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PRAC1WEEK6 LAS1 3final 1
PRAC1WEEK6 LAS1 3final 1
The conclusions done in research are based solely on empirical data (gathered data through
observation or experience). These conclusions based on reasoning and factual evidence are called
inference. Conclusions in qualitative research are based on patterns and themes. Patterns and themes
are words or phrases that collectively describe the experience or thoughts of every participant. These
words and phrases become themes because they appear on several occasions and are mentioned by
many participants. They represent broad categories of information. In order to identify themes, qualitative
researchers use codes. These codes are simply labels that help qualitative researchers identify similar
experiences or thoughts. Codes that are grouped together are themes.
For example, the codes torn uniform and no school books are seen in the interview transcripts with
working street children. They can be clustered together as ―The Working Street Children‘s Insufficiency of
School Materials (Fig.1).
Coding
Coding is the process of analyzing the data and searching for essential information that answers
the research questions. They are considered essential if they occur or have been mentioned several times
by the informants. In other words, it is a process of filtering the data (Farber 2006). These essential words
are marked or labeled (coded). There are two types of codes in qualitative research: emergent and preset
(Taylor-Powell and Renner 2003). Emergent codes are those that show up during analysis while preset
are codes that have been identified prior to analysis. Qualitative researchers use codes to easily identify
meanings and group similar patterns or themes that occur or transpire in the interview transcript of each
participant. By using codes, the researcher can easily make an inference.
Below is a sample of transcribed interview consisting of questions based on the interview protocol and
answers from the participant (Fig.1).
Codes/Themes
Represented by
letters
Area
of
Focus
Verbatim
Response
Apart from interpretation of the data gathered, it is essential that findings must be related to
other pertinent pieces of literature which support or refute their own findings.
ACTIVITY: Discuss the findings!
1. Using your analyzed data through patterns and themes, discuss your findings about your family
member’s life. Cite related literature to support your findings. Follow the sample format above.