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168
Chapter 4
In the presence of friction PHY SICS - XI (Subjective)
"S! ScboJiLf . 1
/
Speed = v = 6m/s
P. E. at the top = mgh
= m x 9.8 x 4 Chapter
= 39.2 m
K . E. i
the bottom
at = — mv'
2
' CIRCULAR MOTIOI
I
2
= 2 xm (6)
*
| Learning Objectives
^
i
= 2 x m x 36

= 18
Loss of energy = 39.2m - 18m 1. Describe a r motion
s 21.2m
2. Define angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration.
% loss of energy Loss of energy Define radian and convert an angle from radian measure to degree and vice versa.
x |(X > 3.
Total Energy
4 . Use the equation S = r 0 and v = rw.
% loss of energy 21.2m
” x 100 5. Descri : • qualitatively motion in curved path due to a perpendicular force and under stand tf
39.2m centripetal acceleration in case of uniform motion in a circle.
= 54%
- e. ive the equation ac =ro = vVr and Fc = mco r = mvJ/r.
2 2

‘ Understand and describe moment of Inertia of a body.

9. Understand the concept of angular momentum.
9. Describe examples of conservation of angular momentum.
Get Scholar Series books 10
- Understand and express rotational kinetic energy of a disc and a hoop on an Inclined plane.
11 . Describe the motion of artificial satellites.
Physics 12* Understand that how and why artificial gravity Is produced.
15, Understand that the objects In satellite appear to be weightless.
Chemistry 1
^ *
Calculate the radius of geo statlonary orbits and orbital velocity of satellites.
lu *

Biolog Dwcrlbe th
* Ntwton' j »nd Elnst«in' s views about gravity.

Mathematics
(Subjective .& Jt ’ective)
170

3t
Is
SI
Chapter No. 5

It
£
|&
'
> i
! If
° I a VI
1
88
(
I
Chapta 8
tn
\ Mlt&L

0 f( U
I IK
motion
temple*
r -^ ,
Moti
*

0 lon
ths
a

1) A stone
2)
3
4)
A sate
) Motion
pHV SICS

on
) an

llite
o
Motion
1
objec
( lira Unn of I

whirl
In
ed
t

aroun
orbits
elect
of CD '
ron
s.
d T /,r
* ,. ^
around tin-
in atom s
/
^
f
— ——
X I fSub jrf i » v »

.
[
4
be body umtihuoutly change
^

in u urtulur path y« 011 ( A

0f
\
**
*
I

5) Motion of circular saw blod #

6) Motion of ceiling fan

i«
I3
Q.1
7) Motion of merry go round etc
^^
Define and explain angular displacement . Show that 1 radian =57.3°
-
* » inoi

<2
* l </i
ca
^ —0 §
2 co
. 2
< Angular Displaceme nt *
.2 «»
fk
% C
O
2
Tltc angle subtended at the center of a circle by a body moving along the
circumference in a given time is called angular displacement It is denoted by 6. .
,
Iz
5 1(c
Explanation

£u n
O cd

u If
^ a
“ a5
E
IItl 1
K o
O
u
ill
5

Li
M

3 O
r
• ?

e
O
E w HUM
•
&o
2
2
5 Q
< E

—o
E
c
E
plane of circle due to motion of the pa
through the center of the circle, which is pe p
while OP is rotating.
Suppose at any instant t the position of OP, ma - S
' ^ e
,
tQ the p|ane

,
Q wjth x.axis. After
of circle

f 2 Fa. some time t + A t its position be 0P 2 making an \ x.axis. Thus the

.
•

U
V LU —S|
E
8
o
= 1 «
Lx
c
3

* angular displacement can be defined as t e ang e & (JfQp during time interval Degree
§|
tf IS 3 4. For very small
values ofAO , the angu lar displa ccmc n ^ vector quan tity. In one complete rotation, a

I
t
is s s a s S .s %h Convention rotating object subtends an
1
.
*
2 3 c
o n = cu #
For anticlockwise while
.
angle of 360 degree If the
v
u
«o
w
5
> o
w
o .— for clock
-
rotation of OP, the angu
wise rotation the angular displacemen
ar Aun \ aceme nt AO
negative.
Is positiv e circular path 1$ divided into
360 equal parts then the
i1
i
£ E i 1 1 T Direction of Angular Displacement ,
angle subtended by each

Bo
t3 .
rr g order to determine the direction of angular displacement we use the ‘right
fond rule'
/
part at the center of the
circle is equal to one
degree.
JS ' a -g t- Revolution
o
i! " 3
2 g, S I
. ' cd
gs;
A complete round trip
the body elon|
'
the

Ig 3 Uni
circumference of the circle

^
Is called one revolution
& Jj Radian
1 rhe S|unit of subt ende d by an arc
* ^
le°cente ^ , , ,
a gular displacement Is radian . It Is the
ength 15 eQU dl t0 the
angle
r dluS of
*
Clrde ‘
It Is the angle subtended by
an ere at the center of the

,rnenS|0nsS °are
n
dr uni tj drC e Whos
degrees and
e
revolution. lar
Angu displa ceme nt has no circle whose length 11 equal
to the redlus of circle.
172
Chapter 5 [Q
\n
pHYSiCS - XI (Subjective)
Relation between linear displacement and angular dis pia cem cnt
Suppose S is the length of the circle of radius r which
^ w

explain the angular acceleration?

173

makes an angle '9’ at the center of the circle. Then in

terms of radian, it can be expressed as
.
0
Len gth of arc
(rad ) Singular Ac ce le ra tio n , „ . .
Radius of circle rate of change of anKU ar called uIar mccler ation.
Angular Acceleration
A S, .
9 = - f rad) Average
- we switch on dm ele ctr ic fan , hp
r
velo city and c„u
city ’ goes creasing, if o>,
' , ,
Or
S= r0 thtimtlal Then the average an ~~Wacclnelealration iring
angular a velocity
- at time t and t
actively . tl trti Is can be
.jJ
This is the relation between linear displacement fined as the rat io of ( ige in ulur velocity to the total time
and angular displacement
Relation between radian and degree Do You Kno FOR YOUR
In one complete revolution the
linear distance covered by a particle is equal
to
* INFORMATION
the circumference of the circle i . e ., S « When angular velocity of
2 nr and the angle in radian
would be
s 2 r the body Is Increasing then
a
0= —r= * = 2n radian lingular acceleration k along

So. 27t radian

r
360°
a 1 revolution
Instantaneous angul . i
the direction of angular
velocity and if angular

360° jthi Instantjneous angu cderation can be defined as the limiting value of velocity k decreasing then
Or 1 rad 'd' k opposite to the
* “ at ( he lino* jn / ervo 1 , \J upproai he \ to zero, Is called Instantaneous angular direction of angular
2n
As re fftttftumitafi
velocity .
Or
360° ( deration
1 rad • angle e. r; lays out a anpe
2 x 3.14 Au>
lim —

— -— — —
dctenoeS * So a
Or * c
Al

Q.2
iradian = 57.30

Define and explain the term angular velocity

rr,:„
MUtbn * ii w
*“ 01 Axis of Rotation
. . rolling
All portlcN" of 1

. body move. In circles flic

. * ,

, line joining the ront/c * of .

Angular Velocity
UMI ri n ulM acceleration is ud / tec'. 1» 18
,
M fhoie Circles k called axis of
rotation.
TORYOU* |04 Derive
the relation between enguler and ln**r ve|ocl lc,
Time rate of change of angular displacement Is called as
Suppose A9 Is the angular displacement during
angular velocityt
the time At . So the average INFORMIX OR '
angular velocity can be expressed as, Show that v •ru)
AO ,
w „m —At * tr » ’iM u *
same «Ml#r><#
"
* pf ,
The Instantaneous angular velocity can be de
r ;
,
ta«lon
be tw ee n » ,,
lc, r » r
fined as the limn
AO/ At as the time Interval At , following the time t , approachr
•
value of »*
* * *^ Co n, An gu l»r
*n< U n r
. covers the
* ,
ngu l»r ci5 “ ’
So, •llm
AO
—
to lets ,
cJnpl « r^nT
*i
> ln r
|
' id bod y rou ting »boul * **
* * » »i«W body »t P,rp,nd <jl»t»r c ' °
p #
wit
Styveujlocity v. A, the «1» of « •« |» flrt'd* thvl* direction of ar'8uU'r
r h
§

Direction
•
* » -* At
^ '
always * “ ln" .
remains the sarne. o
Angular velocity is a vector quantity. Its direction Is along the Mg
of rotation and
West Point p mo thf0u h 9 Stance RiRj«AS In time At duri ng Its cir cul ar
can be determine by right hand rule. lf f#fer§
n
*
ne ,,**9n angular *
dis^pla ce me nt AO dur ing tim e Int erv al
Unit
The SI unit of angular velocity Is red/ sec . It is giso measured in
Th
* * c#n ^ Fla 3.4 («)
revoiutlon / min
AS •rAO
and degrf? e / sec . The dimension of mgular velocity ls T [ 'J
,
'

""'• *bo s d« by,At

*
 *
174

So , PHYSICS - XI (Subjective)
AS AO
0oUf 175
-— * = r - - replaced with 0, to and u respectively
At At a have been . Thus
nd
Applying limit \ t v o
- * ‘ tions for linea r motion
AS AO
*
Iim
» .0 At
lim r
*• At o.
Vf rVj + at
s B v , t + J4 at
2

.lun
. As AO
A > > At
r Inn
« .. fa 2aS = vf
2
* v, 2

° A

Or K/ » rt »J *^ i Equa tion for angu lar motion

In vector form v to x r (l)
f =0 >|+Ut
I or limit At > 0 the length of the arc P,P becomes very
2 small and its direction • 0= o)|t +Yi ut
2

represents the direction of the circle at point P , .

Thus the direction of velocity v
at any point P Is always tangent to the circular path
. So the linear velocity at 2(i0 = 0)f
2
- (0 ' ,
point P Is called tangential velocity.
’ Q5 Derive the relation between linear and angular acceleration.
Equation of angular motio
^
only if axis of rotation is fixed. In this case all
tho angular vectors have the same direction. So they can be treated as scalars.
Define and explain he centripetal force and derive the relation for It ?
Q. 7
Relation between Linear and Angular Acceleration
As the reference line OP Is rotating with angular accelerations . The point P
also has a Centripetal Force
linear or tangential acceleration. As we know ,
I he fore which bends the normally straight path of a particle into circular
r A (u
Dividing both sides by At
Av
path is culled centripetalforce .
OR
AV A O) o A force which compels a body lo move In a circular path Is called centripetal
At At force
On both sides, we have Explanation
Applying limit as At -> 0 Consider a body attached with a string moving In a circular path. If the string is
tapped (broken ) then
It would not continue to move In circle. Observation
So , lim
At
*0
AV
- -
- lim r —
* 1 "*0 At
how
[ * i If the strin g snaps, and when ball Is at A then It will follo w the straig
P«h AB . So In the absence of some force which pull It toward the center of
ht

7 *
lim
Av
AI 0 At
*
* —
r lim
•i « A t . |rclMht ball will not continue to move along circular path. It will move along
“ >•ten8 nt at that point.
Or ejjg * ,*
lmp il of
centripetal force:
In vector form 0 “ «x r
Where a Is the tangential acceleration j
; Forc« acting on electrons In fixed orbits around the nucleus
PorCQ acting on artificial and natural satellites.
,

Note:- kj
Forc acting on earth around the sun.
Advantage of rotational motion over translational motion * ,
On a rotating rigid body , the points at different distances have the same angular
displacement , angular speed and angular acceleration. While tf cy have different
linear displacement, velocity and acceleration.

Q. 6 How can we write the equations of rm n In case «. ngular motion?

I
^ or c ntrlp «tal acceleration end centripetal force
*

AV
a •— .(1)
At

Equation of Angular Motion

feqUlred bV par ° .vff
!‘CletlT. s7
*
V
° nc.A !
tth » pe«d of the

tquetion of angular motion are slmllai thos* » r> linear motion except that S, v
 t. * Jt, »
-v '
if
;- v _ • > • m _ .*

rm aW; i

pHYSICS \ I (Subjective)
si I
111 * JJ
'" 177
JA * -
sJ|0n for centripetal forte
V
W F , ma ,
*
~v>
- 3 (;r recsr- es
Att
As

And ac
v»
— &
& (% jM
i=
>
A*
v
r

Fc = r
mv
. k. ^‘ Hi .
WfZlSZJZj&L. * w
T*** -

Or i= v U) so ^AiS ter
$
measurements, this equation b
'
J-- •;•
-
•< 5f 5 ;
^ %r v. 'j.. v. , •.
v
\o ,\t we : 3 «. 3 triofrg e A?QR such that
m angular
is parallel and equal to v and PR is f''
v 'JtrKQtfa' hr *
frrV /
So, *
,
pa .-ai 3 and equal to v , As radius of the circle is perpendicular to its tangent, so mr w
2 ..2 TfJIVft7 ri
cifo ^
to# ' ji DHftripaiJ
7r ( v = ro) ^ ir
force is provifcrf fort of
v , and v , are perpendicular to OA and CB respectively . So the angle ZAOB is L friction ' *
oea vptaid of i car
Fc = mrb)1
rt ,

equa ; to the angle <QPR. is .ncrasod a’ , a . . ;t n

Or
/
* jrn

frictional force is
*
nett

Moreover | v , | = | v . | = v and OA = OB ( radii of same circle )

* sufTiciem provide
to
2
Point to ponder Unit of centripet al force is Newton and dimensions are MLT ] .
[ - . Tncrefort .
oenir.petal fore.
5o rrorn isoscsies triangles GAB and PQR , we can write , the cer will ino . :
- awa> from
Q.8 Define and explain the moment of inertia? the trad. To avoid tie side -
QR AB slip, the outer edge of the road
m
_
~~
PR OB is raised through some angle,
I called the angle of me:motion.
Av AB The speed of 'he car al the
Or (3 ) Moment of Inertia ( Rotational Inertia )
v r
when At— »0, point ‘B ’ is very close to ' A', then length of arc AB nearly equal line
Moment of inertia of a particle is defined as the product of mass of particle and
turn

where <p
is
is angle
v = rgtan
^ ^
of
nttmtaitla
You may feel scared ai the loptf
square of its perpendicular distance from (pivot) the axis of rotation.
AB . i. e. AB= S inclination or banking.
roller coaster ride In the :3fc It is denoted by I and is given by
Equation ( 3 ) becomes, butyou never fall down even ^ 2
I = mr
Av S
You clo not fall out of your Explanation
v r go ups (3:
seat when you ' Consider a mass attached massless rod which can rotate about a
to a
down on a roller coaster
Or AV = S— ( 4) because 0 ; many forces on frictionless pivot 0. Let the system be in horizontal plane. A force F acts on
r the mass perpendicular to the rod . So,
tlu in going loop on a roller
centrifuga l »
Putting this value in equation ( 2), we get coaster the
,
*
force
F='ma Ji)
a = v—
Sv centripetal
of drag ,
forces
gravity
the
.
cenirifiig
» This force rotates the mass m about 0. As the
expressed as
angular accelera tion a can be

rS friction. Due to
2 force, your body is prcSS
v with the outer rim.
a =ra
a= —r (5 )
equation (1) becomes,
Where a is the Instantaneous acceleration, as this acceleration is caused by F= mra (2 )
centripetal force , so it is called centripetal acceleration ac. Multiplying both sides by r
Direction of acceleration rF = mr a
2
Two cyhnoof
Since PQ is perpen dicular to OA and PR Is pi pendicular OB. So QR is parallel Since rF represents the torque. one twin iw i *

—
the orea!« ru
perpen dicular bisector of AB . As accelera tion Is parallel to Av when AB -y Equation (3 ) becomes
to the

- -
centrip etal acceler ation is along the radius, towards the center DO \ Ol KNOW
0, So direction of
Here F is
T = mr x
2
(
. u , mrJ The quantity
mr
:
is known as Moment at uwrtl * rrpiv .
of the circle . So, pl 3 y$ in linear ihe icndeucy to maintato . »1«

The instantaneous acceler

circle is directed towards
ation
the
of an
center
object
nf the
traveling with uniform speed in a
circle and Is called centripetal r * JS SS i «
„ « «W
,tar mkram /
2
. “ ' state of rot nr ttiitc of
uniform angular motion

acceleration . of centripet al
I = mr
centripetal force is in the direction acceleration.
The direction of

J
-1
17$

Dependence of moment of inertia PHYSICS - XI (Subjective)

Ns shows that moment of inertia depends upon the mass m and the square of lar’s 179
nerpe^ o ,cu ar distance from axis of rotation r. Practically, it also depends upon
Ifine angular momentum? How can we relatP jt with moment of inertia ?
d stributton of mass and position of axis of rotation.
Moment of inertia of a rigid body
^ ( Moment of linear momentum)
Vo shy the bod es have non-uniform mass distribution. Consider a rigid body rMomentum
ade duCt of position sector r with rcsrfg to axis
^ up of n '
small pieces of masses m^ ma at distance rvr 2 from axis - cross-pr° angular momentum. of rotation and linear momentum p of a rotating
of rotation O
\cU
' caUed
*
.
prt OR

• m
or HOOQ
4 Article Is sa
changes
dt 0 h
*
ve
relative
anSu ar momentum
° about
to that reference axis
^
a reference axis
.
if it moves in such a way that Us angular
^ n
mi
r 9
rl
!• MP
* Consider**
a body of mass m moving with velocity v and linear momentum P
origin 0 Then its angular momentum can be expressed as
m4 restive to
( c)
—
'•
m2
V | L - r 'P
m4
O at that instant with respect to origin.
position vector
Where r is the
(a) (b ) -
Soi U disc or cjfeidr
The magnitude of
-•
L is given by 5.10
S<. rccse the ood\ be rotating
vagr tude o torque acting o rrv
'
angu ar acceleration a So .
- M
: _

^
L = r p sin0
= r (mv) sinG

— ass
= r%r ? aa.
<d)
!
2r ^
Were 6 s the angJe between r andP
L = mrvsinG
.
( since p = mv)

secorc

=or Ttf -ass

= nva'a . Direction

-
The Sre von of angular momentum is perpendicular to the plane containing r

r i' ,t can be determined by right hand ru e.

l unit
. .

.
r
ie total 3 g ver by
* *
S vr of angular momentum is kgm /sec or J sec and dimensions are
’ [ML‘1
- J-
= '
~ t

=
re ccrTr s 'i ' >s
*
-r - -VaV ? —
r- e asses state ^ - argL, ar acceeratioc e .
Show that kgmVsec
R- H.S = j sec
^ Jsj
= Nms ( v J = 1 Km)
ou = a> * = au = a fsayj
X
- Y
5
* IVA
1
'V* ) a
, m
.ms ( . 1 Nm = 1 kg
^
- far
M

-
Z nnt x V— t* I Or t
r

-
d * -
err.ajr i - car » /yesMd K . .

. * *-
« LM.S

» W - rvnr•si :I ** r momentum of a particle moving in a circle

»•» »«
*”
angular retooiyco

- fl/ 5f
fT at pi ft -he c * s s* >d
«T«
—
** h sp
^ g ** *
* *e n r and *
tangential
*
velocity

J
w
v
L * mrvs4n90 * 1 0 * 9^
I
* **
JDtM L •mrv(1)
n
* *l (A$ v * f »1
if '
* r - r ( fto)
4
l - rr J
«> f $Uf
*
C3.
 180

Another definition of angular momentum

The product of moment of inertia and angular velocity of a rotating body Is called angular refine and explain the law of conservation of angular
momentum?
Angular momentum of a rigid body
Consider a symmetrical rigid body rotating about a fixed axis through center of mass f Con serv atio n of Angu lar Momentum
particle of the rigid body rotates about the same axis in a circle with same
as shown
in f ° , torque acts
n eternal constant.
on a system then the total angular
momentum of the
momentum of a particle of mass m, particle,
angular velocity
'oj'
^ Remains,
°
totaj = L + L 2+
= constant
L
’
mr
'’ °
(
nUop ^
gxp
° lalJ atl
^^
For second mass nd»(
6C
jaW 0 f conservation of angular momentum is if a single
apparent
L2 = m2r 22 G) The e .|nning body changes its moment of inertia. For example a diver
For nth mass
isolate !
f the board with a small angular velocity, Upon lifting off from the
U = mnrnJca pUShf
b ard' the diver ’ s legs and arms are fully extended . So the diver has a large
The total angular momentum can be expressed as, ° of inertia '1' about this axis. But when the diver ' s legs and arms are in Rg. 5.13

L = L, + L 2 + L3 + + Ln closedTuck position, Mmoment of inertia reduces to I, . | A man diving from a diving board.

L = nv o) + m2r22 G)
^ . .+ mnrn 2 co
According to law of conse rvatio n of angul ar mome ntum .
^
L = (nv co + m 2 r 22 . 2

f "
+ mnrn ) co Wliy does the coast
syslom slow down as* ** > , Li - 8
hci), = l 2 w 2
L=
V
Xm
1=1
.r‘
2

“ [ •••
i=l
into the beaker? Or
So diver must spin faster for small value of mome nt of inertia to conserve
EXPLANATION: angular momentum .
So, L = I co When water drips in;:1 - This enables the diver to take extra some rsaul ts. The direct ion of angula r
beaker, the mass oh which remai ns fixed . The axis of rotation
Where I is moment of inertia of the rigid body about axis of rotation.
contents in (he bolt momentum is along the axis of rotation it to
unless an extern al torque cause s
There are two types of angular momentum increases which inert* of an object will not change its orientation no sizeable external torque act on
the moment of biertiifc do so. Earth rotates about the sun experiences
Spin angular momentum to increase in mow" it, so Earth' s axis of rotation remains fixed .
Angular momentum of a spinning body (i.e., rotating about its own axis ) is called
inertia , the angular w*
decreases according to > Q.11 Define rotational KineticEnergy and show that (K .E )rot = % .
2
ICO Also

spin angular momentum ( Ls ) law of conse rvatio n 1

write down its practical use.
momentum .
Orbital angular momentum
Angular momentum of a body orbiting in a circular path is called orbital angular momentum (U) Rotational Kinetic Energy
about an axis is called
So the total angular momeptum of a body is equal to the sum of its spin and orbital angular momentum The energy possessed by the body due to its rotation
rotational kinetic energy .
Expression for rotational K.E.
cons tant velocity
axis with
Suppose the body is spinning or
to • In order to find the total K. WtaWJweconsider that it Is
composed of small pieces of masses 2

lf mass r0 3
W has distance Vi * frorn 3X15 0
K * E. of
mass m, is given by
1
(K .E,) = mw,
“

BY Putting v, = r,ro, we get rotational K.E

«1.11*
2
(K.E,) trt
/ - m
”,(r ,c«>)

Point object :
When the orbit al radiu s is larger as cor . p . red to the size of the body, the body may br* cons iderrt *
object
?
 182

1
K-E. * -
- = m#iV “

S miiarty (CE = X 'r» ar 22 0‘

^ = X m*r, » 2
e
in
putting ' 2 2 Intrusting Information
Hence nxatona < E of the w~>oie body is p £ = Xmv + X mv
< E -* = CX r - r / o3 X m 2r32<D3 - - Xrrv 2
®
2
) mgh ( X + =
2+1 :
X) 2

= X m/ + m/ j +
2
- mg*1 = mv
^
2 2
( * m»r ) o -ZH I
4

*1L ^ K 1
*
l«k . = X to 2
K - E« « KL.
^
4gb
A~ cr s the rotatiooa CE. o* the body.
Use of rotational ICE. ^
v
=
Tl
4gh
(2) (b )
-
Pract>ca ,• otato'- a K_ E. is used by wheels, wr ch are ess
eng i es. A fy -» heel itorci energy between the pcn
ential parts of many
Speed of a r
, Rota tonal ccH' sion - the ciutcn

* er strokes of the pistons so EXPLANATION:

that energy is uniformly distributed over the full re
hence the rotation remains smooth.
volution of the crank shaft and
For Your krfornuDor
As rotational Y . for disc is

.
: "* ng in • q . h)
oypi = X m f ^ The two discs with moment
of inertia are spinning with
initial angular velocities as
Q.12 Find the rotational ICE . of the <£ sc and hoop . 3 shown in (Fig a). Rotational
Also derive the relations P.E = X m/ +X mv
collision takes place
for the velocities of disc and hoop moving down an inclin
ed plane . 2 mgh = ( X + X) mv3
*h = v
2
between the discs and both
of them combine as shown
in (Fig b). As no torque is
v = \ gh (3 ) acting on the discs.
Rotational ICE . of a Disk
JP ! csuaton ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) shows that the velocity of the disc on reaching the bottom therefore, by law of
AS
(ICE) .* = X la 1

V --
T*
= I __
me inclined plane is greater than hoop .
77 1 0.13
*r* &**
f » r*
What are artificial satellites? Find the expression for minimum velocity
and period to put a satellite into the orbit ?
— consenaiion of angular
momentum, the combined
discs rotate with angular
velocity ©t having total
moment of inertia (Ij + It).
As "orent of nertia of a d *sc is i = X mr
53SSCS3
•
3

Sc ( K-E) , = >4 P4 mr1) to*

( K.EU
* e know
*
X mr e*
/
1

= ro
.= . JESSES 1 WMal Satellite
i
I Ihal orbU around dearth.
fcWUte can be launched from earth's surface to c, are kept MB their
Therefore,
+ fees = (li + h)°r

; ^ ^^
Rotationai K- E. of a Hoop:
As *e e now
-
(K EU =
jre near the earth have

^ rW cto* to the ea rth is «fW cr iti ca l vel oci ty .

As ~o^r e- - * of '. ferta of a hoop s ***»00 ea rth in a cir cle of rad ius R -
I x mr 7
a satellite of mass ’ m’ is moving wit . aw;tvv close to the
So. |1LEW = » I'nT ) ®1

1
J
-
p
*ntripetal force acting on the satellite is
IK. EU rXmr' a . = rm] mv 2

fck -EW = Xr rr/ F =F

” (D
20
^ -neves downward on an rc' ned place *rom height h. Then it has Rolbng te being provid
ed by it weight Hence
.
t

Atht roUtionsi and translabonal mortons If no energy is lost in friction the

ru0rT
M
toca
'

energy Qj tyi ejijc c

on rea n ng the bottom of the incline
* JOp
' aod mg = —
mv 2
[v F '
^ )

* r vs t Cr e -
ep < ja to the potenoa eoerfc at the top
, I
O e., R = 6.4 * 10* m )
P.E ( K£) mmm \
+ = (D
"
184

v
2 PHYSICS - XI (Subjective)
Sch i
Thus g=
R
( 2)
Where v is the orbital velocity and R is the radius of earth
^
APParCn t Weight
185

Thus from equation ( 2 )

2
v = gR Gene r 3lly
weight
d
of
,
an object is measured by a spring balance.
ba anCe Wh n the object is
acceleraM
of
" ' ‘ * ‘
P*
v = VgR
Tht rcadi S
WC 8 " up or <lown is

As
CC HedapP
vent
^
weight "
is equal and opposite to the force required to stop it
from
APP frame of reference .
g = 9 - 8m/ sec 2, R = 6.4 X106 m falling in the
[ weight of an object in a lift f
Putting values, we get
v= V9.8 x 6.4 xl 06
v = 7900 m/ sec
»
*
0

^-^ insider
0H
ADparent
the
spring balance
apparent
in a lift,
weight of an object of mass m suspended by a string and
as shown in figure. The tension T in the string can be
L A MWl ie , d with the help of spring balance.
or v = 7.9 Km / sec
° f <bomilk measure the lift is at rest or moving with uniform
.
This is the minimum velocity necessary to move the satellite into orbit.
This is * A wiellnc vsuh U
*of boui JU , - CASE 1 When
* Mtna ' of velocity l
called critical velocity . 01 movts mCirn,i i tn 1
Mi. A Mtcllitc
« ^
* Mb i v/ i ' On Uic ijft js at rest, Newton ' s second law tells us that the acceleration of
at rest
a=0
Calculation of time period .
The time period can be calculated as,
vdocK ) of 30.000 object isj zero . So the net force becomes zero If ' W ' is the gravitational force T=w

j acting the object and T is the tension in the string , FI 5.17(a)

circum Terence of thccircle
K on
T- W = ma
*
ihc F^nh ai a J Then ,
velocity of satellite km T -W = O As a = 0
' 24 ckwc oftnaj
• J T=W
2 /TR form ihc GloW hmm
T= (Ast =~) Syticm. or T = mg
v
Result:
As 7T = 3.14, R = 6.4 x 106 m, V = 7900 m/sec equal to the real weight for observer
Hence the apparent weight of an object is
Putting values, we get inside the lift.
2(3.14) (6.4 x 10* ) .
CASE : When the lift is moving upward with acceleration 'a' .
T= ' .n the lift is moving upwards with an acceleration a So the upward force of .
7900
T= 5060 sec tension T is greater than downward force of weight W then
5060 Then the net firce acting on the body is
T= = 84 min ( approx ) T - W =ma
60
OR T = W +ma w - r « /rw
Result T* w m- *
If the satellite moves at height ’h ' from the surface of earth. Then he gravitational acceleration d# T = mg + ma
»
Fi 5.17(b)

inversely as the square of distance from center of earth. Thus, higher the satellite, the slower will
speed and longer it will take to complete one revolution around the earth.
11
^ Result;
T = m ( g+ a )

object Is increased by an amount of

Note shows that the apparent weight of
Ooses: oro : t» ng satellites oroit the Earth at a height of about 400 km. ^ ^ ln actual weight.
V . Do you know /

?* * When the lift I moving downward

*
with acceleration
the weight . So the we g
Your apparent weight
differ from your true
Q.14 What are real and apparent weight ? Find ne apparent weight in different cases for # the object is accelerating downward along weight * when the
ls
than the tension T. velocity of the elevator

^
greater
suspended by a string and spring balance in an elevator ? .
<
changes at the start
-
W T = ma and end of a ndt not .
during the re t o the
Or
-T = - w ma
nde when that velocity * '
T = W - ma constant
Real and Apparent Weight
is

Rea ! Weight
T s mg ma -
T * m ( g - a)
pull the arth on the object weight by a
Jt is the gravitational oj
the actual
moon the s loss .
Similarly, the weight of an
.
object on the su face of is gravitational pull
0 vjfH ^equal
ws that the apparent weight
°
is

of the moon on the object to ma .

J
 ,
-m
wmmmmm F
j

m
— Kg J
r.

Chopin , , jfj

irSss — . . ~~~
CAM IV When a lift Is falling frealy under gravity; T-N 1 7
Now wc* iunsidar that the lift Is fft und 1 KMV, Y , %ilon fo r O rb ita l Vt lo cl ty *
lllhK * * *‘ Mr* ,
—
WM
m momg Mlt
•*****°' “ ••••‘ ;' L
" ' •
— ^ e
M I •W M
""
I mg inft
MM
ifl <y
i to
‘
‘ " '
I mg n > K

Result:
T * o tr»» »
*
nif« •
* • .
froMi «rtd

.
So thr appeiant wftlght of objec t
shown by the %prinn baUnc e it i ro lht
* V 0- M
"V
seems to lit* weightless l hut it It siot of weigh * obj *
t r
* tle ss ne ss *
* Iqviting eQUfttlon ( I) en d ( y ), |
QU I Iplftln the phenomenon of
tyttem .
weightier In satellites and gre
vtty t « ««t .
m vV K

o
Weightlessness In Satellite and
Gravity Free System Or
When .1 satellite Is fulling freely In spate
under the «n tlon of fou»- , * attract n
( 4)
earth the sun or some distance star then the ev *
#
ery thing w < th n . tn» w- Will
bo In state of weightlessness . WhtrfC Ffcy « 1»
lo show that the earth' s satellite
behavior of projectile thrown parallel to
.
Is » freely falling object
* e cons . dor the . W I
of the orbit
ius

yt » Radius of the earth

horizontal surface of the earth in the H « Height of the orbit above from the equator
absence of air friction .
If th« projectile Is thrown successively at larger
the earth, the curvature of the path decr
speeds, then dur ng < ts free fall to
eases with Increasing horizontal speeds
. ? ui the A \ of satellite is not important in describing the satellite orbit So If

*
*
t t speed of satellite Is less than the orbital speed then It will not be able to
tyohi around the earth and fall back to the earth .
.

^
If the projectile Is thrown fast enough parallel
path will match the curvature of the earth as
In this case projectile will stert orbiting
to the earth. The curvature of the
shown In figure (I)
around the earth. The spaceship .
7 What It "Artificial Gravity"? Derive expression for frequency of spaceship required to provide the
artificial gravity ? __
all times because it orbits around*
accelerating towards the center of the earth at
the earth. Its radial acceleration is simply g the free Artificial Gravity
-
‘ fall acceleration In fact the . Artificial gravity b the gravity like effect pro . , an or biting satellite by spinning it around Us own axis.
space ship Is falling towards the center of eerth
^
..., .
at all times, but the curvature of UpliWlon:
the earth prevents the spaceship from hitting the surface of
earth. As spaceship 1« no . . » «hl P v the orb lt for a longer
Is like a free fall object so all the objects inside It appears to be weightless
, thus
,
Jm .* this * fore on tht space craft In 1 r v
weightlessness craates lot o Pr
ltu

* '°
pic t If the P c
*
for MtroniuU Pr sent ln 1
* * hl To overcom this

»
No force is required to hold an object falling In the
space satellites. Such a system Is called gravity fre system
e
fra m e of re fe re nc e of the
"‘"'iltroniut then
cully,
m artificial *
grevity 1» created In the P
Is pressed towards the ou
Wp t0 perform the
, * *[xp
jfld MirU force on th
, , normi||y by astronauts.
oor 0| p»c«shlp m much the
Q.16 What Is orbital velocity and derive an expression for orbital JteJ"'nsioY nas on the earth
1W|
,
for f
Orbital Velocity 3,T,: .
Orbital velocity Is the tangential velocity
earth.
to ju/ sateUlu • orbit around the In I MU < .* *
100 km ebove
"
lb own
le tlon a,
is
central axis with anguler speed to

A
OR island with i ipc
2^000 kmh
• ^
The velocity of satellite with which It revolves round # earth is called orbital McCandlas tWV00
*
• n

^
pact fro m i
'
Th r th end some other planets revolve round the sun In nearly circular orbits . buttle and becam *
.
O
*
first human
This type of motion If called orbltel totlon Artificial satellites also revolve »hc l- artA.
'

around the sun .

r :
188
\ PHYSICS - XI (Subjective)
189
2
Or a = Ro>
* S
For Your Information!
5ut o = — , where T $ the period of revolution of spaceship . t A geostationary satellite orbits
_ 2 TH the Earth once per day over

! TT ( 2) the equator so it appears to be

So
* c =R Or r stationary . It is used now for
international communications
-
p is period of revolution of satellite that is equal ' So
^
•

4 '
also complete one rotation in exac
* satellite
equation s (i) and_( 2), we get
7 ' surface
Equating

RI7
1 2 nr GM
3P 4IJ X [As - = fI tr>
* -
Satei'rte
T r
: : EXPLANATION; , both sides, we get
ac = 4x \ Rf To Create artificial
Squaring
on the space ship. s.
4 xV GM
: a. i
Or f =
4rR_
space ship is routed
**
about its own axis Th,
aL r
2
GMT Eartn
centripetal force is r
f =—
2 x\ R ^ on the astronaut. He tven
3 force of naans
^
GMT*
4r

As *orcc of gravity oro . oes the necessary centripetal acceleration So ,

'
( centrifugal force) oa is r= Do You know?
Or 4K 2
outer rim of the space #: 1 GHz = 105 Hz
Sc = g
and presses its floor iota
This equation gives the orbital radius of the geostation ary satellite.

Hence f =— 1 same manner os wtdfta

Substituting the values,
2x \ R Earth.
G = 6.67 x 10 " Nm /kg # M = 6 x 102 Kg
2 2
'
,1

/ . er trie scaces^ o rotates w th this frequency, then artificial gravity heips the astro nauts perform the T = 1 day = 24 hours = 24 x 60 x 60 s = 86400 s
^
easily. :i x (86400)* ] ’
" x 6 x l0 2
.
6.67 x 10
"

Q.18 What are geo- stationary orbits and geo- stationary satellites ? Find the orbital radius of > So r=
4 x (3.14 )
stationary satellites ? x 10
sm
= 0.423
= 4.23 x 107 m

, ,h ^ t .
£‘ 0rh
1si£i*
The satellite

A satellite
OR
which

whose
complete

geostationary satellite.
s

orbital
e

its one revolution

motion is
around

synchroniz
f
° 0

earth

ed
in
rr
with
0
b

24
^
°°
hours

the
n

is
f 5 alellUe

called

rotation of
geo

the
*

earth
equal 10 thepeTi0d

about it own is
axis
fr °
0

IS

, 5oi«
-
0 ati n
fear
stationary sate

^ \ %
r771!
09
^
^ equator

Communication Satellite
^
he h a !7Ua ves ds t a Td
comes out to be 36000 km .
Write a short note on communication satellites
7ectf y 3bove
surface of

PulCOCMP
earth
_ s he ght

9M'

Allllfl a

m
-
H " OT e Earth can M covt ^
’'
his type of s a t e l te s the one whose orbital motion becomes equal to the period of
cs
rotation
axis .
l Acom Tht
by just
who
*
thret gao - atatoruuy i

ways over the same point on the equator a : : ne ei th spins iataiiitM

sate te re^ a ns a

-- -
Applications uses .
weather obser . ation a no other military
-Expression
S cn satellites a ^ e ^ sed in commun ication
of orbital radius of geo-sta onar
system ,

I in

satellite:
;; r
beam, in straight line and can pass S.
eas SS
l 5
y through

^
n by
ed necessary for circular oroit is g * of
Astheoroita
GM ,** ndhr* MIS"'viaVawl ite .
^
(D l s Provlde the ener y t0 ampHfV 8 from cauom sa fl" ®
*
« ' *
1

= Common
V
v r
speed of stellite in one day . So, * stations transmit and
arth receive the INTELSAT VI

Sut This speeo must be equal to » verses Countries .

r
H
 t
Ch«Pt»f s - XI (Subjective)
IK . PHYSIC S 191

Sate’ tt Offaniiat > on (IWTOSAT)

T e argest sate&t . managed by t: 6 country is ca ed NTELSAT V ORMU
* system
*
,
ca on sate * e O g ^ ;atior
:
news ntornabona tebscomrr ** n ?
' * Relation between S , r and 9 0= *
T worts at t e m <ro> ve
* % frequences
* o* a. 4 ti and 14 GNJ and . : *“ <t capacity
r
cy 30 000 two ay te epN>ne c »rcw t p:u$ t*rf T V c * ar <- < s
* angular velocity
C c WXat a t t tSe Newton '
s and finstem v ews ab<KJt gray tat Ion > - Average
*
angular velocity Lr?.;t
Newton s Theory about Gravitation instantaneous M 0 -*
ACCOr ng to NrWIO' u xto / 4af

t
^
*vn porrade <v
k >
rft / a «irtrcf/> angular acceleration a,v =
Aco
Average
At
*>
-*
If
<y r4r duiwr Nr -r <* * AID
in WCVTIS u JoArjbrn V>«n -
instantar ccus ^ naflftar a =.u- o —
* At
£ rtste n $ theory about Grav tat on acceleration
AocQrdacig 10 i ftstmi tr*eor> Grvv.f> a
Rotation between Nr . r and w v - rca v = cox r

-.-g - : t cx r\ e > as sKow^ n |

4
yf
-
” 0 observe tNs *y mxrt ! ve s^ace is a ^ n 'atfcec sited * a f

*
#
**> we g^t
* a,
- ra a , = ax r

- - - -
»
£ ste theory e 00^ t spaa o ‘
say
* *? ore o
that tcc es and *: avs ^ov « <rg geocevo
g a
gravgy act
- * * * * -
.
0^ boo es but
iem to tf>e
0 cj
1
, t + - at 2
. -
2a9 = coj co
4

* -
stra ght "ei p i go<m«cr>l curved space t >t - »«‘
vJ
^ * Centripetal acceleration 7
& tft K s between s tws
** * *
-
1
mv
a HtwtO
* Ctntr . peta force
, “ "T
F
:
*• 0 grtvty W g>t no fir ntor o ' * w y
:%J bWdl
' theory
-
ease of t F, •mno 1

-
84 tt 1 y$ t*(
*°
gra> ta* o a * e si|> but ? w S » a s me reason or * • - Ctntripatal forca
eaceet t
* 9tro*g
. * * 1
K0> " g t4 # * « e'te W3 a‘
«
t »
.
So tf K » sfw> 0m 1 mat Ir »* ty a ecceeraton art n
- ^
Moment of Inertie ofa
Torque on a pe/tlde roteting t •mr'a

•* f"'-• lg t by a doAruto a^^ownt met cou

~ .. —
. •
1 meo v based on 00a of lg*: is imtf I
» xtwton of
- -
i
j; **
part as a so MP W t*Ut
'
« •
6« wOs d M MfKtM >» r tv
' Moment of Inartii of a tWn rod 1 •• ml
1

-
» * «
• • t»wn » tN«> tf 5iW V
* ^
*
« t twvc M f M i j t i sr
^ ' 4
l
ictyfi “|to Hawtpn 1
M - of fterb gnt by t a
d ng
- *
--
V"
v^fn
Moment of Inertia of a
Moment of Inertia of a d » c
I
- imrJ
2
1 : a

- -
aas^- ad durt
of strart sta #tCMiiby tr>a grMiy

-
a soar tc
^ ose
I 1 pradete 'atfr t*an hm+mn
ate £ *I:
^ 99
* rx
-- ~ ,
fll
t i o s :o , Moment of Inertia of a sphere
I
-
^tYc 't £ tta -
i tr o y «ia congee « u icav
^ * law of motion for
s •la
L •mvTiinG
nTuiniNc mioimtiov L » rpiinO
«/ ty Wi ugr aeneciee n a
•0 *>
•
0« »4 «ty ti M we see tne star
^ tf»e

O « ' ?4S MKC

o» tgi
«
J .
e 'vrg tne •• tjr«

er
192

l
, PHYSICS - XI (Subjective) 193
21 Rotational K .E .

Multiple Choice Questions

22 Rotational K . E . of disc K£
- l1
= — mr co
4
l
2 2

possible answers to each statement are given below. Tick ,

K.Ew = mrV ( S) tl c correct answer :
^
Rotational K.E. of hoop Fnur
v/ 23
i
Velocity of hoop falling from
Right hand rule for rotating bodies Is used to find direction of
an inclined plane of height h .
1
velocity ( b ) Torque
(a ) Angular
Velocity of disc falling from an
inclined plane of height h ( C ) Angular acceleratio n ( d ) All

The mud flies off the tyre of a fast moving car In the direction of :
Velocity of sphere falling from moving tyre ( b ) Antlparall to tyre
Parallel to
^ 26
an inclined plane of height h
(a )
hes

^ ^^ ^
(c ) Tangent to moving ty r e ( d Jon
angular is ^^ ^
The correct SI unit of momentum
\ / 27 Critical orbital velocity
/
v = v gR V
- M 3
( a ) kgsnr *
( b ) kgms-1
R
Time period of close orbiting ( d ) kgmJs-J
28 T=
2 TTR (c ) kgm * sj1

angular acceleration If
Ifl radius of flywheel is .
2m, then Its
satellite \ 4 A 30kg fly wheel Is moving with uniform
Apparent weight of an object moment of
29 at rest or moving up with
uniform velocity
= mg
' [? 1 2 0
.

(c) 2kgmJ
-
-v (
(
b
d
)
)
30
6
kgmJ
okgm2
radius cm is:
Apparent weight of an object .
5 Moment of inertia of 100kg sphere and having 5
30 moving up with uniform T = mg + ma ( a ) o .ikgm 2 ( b ) 5 kgm 2

acceleration a ( d ) 2.5 kgm 2

( c ) sookgm 2
Apparent weight of an object
6- The hoop and disc have same mass and radius their rotational K .E are related by equation: .
31 moving down with uniform T = mg - ma .Eh00P = 2 K.Edlsc
acceleration a ( a ) K - Ehoop = K . Edisc
| ( b ) K

Apparent weight of an object

32
falling freely
W K ' Eh„op =
iK - E disc
.
( d) None

Critical velocity of an artificial satellite is

</ 33 Orbital velocity of a satellite ( a ) 7-9miles s 1 ~
(b ) 7 - 9 »< ms
ms
-
-1
1

( d ) 790
(c) 7.9kmlr 1
Spinning frequency of a is .
34 In angular motion, Newton' s 2nd law of motion
satellite about Its own axis AP
( a ) F = ma >
(b F = At
35
Orbital radius of a geo-
stationary satellite
9'
(c )= laT

A man of weight W is standing In an elevator w

(d) All of above
ch Is ascending with uniform acceleratio n a than It .
aPparent weight Is
(b ) mg - ma
( a ) mg
( d ) ma - mg
W mg + ma apparent weight becomes.
10‘ fall , Its
W a body of mass 10kg Is allowed to
(bl 89N
( a ) Zero
(d) 10N
(c ) 9.8N
 194 pUVSjCS M (Subjective)
195
ti. If external torque is itro. then wtuch of these quantity is constant
( a ) Angular rhomentum (b) Force Short Questions of Exercise
(c) Linear momentum (d) None of these
1 nthe difference between tangential rf .
U. The acceleration due to gravity on moon is
^
th of that on earth, what wth
be ttij 0>
°
i W
*‘
for * * heel of known radius, how will you f,nd t
angular velocity, if one of these is given

on moon. If its mass on earth is m ? ( Lhr 2010 - 2011)

dj^
m
OiffWK* between tangential ;ular 1
<* 7 ff?
' (b ) 6m is
* Angular velocity w is g« is o / rvtotloq Jhile tangential velocity v is directed along
•
Ic) m ,w 7 m
•
latuuavi the circ l
unit o < w is rad/i wtii
*
"
13 The value of angular momentum of a body 1« ma » , mum if 0 i ecjuel
to , termination
(») 0* (b ) *
^ by using the following equation.
45
(«) 90” (d) 1S0*
The diver spins faster when moment of Inertia becomes petal force and why It must be furnished to an object if the object is
(a ) Smaller a circular
(b) greater (Rwp 2006, Grw 2006, Lhr 2009)
( c ) Remains the same .
15 When a body moves In a circle, then its linear and angular
Id ) None of these
ve octy are
JfAds the normaUy stra ight path into circ ular path is calle d cen tripe tal force

( a ) Parallel * Or
(b ) Perpen4«cv a# corr.pe \ a t>c- j

* to ^o t* alon g .
a circ ular path is call ed cent ripe tal forc e .
(c ) Antiparallel (d ) None :
mv
16. Torque per unit moment of Inertia Is equivalent to V.4 thematicailY. F<
1
( a ) Angular velocity (b) Angular acceleration Significance: .
( c) inertia towards the cent er of the circ ular path
( d ) Radius of gyration it is perpendicular to the tangential velocityand directed
17. The moment of linear momentum is called Without centripetal force body will move oiong the tmtUl -
(a ) Torque ( b ) Couple
< Ul What is muni by moment of InortU Plain K »l n fici ncc , ,
(c) Impulse (d) Angular rpomentum
? E
* * * (Dwp 2006-2008 , Mtn 2005 Lhr 2010- 2011)

18. The ratio of angular velocities of the hour hand and minute hand ' a watch the square of its
(a ) i : i (b ) 7 :
, » Th of m«rtia of 0 *1« defined
*" perpendicular distance from* *of rotation
moment 1 is as the product of it
* mass and

19.
( c ) 43200 : t

If the earth shrinks to half of Its radius without change In

(d) ^ Mathematically .
axis
I fi> f * (for a poin t mas s )
» ss, the duration of
Physical Significance: play ed by mas s durin g linea r
ang ular motio n w hich is
duri ng
( a ) 6 hrs Tht moment of inertia plays same rotf
(b) Uhrs rota tion al inert ia of a
motion. is the mea sure of
( c ) 24 hrs (d ) Shrs it ! nt of inert ia
the line ar
. while mas s dete rmin e
nr acc eier siis
20. The ratio of angular frequency am linear fr «
( a ) 2n
ncy is
>) * $4
bod* iIZ
•
7
Moment of inertia determine
ccalerttion.
mo mw tum ?
the flffl Wtf f «

W
i»

«» con
MMM s rv tion of sng ..
uler mo m ntum
.
?
Mtn 200 $ )
.
>>« Is meant byTMi
* 1 (Mir Pur
body
2004
is
, Bwp 2006

calle d ang
-
ular
200
momentum*
*
locity of a rotating
v
&roduct of moment of inir t’ a an d ang ular *

\l. d
n. *
2. c
12. c
3. c
13. c
4. d
14 . k
**de no ted by L Ma tha .
matfca hr
'

r
 , PHYSICS - XI ( Subj ectiv e)
197
L= r xp
the dire ction of the following vectors in
State simple situations; angular momentum and angular
L = rp sin 0
velocity -
L = mvr sin 0 ( Grw 2009,Grw 2010)
Law of conservation of angular momentum of angular momentum and angular ve|or ' t
AflS'
Direction
The total angular momentum of the system remains constant, when no external dire ctio n of angu lar velocity and angu 8 lar momentum is along the axis of
, which can be
torque acts
n it
The
determined by right hand rule. "
Mathematically, °
Uotai = Li La L3 + = leu = constant
Right hand rule
of rotat ion in your right hand u W M
Grasp the axis
erect thu mb will represent the direction ofangXtm ** ** of then the

Q. 5 - 5 Show that orbital angular momentum Lo = mvr

(Federal 2005, Mtn 2006, Fsd 2008, Grw 2008, Mir Pur , u ,
2009,Grw 2010) Q.S.8 Explain why an obje ct, orbi ting the eart h I
^ explanation to point
Ans. Proof: out why obje cts appe arun der
Let us consider particle of mass m moving in a circle of radius r as show in * (Fsd 200s)

figure P Ans . Explanation:

cujec t is throw n horiz onta lly fast enou gh from a certa in heigh t, so that the curvature of its
When the
As of the Earth then the objec t simp ly revol ve roun d the Eart h . Now,
Lf = r x p path will n atch with the curvature
or Lo = rpsin 0
( where 0 is the angle between r and p)
So
- 4 the motion of the ob act
acce ’ eration ). I -
e ice we
Weightlessness of the body:
can
is unde
say the
r the
orbiti
const
ng
ant
body is
acce lerat
freely
ion
fallin

nal
g
due
body
to
.
force
gravi

so that
ty (

the
equa l

objec
to

t is
centripetal

said to be
Lo = r(mv) sin8 A freely falling body moves only under the action of grav itatio
Since p = mv in state of weightlessness.
Lo = mvrsinB it fly ? Expl ain it
off of a movi ng bicycle, in what direc tion does
As the angle between r and v is 90° ' -
Q 5 9 Whe n mud files the tyre
, -2009 , Bwp 2008 , Fsd 2008,Grw20ii)
_l o = mvr singo0 (Lhr 2005, Rwp 2005, Mtn 2005 Mir Pur 2006
Hence
| Ans. The mud flies off along the tangent to the tyre.
= mvr (1)
Reason:
Lo = mvr (hence proved) (sticking force) betw een the mud and the tyre is
When speed of bicycle increases then adhe sive force
force so the mud leave s the tyre and mov es along
not sufficient to provide the nece ssary centr ipeta l
Q- 5.6 Describe what should be the minimum velocity, for a satellite, to orbit close to the earth around it tangent to tyre .
.
Whic h one
plane at the sam e time
( D.G.Khan 2005 Mtn 2009, Lhr 2010-2011) A disc and a hoop start moving down from the top of an inclined
Ans. Critical velocity: W H be moving faster on reaching the bottom ?

The minimum velocity needed to orbit a satellite close to the earth is called critical velocity.
' ( Federal 2005-2006, lhr 2006, lhr 2009
)

Ans, O/sc will be moving faster on reaching the ground

Calculation:
Consider a satellite of mass m is moving with velocity v in a circle of radios (i.e radius of the & Proof:
Speed of hoop at the bottom of inclined plane is,
Since gravitational force provides the necessary centripetal force
[s
So mg =
mv
r
:
Vhoop =
sPeed of the disc moving down
>
the
^
incli ned p a
" e
or vs «= gR r s R ( rad J 5 of the Ean »
or v = y
/ gR
' VdlK = ifrh
3
v«
v
V 9-8 x
7900 m/ set
6 4 K io
‘ or =
3
“
or v •7.9 km r 1

H
VdiK « 1.15Vh00P
*nce VdiK > Wool*

%
f
uT
 198 '' '"•crM ,,
' 1 (TiubjwD )
Phytic l rNton ^^
yfllCR * **
* ,
t r moment of iiunua < > f
Slnct the moment of Intrtia of disc I* inwHor *
! KnM
*
vrlot » tv of disc IN greater ( h.m hoop
ult? (
Vr Solved Exercises
Q. S. 11 Why does J diver change hit body positions before and after diving In the p0o|}
(fedenlioos ikJJ, , „, „ ,
- ^v foil routing « w j i
k
,
3 v '
***** ** '«* «* . tA i ,
7 fkttrit * !
Ans. The diver changes his body position to nuke fxtffl iom iQuIti
Explanation
^
When a diver lifts off from the diving board, his legs and arms are full extended
,»
( vrM
An
dtecIrraOunlnb*
|)>U;
uniform, fMtit vcki*

velocity - <u. - 3.0 g

— “
^^ 1*’ l” * ^
^
" 1 1
• Ww
* *** * UIM
^ ^ ng*

thlic,
fey
Initial annular
moment of Inertia is large ( lt ) but angular velocity ( w , ) Is small.
When the legs and arms of the diver are drawn into the closed tuck position , Its moment Final angular velocity - at ,- 0<
- - 18.0 sec .
reduced considerably so that Its angular velocity will Increase to conserve the angular
mom ® '^ l ime 1

llW,* l 2U> 2 To Find: ron 9»

(i) Angular accele
F'Angular displacement * e « ?
Number of rcvolttl
Q.5.12 A student holds two dumb- bells with stretched arms while sitting on a turn table. He is glveni
until he Is rotating at certain angular velocity. The student then pulls the dumb-bells
J Ci
* C |» tion:
|cu
As towiidJ
(ii)

ar
^
chest what will be the effect on rate of rotation?
,
^ a=
VO
—
,
(

l
)

Putting values, we get

a -—
0-3
-
18
3
a=-
18
|a = - 0.167 rev
(ii) As angular displacement is
Ans. Rate of rotation increases when student pulls the dumb-bells towards his chest . 9 = cot t + - at 2
n
*
2
Reason:
Putting values, we get
According to law of conservation of angular momentum. 2
lu) = constant 0 = 3 x 18 + 1(-0.167) x (18)
. 2
When student holds two dumb- bells by stretching his arms, then value of angular inertiaiis
So the angular velocity is decreased . When the student pulls the .dumb- bells towards
j" 0 = 54 + (-0.083) (324)
ss the
L
0 = 54 - 26.4
angular inertia decreases. So the angular velocity is increased. But during this whole Proce 0 = 27 rev (Approx)
angular momentum remains constant.

Q.S-13 Explain how many minimum number of geo- stationary satellites are riquired for
T. V transmission.
global
.*
mi
"*
A 1000 kg car is
radius of the circular path is
to hold the car in the
round

circular
10
path
m
a
turning
,
?
corner
how large

(Fid 200s, D.G.Khan 2005 -2006, Mir Pur

2009, Mtn 2009 ) Giv«n Data:
Ans. Minimum three correctly positioned geo stationary satellites are required Mass of car = m = 1000 kg
1
for the global coverage of T.V transmission. Velocity of car= v * 10 ms
"

Radius of circular path = r = 10 m

Explanation: PlClftC oc«fl

As each satellite In geostationary orbit covers

Find:
jUJinaWt so the Force required = F ?
whole populated Earths surface can be covered by three correctly fow ,
positioned geo-stationary satellites
correctly by
MtillRH* ^ aleulatlon
•
:
The force required to keep the car in circuit
c path will be centripetal

/ if - '
,w-
s\

V £ .
/I
 pHV SlCS M ( Subjec tive )
Iif * 201
SvV
Fusing
f*
V A.
---
CX we ct
*
r [ r
1 K
# *
U
^n:
( jilfll the
lorwula
U * mvj- (1 )

F,
!0W lOp S
^
10 here v, - orbiU l speed md vw - - ( as s 2 nr)
1000 % too 2*r •distance travelled in one year
F« • When S l ime period T .

a
Fg
r, - ^i
*
10
1 POOPS
i » id
thus
values , we get
2>rr
Vo = — i
Putting
2 * 3.14 * 0 n
Vo *

* j ihowa n
• .
A ball ried to the end of tiring ts swun g in a % trtictl circle
Mg. 5.7. What will be the tenaion in the string
of radius r under the
dlon ofgn • 9.42
v« * ;
3.16 *
.4
path and its speed is v at this point?
Given Data;
when the ball U « the point
Ast^i Vo *
:
ms - I

As the boll is moving in a circle, thus the putting that in

force acung on the ball must provide 4
2 981 * 10% 1.5 * 10"
the required centripetal force.
At point A two forces arc acting on the ball .
( i) Tension in the string T 10
^” * 1.5 * 10*

fii ) W eight of the ball W’

To Find :
T
r
* lo ^ kWQ

Tension in the string T ?

Calcu lation: --
These forces (Le. T and W) act along the radius
~
n*.
A dhc « iihout flippin g rolb do* n a hill of height 10.0 m . If the disc starts from rest at the top of the
hill whit its speed at the
, iv bottom 11

sum must furnish the required centripetal force .

T+W mv 2
-_ r
at Point A, so their vector Gnen 1' ita:

T« Find
Hcife, of hill - h = 10 m
' peed of disc at bottom " V s ?
or T - 2
w But W * mg Calculation:

-
r Using the formula
.r
I «
—
mv 2

Mi
v
mg
i?
T-m Puttin g values, we get

——
r 8

'i
4 * 9.8 * 10
If g, then tension T will be zero and the centripetal 3
^ force is just equal to the weight.
/ -F-
-
v > 130.67
11.4 msj
The mass of Earth is 6.00 * I 0U kg. The distan ce r from Earth . » **
m A "
-y
to the Sun is 1.50 * 10
Irom the directi on of the (North Star, the Ear » revolye s
-
counte r clockw ise aroun d
• • • » *
Determ ine the orbital angula r mome ntum of the Earth about the Sun , assumi that It trave l
circul ar orbit about the Sun once a year ( 3.16 > 10%)
ng "R “ 00
P « riod of one revolu tion in dars ° Take mar < of the tartn rvi *

Given Data:
CLl
''" ^ Djjtt:
km.
Mass of earth * m s 6.00 xl 024 Kg

^
c ght of
'k satellite from earth * h •384,000 km
Distance
Time
To Find :
T - -
r * 1.50 x l 0 Mm
1 year '
3 16 x l o s 85
‘

^
- -- -
* e a r t h M 6.0 * 1024 kg
lUs of earth R 6400 km

Orbital angular momentum ft trth •Lo “

1

&
-
*•
u
*
4 *:vris" J
1
V . AA »
202

To Find: 's PHYSICS - XI (Subjective)

203
Period of one revolution in days = T = ?
r 6.67 x l 0 “n x 6 x 1024
Calculation: r=
Total distance of satellite from earth center = r = R + h 4

r = 6400 + 384000 = 390400 km simplification, we get

cn
X 107m|
*
r = 3.904 x 10 m [ JT23
speed we know that
por orbital
As v=

Putting values, we get h

v=
6.67 xl 0 n“
x

3.904 x 10
6.0
8
x 1024
6Earth
v= V 10.25 x 10 s
2
Or v = V 102.5 x 104 864 x l O
v = 10.1 x 102 ms 1 v = 0.03074 x ]

-
"

2;rr Or v 3.074 * 10'

Now T= v = 3.074 kms
v Or
-1
Putting value, we get Or v = 3.1 kms

2 x 3.14 x 3.904 x ! Qg
jm
10.1 x 102 Exercise Problems
j m 2 4 . 5 1 x 106 2.427 x ft
10 seconds
10.1 5.1 A tiny laser beam is directed from the Earth to the Moon. If the beam is to have a diameter of 2.50 m
T . 2.427 K 106
60 x 60 x 24
days
at the Moon, how small must divergence angle be for the beam ? The distance of Moon from the Earth
li 3.8 x 10Mm.
imirirr Given Data:
Diameter of beam = length of n.-c = 3 = 2.50 m
Distance of moon from the earth s rs 3.8 x 10 m
. ,
Kiullo nml TV NIKIIUIM bounce from M »ynchronou» aalclllte This untcllllc circle the ! irth once In « To flndi
.*
hour No If (he aatelllte circle enMwnrd above the equator, It stay over (be name »pnt on Divergence angle e 0 =7
aatelllte ? (b) What I It tpced ?
Given Data: * *
*
* *
*
-
becauie (he Earth I rotating «1 the ame rale, ( a ) What I the orbital radio for a «ynchre» Calculmlonai
* *' As S « rO

-- - -
Mass of earth M •6 x 1024kg
Time period T 24 hours 24 x 60 x 6 0 s
Or 0 e
r
Putting values, we get
-
--
Gravitational constant G 6.67 x 10"nNm2 kg“ 2
To Find:
0 --^’
- -
(a) Orbital radius of satellite r 7
--
(b) Speed of satellite v ?
3.8 x 10

-
0 6.6* 10 ° rnd

Calculation: 5,2
from ret ,
to aa angular velocity of 4 S 0 .
rcv /mln In
*
Kmmophonc record turntable accelerate
( ) A
* r
- ^
fOMT 1
G |
Vcn
What I It average angular
* *
acceleration ?

-
[

Putting values, wet got

filial angular velocity a>i * 0
204 Chapters [ Q -
'
Sj ru,.v Si- hjili
4
•s PHYSICS - XI ( Subjective )
I

205
45 * 27t 45 x 2 x 3.14
Final angular velocity = cor =45.0 rev/ min = - 4.71 rad /sec
T« r
, otl :
Torque acting on cylinder r ~ ' >
60 60 (a )
( h ) Angular acceleration of cylinder
=
Time = t = 1.60sec ~ a ~ "U F
To find: latiuns:
OiM 1
= rFsinO
Average angular acceleration = a =? I
As t
Calculations: F are perpendicular to
As r and each other So 0 =
r -0 )
r = ( ( ) . 2( ) ( ( ) .6( ) )sintXr
As a=
t t = ( ) . 12 Nm
putting values, we get
Now for CX
4.7 - 0
a=
1.6
As T = I (X

a = 2.95 rad / sec 2 T = — mr u s inder. moment of inertia = I = - mr:

5.3 A body of moment of inertia I = 0.80 kg m2 about a fixed axis, rotates with a
velocity of 100 rad /see. Calculate its angular momentum L and the torque to constant an
sustain this mof
0001 Putting: seines, we gel
Given Data: W

2 x 0.12
Moment of inertia = / = 0.80 kgm 2 5 x 0.20x 0.20
Angular velocity = co = 100 rad/ sec ju = 1.2 rad/ seel
To find:
Angular momentum = L =?
5.5 Calculate the angular momentum of a star of mass 2.0 x 10 " Cg and radius 7.Ox 10 km . II it
Torque = r =? makes one complete rotation about its axis once in 20 days, what is its kinetic energy ?
Calculations: ( liven Data :
As L = Ico
Mass of star = m = 2 x 10 " kg '

putting values, we get

L = 0.80 x 100 Radius of star = r = 7.Ox 10 km = 7 .Ox 10 i n '

L = 80 kgm 2 /sec Time for one rotation = T= 2( ) days = 20 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 1728 x 10 see

1 » lind :
L = 80 Jsl
Now torque = T = I a
Angular momentum L ? ==
Kinetic energy K .E ? = =
As angular velocity is constant, So a = 0 Simulations:
Thus As L = Id)
r = ( 0.80)( 0 )
IV = ol
For sphere ( star ) = I =
•*

—
5
>
mr and o)=
"
2K
T —
• Thus
.
5.4: Consider the rotating cylinder shown in fig 5.26
—
•>
2
Suppose that m = 5.0 kg,F = 0.60 N and r = 0.20 m.
cr
I-= m i x
5 T
71
—
Calculate ( a ) the torque acting on the cylinder, ( b) the angular acceleration of the cylin *
Pulling v alues , we gel
x 3.14
( Moment of inertia of cylinder

Given Data : „
= — mr — 5
( )
,
x 2 x 1 ‘x t
,
7 x 10

43
') x
2
1728 x 10
'
'

U0.1424x 10
Force acting on cylinder « F '
ON J:
Radius = r = 0.20 i F= 1.4 x I ( JS
)
 Ws
w
.

.’06 £!l2£tor 5 ..

p ySlCS XI ( Subjcc ( ive)

^
\ . •\\

k I
l Kin .is
^^ Set
Ihus
g-
r
v 2
207

2
v = rg
Or
i h K i = : -s mi
s
r v= v rg /
Or
values, we get
i i ; vallies , we eel putting
v = Vl 000 x 9.8
2 x 114 r
k I v - O' 10 '
M? I0 »
‘
; -I
; 5 172 Sx U ) v = 99ms
Earth
k I = :5.4 SxlO .1
5.H I lie
'' Moon orbits
momentum
the so that the same side always faces the Earth . Determine the ratio of its
( about its own axis ) and its orbital angular momentum . ( In this ease , treat
spiii angular
K . l - =:. 5 xl ( Pj
. ] the Moon as a particle orbiting the Earth). Distance between the Earth and the Moon
x 10 K
. Radius of the Moon is 1.74 xJ 0 ^
is 3.85 / ? / /? 2
1 \ I-
.''. ti A 1000 kg car travelling with a speed of 144 km h rounds a curve of radius 100 m. Kind (liven Data:
the
nccessan centripetal force. Distance between Earth and Moon = r0 = 3.85 x IOxw
( in . n I lata :
Radius of moon = = l .74 x 1 O ^
rs m
Mass o| ear = m = 1000 kg
i 144 x 1000 | To find :
Speed ear = = 144 kmh
ol L,
\
3000
= 40 in see
Ratio of spin and orbital angular momentum = -?
Radius ol *. in veil path = = 100 m i h
1 u I m 11 : Calculation:
eeiiinpet .il loiee = \\ = ’ The spin angular momentum of the Moon about its own axis is
( ah illations: Ls = Isw
\s
tm
— mrs 2
to (1) As for Moon (sphere ) Is = —
i
— tTir
2

Dulling \ allies we , gel The orbital angular momentum is given by

1000 ( 4 t ) i Lc , = I „a)

2 As for Moon ( point mass) I„- mr *

100 Lo =mro “ ( 2)
I = I 0000 \ Diving equation ( 1 ) by equation ( 2 ). we get
_ >
= 1 0 , MEN
^>
1 mr
L
P \\ = l . O .s IQS-
1
Angular speed to is same for both
>. 7 lv. it is the least speed at which an aero plant;can execute a vertical loop < > l 1.0 km rudiu' Lo mr
^
then will he no tendenev lor the pilot to fall down at the highest point ?
,

( l i v e n Data :
Lo 5r 02
R uhris of loop = 1 - 1 0 kill = loot ) Ml putting values, we get
Ueelciaiion due u » gravilx = *j = ,x m/ see *
_k = 2 E74 _l 0V
( x
t n I iiul : 5 ( 3.85 x 10* ):
‘
k
(. . denial ions ;
Speed ol aeroplane =\ L ._ 6.05 xIQ12

\
7.37 x I 017
\s
1 k
r1- ~ 8.2* i (T
.
SN e i aeioplane e x e e u l e i eneul ii loop : ! n eeni pel a I loiee is supplied h \ gravity. k
 Sasj
..
200

, ,, . . .
1 | m | niliiU's on ils
,
vis one a «l« >- Suppose, by son,
, prot- o v ,b, ,
Kllrll . ^ jci

PHYSICS XI ( Subjective)
209
radius is onl\ hull as large i w iirtsi'iil
as ul1 prtsini . Mow Iasi ^ ill H lie rotating then?
I < M sphuc l = 2 / 5 MR ) Radius oTearth r -
6400 km
| leight of circular orbit h 900 km
( iivfn Diilii:
I mu- pci'IIHI 11 = 2-i hums no
fn *
1'-
Orbital speed = v = ?
->
.
)
~ ’

Moment nl iivm i « » 1 .splicic -I - s MR \1R ions :

s C RUtut
* GM
( ) .
n !_* in il itidiiis R, R As v=
r (

K .KIILIS « illei conn .icimn = R = R \ Where r is the distance fro

r = R+h
centre of c irth

2 R
Mnmvni nl .
mciti i altci cnniiaClimi = I - _ MK Mi )
11cnee
r = 6400#$) 00
r = mOkni
In lind:
jviiud nl .
ml iimn alici contraction = /*= 7300 x 10’/;/
. |§ *
|]

Pulling values in cqu. (I), we get

( .i h n l . i l i n n s : J
Vcmding in law nl cnnscr \ aimn nl angulai momentum 6.67 XI 0 W 102

• "'
•
( )
i -i V 7300M 0’
8 ^ 106
,
' 1
to . ( 1) ?
4 * 10 m/scc

2 71 2K v - 7.4km/sec
\s , — —
( ) and m . =
T
Pulling values, m ci|u. t I ) wc gel
In
M« >
s
2n
MR
'

s
T.
4
I
4 :
O! I = 24
I =6 hours
I lencc earth would eomplcic us one rmaiinn in 0 hmns

9~
.>. 10 should he the orbiting speed to launch a satellite in a circular orbit 900
\ \ hat
,, , , , ,
km iilxn tli Mirim »1 Hi larlli.* ( Ink mass nl Hi Imill as 6.(1 X lO K
and its radius is 6400 km ).
'

^ / T
*
-
C vi % i’l l Data: '
s

Mass nl eaith = M = (u( 1 - 1 (1

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