

 Covered L t h Lre
i
Duing wntel, the Arond
trees
to 9et wate tm
and it s dithicult hon

enground

Savanna Vegetaton ? Decibe

the
uhat do ean by
OL TropicaR Savonna
a n d c l i m a k e a t h e

Locatiem
with dong
and 3hoat
and shoat
ecsstem
9E a graasland
xaaes haingsharp bades.

Locatiern bewRen 10 and o

are tound
he Tropical Grosland are ourd
ourd ainly
NepiemThey rainl
atitudel, in the topical orests.
and the eauatorial
between the desexts

Cumate The avannas

The summers are wet but theraimall unimely and
32c.
unneliabe, andtempeatues ary om ac o

Douo
intall i n hot deert eaion??
Oues1 DACUss the xeasenaor
Lew aimdoull 0R-
Ansl ReasemAho

the western Stole the

1) Cold oceam Cunsents alang
cemtinent! are respamsible horthe LesBer amourt

Mainfall im these aseas.

2i The Lwindsthat bloL tthore also proventt minta

wite the oitjenence bekgeen Evergreen Forest and

Deciduaus forests
 DATE
PAGE-
Evengneen forestA Dectduous fovestg
Thu
A s

oxets eouhd nea ) These

the Equator.
tarests a e found m
highe Oatitudesa
They de motshed heir Aeaves a They &hed thur Leaves lm

at the same ime.

poaticula seasem

8)These areound dn_area 3) These arehound in

uith -heauy Haitall. aoeaswtth_moderate
Aainfa0

uaName the Countries where he allosing tropcal and

u
kempeate2 gnasland ane hound

Trpian& grasslancd

1Savannas-Atica
)Camps4-Braril
3)ang4 Venezuela

Termperate Girasslands

DPampas South America

)Brainie-North Amexca
3
Vald- South AHca
Steppe- Russia
Down-Australia
 OATL
PAGE

Chapte 3 (9eegtophy)
Erialay Human EnvxonmentSetNementa, nanapoit And
Cornmunicaie.
Ques en

DeAine Settlement.

Setlement aplacs where people Dive amd imkeract.

act with each ahes thssugh. ackivities uch as 0QiCulhne,
poduction gsd_amd LOAuceL, tuade and enertainment

Dikexentiate betoeen
hat Qusa
andUxbam Setlement
(ay Runal
Setlement

Ruxa SetLement Uxbam Settlememt

)feople axe Gcupied 1) Pesple ae oCcupieod wih
Lwh punqaxy aciitiu. secendany amd teniaNy ackivities.

amd Oxban Aetlements axe

a)Laxge smces
CompacE amadlaxgex aMe
pauturelamdsaxe he
chaxacteniskicu such
settlement.

lacks praper Pesple onyoy the madexn

3 Rural_anea
Achools, cslleges and hsspital.facilitieslike
biq Schooli, Colleges,
houpitals e t

Eq: lons amd cities

)
 Pumanent SetLement
b)empotaxy, setlement
VDlages, totwnsamd citi
1 lomadic people build)
tempoNa Aetlemernts
the pemayentE AHLe
ae Hlement
lke temts ol huts.

divided imto Rwral

-

desenta a) 9t
2)Tt foumd im Settlement amo Urban

0 Am axeaL whexe
Settlement.
thee i shortage ot hood,
atex amd tuel supp

Sea Routes
c)nlamd watexways
1) 9t enists
im he fetm a
Rives, Laku amd
1 Oceamsamd seas
Camalu axe he inlamd
wateay
takew 2) Bia ships ae
used fL
a) Tuamnsportatiom
EHaNspSLtatiey.
place im Aa forrm
boats amd steamers

domesic 3) t allou qtennatiormal

3) 9 al00ou
ramspoe gecda amd
tromsport goods amd

seLuces. sOAuCes.

Atlantic Rouke
o g a - Brahnjaputua 4) E The NNorth -
Rive Syakem
 PAGI

he sructwnes ike tunnela,

22tion
M e n t i n n

acvanmtages h e
Camals amd bridges that facilitate txamspNt.
Tunels

movememt oc tHamupomkatien
TunnelL
help to make
mountaiouA
podmg a dixectHOute im the
eae y
Kegromi

and eas.
Tunnels alo helo makln9 0 n e y shoarter

Carals imlamd as wel

Camalshelpo im he ee movement o
as OpemAeQa veuela.

a l o helps Lmagicultuxe.

BNidgeA Acods amd people.

tkamipertataen o
t helps im
Ahorben ixavellimgoistamces.

to advantages both-
Mentiem any
Ci) Koastway
iRaikusay

Havanéage Mailway

he fautestand cheapestpotaqe on l a .
Kailway pxouide

Railways mot omly facilitate pesple txavellimg leng Leng

distance inLess time_but_alao pxOide besk
meams
 CaxxYimg bulky goods eficienty
itAdvamtage Moaduays
axe

1D Roads axe the eaaiest and

amd mosE
most
COmmom vmeama
meamA
6 Aamsportatier comvmon
short diutayce
Highuways and expxessways
speedy tranyport.
axe
Censtaucted f

Ques Which
techno Logical aduancement has
Communicatien m todays word ? Aealutienised
Anss Wth h e
chamgimg techmalogy electkical means
Lkes telephenes,
tetLEtt , a telepxiutexs, Hadio
network and
9ntexnet telepheny ek.

D7hey enable pesple to Communitate

any where.
Qnutime, any place,

2)Theuse Cemputers amd he Sntexnet amd

txansmusieN_ esAOges throuah undexsea cable
amd Hadio waves have made CommunicatienaAt
and ective.

3) Electxonic mails_and Sms through he 9ntenet and

cellulan phemes have_ all made ous lives
Comportabe.
 een4 (Civic)
Wednesdau Under tanding Advertjsirg.

Ques|en

Qes What Advertiio?

is
a heact o callima
b e deimed
Arsl Advertisimg cam e n C e A , neeo ek.
onels products
public atentim o
through *he mas
thraugh khe mass
announcenentu
eApeciallyby poaid
media.
-

commcLal advertising,
Vazious media o
Ouesa wnitedhe adertiaing axe -
Cemmercial

Ansd The vaxisus media ok dext

magazimes Aelerisin, imtenet,
neuxpapens,
andannouncememt
bilLboaxcds, hoardinOA
messaqe, bannens,

what does he wand brand mean? What_does buuing a

Ques3
brand assune us?
a name,kem, ALgnSumbo 0 desigm_
Ana3A bxamdis
that idertikies gpodi and evicesoen seller
he
a s distimct mthee o okhe sellen8.
assUxe us a atandanad or QLaliy othe
Buuing a bond
product

adverttkemet.
Ques y Explaimth techmique pxepaning am

ensyThe olithenenetechminue o pxeparing am aduertisement

OMe-

dentibng the toget_audience who wil use he pxOduct

 DATE
Highiighting PAGE

he
uniaueselling points neproduct.

s)/
markeig afP*0duct uaing conventiemal and umConventional
nekhods.

Brand Ambasadors axo Olso asLACiated uwth hi

advertsenment pHOces.

what i he diHHeAence betoeem COmmONCial amd em

comnecialadventisimg 2

Comnercial Advetiumg- Nen-Commercioal Idluetiumg

1) Commexcial advertisement ) 9t indudes thoe seloted
seekt o sell prcducts oa.b ocialius, pelitèal
8uces. M welgasopM0qHanmmes,

|Meligious 0gamisations amd

geveanmemtal 0emces.

CalledLecial
2) Suchadvebiimg dene a) Thuse
a

MMdia &uch Os MeuR- Advertisimg amd peliticaal

papexs TV, maga2im aduerbisin
biboands,t.
3) Eney Canersakiam..
3) To se00 AuPs

Lo PesA induded paid aduextiairg

Ihe french nespapen
Untapagea. How didhis bengt he neuspapen
The French neuspoper La PxeAAoincluded paid advextistmg
in itapages and it bere bemited it im theallim4
 ways-
to Le
the mupope
DThis madeit posible to
its price.

ts Uaderuhip Amcreaud

imoreasum
t s Aale.
3)Thexe wa am

What is th pupese acdventisirg?

Oue
Ans The pupese o advertimg is
whem cme k m a

D duetiuimgpmates tha peduct

staatup mode.

to
Cempetitien_me meeds
2 whem theu Ad a stitt
the cemsumer hat eme l poduct miqe
Conumce

3 SEpAomotesth brand idlentaty apxeduct

public atttude.
4 Cocial advetisimghalp un chaging

SAdvetiuementa are sNce memy L mamy neuwspaper

amd V Sexials.
- -

QuRS what ane th egative ehhects oaduvenbiaing.

AeNECID Many advextisements o deceitul pMapagamda abeut
t pModuct imcreasethein sales

(2 Seme adventeisememt: have hidden Ct that Cemnes m

 OATE
PAGE

he cem&umer

Advertisememt Can_be a
amd pop- ups
nuisavMCe hrough
HepetLtien
DLL2022

Chaptsa, 2(ca)
Marketa Axound
Oues Ana

hat a maaket?
A maTkeE a
placethat brigs togethe a buye and
exchave geols savicew at a iAed a
JleriblePuice dhat agHeeake to hoh.

why endine
why hopping becomirg populos.2
Onine shoppimahau beceme popula ove ha
yeans

at convenient and e0suto make puxchasinguom tha

Cemfert aheme iCe

Duuimng- holidauAeQsGn, emlime shopping Heducesthe

waitingdn lem9 imes.

HenyuiN9oig t e derent
3 96 does not
Se0nch on hesame ikem ota desixed sake.

Ho does choice maaket xehleck the pevolent imequaliby

In tha society?
Ans3 The chaice 4 th manket Holects the pxeailima imeayuali
imthe Bociehu. Pesple ho have Le imcene preteno
make puxchasesby cash at lecal mazeta amd buy

andlable bramds.
Pesple high imceme Houpdo mok_botbo bejee
md Caedit-
Apending
Apemding memeu em high- emd beraonds use
 ornlirne hapf
alo d

mall. hoy
cands at

xegulonly.
pply
cch
hom.
asn
upy
im h e
1202022 tha dyewnt
slep choin

Ques 4 Deacatbe
n
h
Ahe pply
uppl
sleps
Anu 4 The dilhe o n t matouinl to h moMuAac
Ha
upplies
hat
DABupplie
01 pModucer.
material im podu,
c e n e n t
the
whe
) A producer

waehouse hat AkoL.

s) A
b the
the puoduct
odelives
Ahat
4A wholesale

Metailer.
ulimate
th
the pHoduct to
Hetailes_whs bsuimgs
s)A

ekail maskets.

the diyerent pes of

esSExplain makets axe-

The oilteney1t ypes oxekail

Phs

D ueeklyMarkets evey
ditict
Weeklu markets a set up inalmost
the week. Ume Cam buy h
em dithenent olau o
Atakienny amo mamy
veaetablesamd uit, clothus,
veny OQAONable
athe thimgs at veny pucesat thue maxkets..

aNeighbauhed Moukets
NeighboushsedMoakets aMe _Commenlyumddm eveay
 DATE
PAGE

These maakets
v n e i g h b e u h o 0 o 0

Qe mal amily-un haps

l uheupeppla buy euenyday meeds.

Supeunake

Aspemakekua foum o sel-seUtce

ASupenmaket atra,
olleniaaide
eu a vaxieky houuehold asticles, Jood
and bevaxages

SheppuonA Mals
Shoppingmalls a Caxeuly Jamducapecd cemplex of shsps
amo shouLOOMK hat uunlyimcluole Hestauamt, et
CoUuts md eadimg meHchamdisONs.

what i the diHlexence betweem a whalesaler amd a

ekailea?

Wholesal Rekaikes
whalesales goods
takes 1) A ekailes buys g9eds
12 A
pHoducts im Commxativelyp
xem a _mamuactues im
sells Amalles. 9uamtihes m th
Janne omoumts amd
to a Helailek. wwholesaleamd hom se LLR
them
thonn to tra CeMLwmLA

) Rekailn displays th gsda foa.

a)The wholesals has lang
gsodssAale at he Aetaul shep.
usaheheuuR ho ssaing

Ohichatsu atert peaplels

cheice to the ditewnt
pe maskets?
13/0u 2022 chaice d th
the peaplels
Ana The factou that aecb
markets Oh-
diffeaent yp
(0 Auailabili meighbouxhsed
maxket to
manket to
ge te th
Peeple mstly
buy huir daily meeds.

(a CevemienE One
Maskets that axe closes to homead hce
Cnenient to viuit.
wy

(3 Pice omd uali

matpecpkeLosk at tha Pice ad9ualy whtm
theu fOue ebuy a pHoduct

(4Ahdability
The akordabilt apHoduct depemds m the budaet
amd Mcome o he buue.

Ques3Deine the follousia teums-

1 Baates
AA Akem whexe qecds 1 Sesunces a dinectiu
exchomgeod thes gsods 0 sOAices wtthoutusimg Mng

2Onlime Shappimg
The act opuxchastimgpHoducts serces_ven the
Sntemet u Called Omlime Shoppimg