QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitave research deals with numerical
values and how they can describe a
phenomenon or infer a relationship.
Kinds of Quantitave research
EXPERIMENTAL
-True experimental (with randomization)
-Quasi-experimental (intact groups)
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
Is classified according to:
-RESEARCH GOALS/PURPOSE
 Descripive
 Explanatory
 Predictive
-TIME DIMENSION
 Cross sectional
 Retrospective
 Longitudinal
EXPERIMENTAL
-True experimental (with randomization)
Short description: characterized by rigid
manipulation of variables, use of control,
selection, and random assignment of
participations.
SAMPLE STUDIES: The effect of a new treatment
plan for breast cancer
The primary objective of a true experimental
research design is to identify a cause-effect
relationship between the variables where the
samples are randomized.
Ex: To find out if sunlight affects the growth of
plants, we have three setups:
 Set A is to grow a seed that will receive
ample amount of sunlight
 Set B is a seed that will be placed
where sunlight is limited
 Set C is a seed that will be placed
completely in the dark
All of them will be planted in the same type of
soil and will be given equal amounts of water,
and the results will be recorded after days of
observation.
-Quasi-experimental (intact groups)
SHORT DESCRIPTION; Characterized by rigid
manipulation of variables, use of control but no
randomization; intact groups or participants are
used instead.
SAMPLE STUDIES: The use of conventional
versus cooperative learning groups on students’
academic achievement.
Quasi-experimental research mirrors
experimental resuarch but is not true
experimental research where a causal
relationship can be determined with the use of
dependent and independent variables.
Quasi-experiments do not use random samples
but assigned samples.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
Research goals/purpose
-Descriptive
SHORT DESCRIPTION: Seeks to describe the
current status of an indentified variable.
Research projects are designed to provide
systematic information about a phenomenon.
Survey research belongs to this category.
SAMPLE STUDIES: Tardiness and absenteeism
among high school students, Smoking habits of
health service providers in government and
private hospitals
-Explanatory
SHORT DESCRIPTION: Seeks to determine to
what extent 2 or more variables co-vary. Co-
vary simply means the strength of the
relationship of one variable to another.
SAMPLE STUDIES: Relationship between socio-
economic factor and absenteeism among high
school students in the district jaro.
EXPLANATORY
(CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH)
PREDICTIVE
-Predictive
SHORT DESCRIPTION: Has most of the functions
as explanatory with few minor changes. Seeks
to predict and not to explain. Focused on
determining future results and forecasting.

SAMPLE STUDIES: The relationship between the

types of activities used in math classrooms and
students’ academic achievement.

NON EXPERIMENTAL
Time Dimension
-Cross – sectional
SHORT DESCRIPTION: Data are collected at a
single point in time and comparisons are made
across the variables of interest.

SAMPLE STUDIES: Graduating students’ beliefs,

perception, and experiences in their K to 12
schooling

-Retrospective
SHORT DESCRIPTION: Comparisons are made
between the past, as estimated by the data, and
the present for the cases in the data set.

SAMPLE STUDIES: The possible causes of lung

cancer and related respiratory disorders of
smokers

-Longitudinal
SHORT DESCRIPTION: Data are collected starting
at the present and are collected again
sometime in the future to compare past and
future data sets.

SAMPLE STUDIES: A prospective longitudinal

study of the correlation and consequences of
early grade retention

INCOMPLETE SLIDES *COMPARATIVE /

DESCRIPTIVE EXAMPLES