PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
to test.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
• contains measurable variables
-age, economical status, grade, etc.
• utilizes standardized measurement
-poll, survey, test, etc.
• presents numerical data
-tables, graphs, figures, etc.
Quantitative and Qualitative
Difference according to RL and RS
Quantitative
- is a generation of “blind spot” through
establishing a “research gap". The research gap
attains from the contradicting findings of
literature and studies of other. researchers. Your
goal is whether to accept or reject those existing
findings based on the result of your study.
Qualitative
- showcases a “blank spot” wherein the related
literature available in your study is “limited” that
enables you to generate new ideas or theories.
Difference according to Hypothesis
Quantitative
- There is an existence of a conjectural statement
known as a hypothesis to draw a relation
between two or more variables. The null
hypothesis needs to be rejected. This means that
there is discovered results that can improve
something.
Qualitative
-There is no need for a hypothesis because of the
unavailability of distinct variables. The result can
only be drawn after immersion and nothing is
predefined because there is no single hypothesis
Difference according to Instrument
Quantitative
- Utilizes close-ended questions (objective in
nature). The instrument undergoes thorough
testing of validity and reliability; however this
does not allow participants to explain their
choices or the meaning of the questions because
of the objectivity.
Qualitative
- Utilizes open-ended questions (subjective in
nature) which is why the validity and reliability of
instruments are the major criticism here. This
requires an interactive process. Without the
active participation of the researcher and the
respondents, no data exist.
Difference according to Statistical Treatment
Quantitative
-employs statistical operations which typically
yield to surveys and questionnaires using a rating
scale.
Qualitative
- engages to non-numerical data (diary accounts,
in-depth interviews, documents, focus groups,
case study, and ethnography).
Difference according to Presentation of data
Quantitative
- Tables are expressed in numbers. Simply
describes what is shown from the statistical
result.
Qualitative
-Tables are presented through texts and words. It
is lengthy because of thematic analysis and
discourse analysis of data.
Strengths and Weaknesses
STRENGTHS Example: Perceptions and Analysis Page 03

Reliable The Relationship of Axie Infinity Sales on

• Because of the objectivity of the questions Gamers' Screen time Exposure

Feasible

• Because of the short time frame for Smell Trends

administering the survey Having a sharp nose in the existence of certain
Effortless to interpret data issues socially, politically, economically,
environmentally and morally is an A-plus.
• Because of numerical tables and graphs
Example: Satisfaction, Public/Social Survey
Awareness and Satisfaction Level of Filipinos
WEAKNESSES towards the Government's Action in Combating
No human perception and beliefs Pandemic Crisis

• Because of the objectivity of the questions

No depth of immersion Experience Phenomenon
Yes, experience is the best teacher. This leads you
• Because of the short time frame for
to question and uncover facts to dismantle
administering the survey
irregularity.
Less texts
Example: Assessment and Evaluation
• Because of numerical tables and graphs
Philippines Ranks Lowest in Reading, Math and
Science: Basis for Revisiting the Curriculum
KINDS Social Network Exposure and Students'
Vocabulary Proficiency of Second Language: Basis
Descriptive
for Reading Enrichment Method
• Observational
• Describes "what is"
• Variable not controlled Hear Out Programs
By gaining the perspective on the ground you will
get familiar with the situation. Program refers to
the effectiveness of such intervention.
Problems and Variables Example: Advocacy, Innovation, and Output
Based
Sources of Problem
Scholarium: A Budget Friendly Educational
unleashing the primary sources of stress that
Application
every student has in research writing
Observe People
In research, observing the behavior of a group of
individuals is essential for topic identification. So,
ditch the concept of minding your own business.
Visit Government Agencies ex: age, height, weight, temperature, hours
They release priority themes for Discrete Variables
multidisciplinary/multi- sectoral research in light
-No unit of measurement
of the realities that the country is now
experiencing and will face in the future.

Nomina
Independent Dependent - no quantitative value
Is presumed as cause Is presumed as - does not imply order
effect
- the order is not important
Ordina
Variables - with categories and can be ranked
- characteristics that are being studied - can be arranged to highest to lowest or vice
versa.
Qualitative Variables ex: eye color, religion, sex, address ex: salary
➢ represent differences in quality, grade, social classes, satisfaction level
character, or kind but not in amount.
ex: non-numeric variables Continous Variables
- With unit of measurement
Quantitative Variables Interval
➢ are numerical and can be ordered or - do not consider the value of zerot
ranked
Ratio
ex: age, height, weight, temperature etc.
-has clear definition of zero and has meaning
ex: temperature, age ex: height, weight, distance
Quantitative Variables

Quantitative Variables in Instrument

Discrete Variables
-categorical/classificatory
-has limited number of distinct values
-cannot be divided into fraction or decimal
ex: sex, blood type, number of children in the
family
Continuous Variables
- takes infinite number on the value
- can be divided into fractions or decimal
 ANATOMY OF A GOOD RESEARCH
TITLE
STANDARDS IN WRITING THE TITLE
The title must be concise
➢ It contains only the words enough
to hint the content of the research
Purpose
TagLish Please?!: The Effect of Code
Switching on Students' Understanding of
Second Language Based Subjects
Variables
Relationship of Plagiarized Output and
Level of Academic Achievement of the SHS
Students
Respondents
Transitional Policy and Level of
Productivity of Employees in Selected
Banking Industry
Declarative
May Payaso sa Palasyo: The Effect of
Department Heads' Frequent
Contradicting Statements Pertaining to
Covid-19 Responses to the Trust Rating of
Filipinos
Subtitle
➢ Provides witty context Adds literary
substance
Pili, Pilipinas: Determining the Presidential
Bet of the Newly-Registered Voters
The Allowance has been Slain: Budget
Allocation of Students in Pre and Post?
Covid.
THE ART OF WRITING THE SOP
Statement of the Problem
➢ is the heart of any research Problem
A problem statement must have the
following characteristics:
➢ It should ask about a relationship
between two or more variables.
➢ It should be stated clearly,
unambiguously, and usually in
question form.
➢ It should be possible to collect data
to answer the question asked.
➢ It should not represent a moral or
ethical position.
Statement of the Problem
➢ The Statement of the Problem
should be aligned with the
conceptual framework and the
Research title.
Alignment of Research Title, SOP, and CF
The title encapsulates the entire
paper, found in the SOP are the questions
to be answered, and the CF is the
backbone by illustrating the variables of
the study.
Hypothesis
• is a conjectural statement of the relation
between two or more variables.
• The hypothesis is the main argument or
idea that study has endeavored to test.
Null
• known as the hypothesis of no
correlation
• its purpose is to be rejected
Example
H0- Online learning does not :exert a
significant effect on the mental health of
learners
Alternative
• the exact opposite of null hypothesis
Example:
H1- Online learning does exert a
significant effect on the mental health of
learners
CRAFTING THE CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
➢ The theoretical framework
underpins the present study with a
cognitive structure that the study
intends to verify or support.
➢ Theoretical frameworks can be
explained using the SEC approach:
state the theory, explain the theory,
and contextualize the theory to the
problem of the present study.
 ➢ The theoretical framework is only DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCEPTUAL
available for qualitative research FRAMEWORK
and mixed methods, since these
methods of inquiry serve to verify a
present theoretical construct. IPO MODEL

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
➢ a conceptual framework is the
visualized construct of the present
study. It describes the relationships
that the present study seeks to
establish.
➢ The conceptual framework remains
with quantitative research.
However, conceptual frameworks
for qualitative studies also provide
theoretical arguments that inform
the study. It is not selecting a theory
per se, but explaining the main
arguments that serve to inform the
whole paper.
➢ The input consists the profile of the
respondents and the factors
connected with the dependent and
independent variables of the
research.
➢ The process involves the
questionnaires used, observations
conducted, the data gathering
procedures, and the statistical
treatment of data.
➢ The output refers to the action
taken after interpreting the results
of the study.
IV-DV MODEL
➢ If we want to test the interaction
between variables, we need to
identify the independent variable/s
and the dependent variable/s.
➢ If terms such as impact, effect,
influence, etc. are used, we are
therefore, looking for causality.
This requires the use of
Regression Analysis. The IV-DV
framework in this case uses the
single-headed arrow pointing to
the dependent variable/s.
➢ When the term relationship is used,
we are simply looking for
association. This requires the use of
Correlation. The IV-DV framework in
this case uses the double-headed
arrow that points toward both the
IV/s and the DV/s.
Introducing & Writing the
Introduction
Technique
➢ General statement or Direct quote
➢ Etymology
➢ Comparison and Contrast
➢ Historical Narrative
➢ Data Result
➢ Definition
➢ Authority
➢ Dropping of Variables
TIOC PATTERN
Flow in writing the Introduction
#1 Trends
Geographic- trends within a group that is
defined by their geographic location
Temporal- trends over a specific period of
time
Intuitive- trends based on demographic
and behavioral patterns
#2 Issues
deals on difficulty, contradiction, or gap in
knowledge that you will aim to address in
your research through RL and RS.
#3&4
Objective
Bridging the gap of the existing problem to
the research topic
Contribution
Essence or importance of conducting the Delimitation of the study
study
- boundaries of the study
Do’s
- aims to narrow the scope of the study
1. 1-9 in words, 10 onwards in figures
2. Always in 3rd person
Scope and Delimitation
3. Use American English
✓ General purpose of the study
4. 1 idea: 1 paragraph ✓ Target respondents/participants
✓ Sample size
5. Double spaced, justified
✓ Geographic location/setting
Don’t ✓ Duration/timeline
1.Abbreviate in first mention
2.Word contraction

Scope and delimitation

Draft and Revise
Delimitations
- narrows down the scope of the study
- these are the choices made and
boundaries set by the researchers which
should be mentioned
- placed in the Chapter I
Limitations
- indentifies the potential weaknesses of
the study
- these are the shortcomings or conditions
that the researcher cannot control
- mentioned in the Chapter 5
Scope of the study
The extent to which the research area will
be explored and explains the parameters
within which the study will be operating.