Module No.

Different Therapeutic/Treatment
Models

1st Semester _AY 2021-2022

Ruben Narrazid Jr
Maryshelle De Guzman
Narvie O. Latina
 DIFFERENT THERAPEUTIC/TREATMENT MODELS

A. Learning Outcome

At the end of the lesson, you can;

1. explain the purpose of Therapeutic modalities

2. Comapare and contrast the therapeutic modality programs of Parole and

Probation Administration, Bureau of Jail Management Penology and Bureau of
Corrections.

3. discuss the phases of treatment under the TCMP of the BJMP.

4. conduct a research on the current development/practice of therapeutic

modality in global and national settings.

B. Time Alotment: 4 Hours

C. Discussion

CORRECTION AND REHABILITATION OF PENITENT OFFENDERS

To effect the rehabilitation and reintegration of probationers, parolees,

pardonees, and first-time minor drug offenders as productive, law-abiding and
socially responsible members of the community through well-planned supervision
programs for probationers, parolees, pardonees, and first-time minor drug offenders
which are aligned to national program thrusts of the government, such as, the
Sariling-Sikap, Jail Decongestion, etc. establishment of innovative and financially and
technically feasible projects for the moral, spiritual and economic upliftment of
probationers, parolees, pardonees, and first-time minor drug offenders utilizing
available community resources.

The Administration has adopted a harmonized and integrated treatment

program for these clients to affect their rehabilitation. This harmonized and
integrated program involves (1) The Therapeutic Community Modality (2) The
Restorative Justice Principles and Concepts and (3) the Use of Volunteer Probation
Aides (VPAs).

The Therapeutic Community Modality is a self-help social learning treatment

model used for clients with problems of drug abuse and other behavioral problems
such as alcoholism, stealing, and other anti-social tendencies. As a treatment model, it
includes four (4) categories, namely, behavior management, intellectual/spiritual
aspect, emotional and social aspects, and vocational/survival aspects.

MODALITIES IN THE TREATMENT OF OFFENDERS IN THE PHILIPPINES

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 Like many countries, the correctional system in the Philippines has both an
institution-based and a community-based component. It also has separate treatment
systems for youth offenders and adult offenders. The custodial care of adult offenders is
handled by the following:

1. The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) under the Department
of Interior and Local Government (DILG) which has supervision over all district,
city and municipal jails and detention centers. These jails house detainees
awaiting judicial disposition of their case and offenders whose sentence range
from one (1) day to three (3) years.

2. The Provincial Governments, which have supervision and control over

provincial jails. These jails house court detainees and prisoners whose prison
terms range from six (6) months and one (1) day, to three (3) years.

3. The Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR) under the Department of Justice (DOJ),

which has control over the national penitentiary and its penal farms, houses
convicted offenders with prison sentences ranging from three (3) years and one
(1) day, to life imprisonment.

Youth offenders in the Philippines are treated differently. A youth offender is

defined as a child over nine (9) years but below eighteen (18) years of age at the time of
the commission of an offense. Under the country’s laws, these youth offenders are
entitled to a suspended sentence. Instead of serving their sentence, they are
rehabilitated in regional youth rehabilitation centers, which are managed and
supervised by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).

There are ten (10) rehabilitation centers for youth offenders, one of which is a
National Training School for Boys and the other, a National Training School for Girls.
Their stay in the center can be shorter than their sentence term, depending on how they
respond to the rehabilitation process therein.

The non-institutional treatment of adult offenders is managed primarily by the

Department of Justice (DOJ) throughits Parole and Probation Administration and the
Board of Pardons. Probation for adult offenders is available to those whose penalty of
imprisonment does not exceed six (6) years. It is considered as a matter of privilege and
not of right. Hence, the adult offender has to apply for probation before the court upon
conviction. This is also true for the parole system.

THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MODALITY BY PAROLE AND PROBATION

ADMINISTRATION (PPA)

WHAT IS TC?

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 The Therapeutic Community (TC) is an environment that helps people get help
while helping others. It is a treatment environment: the interactions of its members are
designed to be therapeutic within the context of the norms that require for each to play
the dual role of client-therapist. At a given moment, one may be in a client role when
receiving help or support from others because of a problem behavior or when
experiencing distress. At another time, the same person assumes a therapist role when
assisting or supporting another person in trouble.

HOW DOES TC LOOK LIKE?

The operation of the community itself is the task of the residents, working under
staff supervision. Work assignments, called ‘job functions” are arranged in a hierarchy,
according to seniority, individual progress and productivity. These include conducting
all house services, such as cooking, cleaning, kitchen service, minor repair, serving as
apprentices and running all departments, conducting meetings and peer encounter
groups.

The TC operates in a similar fashion to a functional family with a hierarchical

structure of older and younger members. Each member has a defined role and
responsibilities for sustaining the proper functioning of the TC. There are sets of rules
and community norms that members upon entry commit to live by and uphold.

WHAT ARE THE SALIENT FEATURES OF TC?

1. The primary “therapist” and teacher is the community itself, consisting of peers and
staff, who, as role models of successful personal change, serve as guides in the recovery
process,

2. TC adheres to precepts of right living: Truth/honesty; Here and now; Personal

responsibility for destiny; Social responsibility (brother’s keeper); Moral Code; Inner
person is “good” but behavior can be “bad”; Change is the only certainty; Work ethics;
Self-reliance; Psychological converges with philosophical (e.g. guilt kills)

3. It believes that TC is a place where: One can change - unfold; the group can foster
change; individuals must take responsibility; structures must accommodate this; Act as
if go through the motion.

4. There are 5 distinct categories of activity that help promote the change:
Relational/Behavior Management
Affective/Emotional/Psychological
Cognitive/Intellectual Spiritual
Psychomotor/Vocational-Survival Skills

THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MODALITY PROGRAM BY THE BUREAU OF

JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY

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PHASES OF TREATMENT

TCMP in the BUMP set up is quite unique in the sense that inmates are in
custody while undergoing trial for their individual cases. Their length of stay is
determined by how fast is the disposition of their cases. The cases may be decided upon
after a short period of time or may last for years. Though the different phases of
treatment is observed, it cannot be fully implemented or may not be followed as
scheduled due to the uniqueness of the status of the residents.

Phase I Entry/Orientation Phase

Once an inmate is committed to jail, he undergoes a series of examination to

determine his physical, social and psychological status. Upon his commitment, &
resident is placed on orientation the Reception and Diagnostic room/ Orientation
Room. in here he is acquainted with the TC program:

- The rules and norms of the community

- TC concepts, written and unwritten philosophy

- The staff and the members of the community

- The tools of the house

- Job functions and TC hierarchy

He is then assigned a static group and a big brother who will provide him with
support and will walk him through the orientation phase. At this phase, the resident is
handled gently and is expected to commit mistakes in the process of learning the
program. Sanctions on negative behavior are usually light with emphasis on teaching.

Phase II- Primary Treatment

After proper orientation on the different TC concepts and tools, the norms and
rules of the community and the staff members, the resident is now ready to undergo the
treatment proper. He becomes a part of the community starting as a crew member of the
Housekeeping department until he gradually ascends in the hierarchy. He must be
knowledgeable on the following:

 Proper use of the different tools to address personal issues and concerns
and shape behavior
 Managing own feelings and learning how to express self appropriately
 Learning how to follow the rules and norms of the community
 Maximize participation in activities that are appropriate to the resident’s
need for growth

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  Learning how to trust the environment by disclosing self to the community
and develop insight in the process
 Developing positive coping skills to deal with difficult life Situations
 Enhancing educational and vocational skills to make him productive
 Improve social skills and recognize the importance of other people’s
help in shaping behavior

Phase III- Pre Re-entry

Under regular circumstances, the resident is expected at this stage to have

internalized the TC values and concept to start life afresh. However, in the jail setting
where entry and release are not within the jail control, residents may not have reached
this phase of treatment before they even leave the jail facility.

Regardless of the resident’s length of stay, he is expected to undergo this phase

prior to release into society. At this phase, the resident is expected to have proven his
ability to take on more responsibility hence needs lesser supervision. He is considered a
role model in the TC community. He should focus on the following learning:

 Rebuilding of social and family ties

 Going up the ladder of hierarchy by showing leadership
 Realization of his full potential to be a productive member of society
 Mapping out of plans

Phase IV-Re-Entry

In the ideal setting, a resident at this stage is now ready to be released back to
society as he has demonstrated adequate self-control and discipline. The inmate is now
preparing for his life outside of jail and is focused on making himself a productive
citizen. He may start planning for job hunting and rebuilding family ties and
relationships.

In the jail setting, the residents will stay inside the jail until their cases are
resolved or they have been convicted and need to be remanded to the Bureau of
Corrections.

The resident must focus on the following:

 Transition to life outside of jail.

 Creating a new lifestyle applying the tools and concept of TC.
 Learning positive coping skills to deal with day-to-day situations.
 Re-establishing and strengthening family ties and support group.
 Reintegration into the mainstream of society.
 Developing realistic and attainable goals in life.

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Phase IV-Aftercare

Aftercare is an outpatient program that requires clients to report twice a week to

an outreach center. They are required to attend group sessions to ensure their
adjustment to life outside jail to reduce recidivism. For clients released from jail, they
are referred to the Parole and Probation Administration and Local Government Units
for follow up and aftercare. The clients are focused on the following:

 Maintaining positive behavior and prevent recidivism

 Strengthening coping mechanism
 Maintaining relationships and support mechanism
 Sustaining interest in job or vocation to maintain livelihood
 Integration into society

STANDARD PARAMETERS FOR JAIL TCMP

A. Physical Environment:

 The internal and external environment is comfortable, clean and welcoming.

 TC Philosophy and unwritten philosophies are visibly posted around the facility.
 Hierarchical structure and daily activities are displayed.
 There is adequate space to hold activities and rooms for specific meetings that
require privacy.
 A clean and well-maintained kitchen that complies with the sanitary standards of
BJMP.
 Provision of recreation areas both indoors and outdoors.
 The dining area is equipped with enough tables and chairs to accommodate the
inmates.
 Adequate sanitary toilets and bathrooms that provide privacy to users.
 Adequate space for sleeping and habitation that respects the individual’s personal
space.

B. TCMP Staff:

 The TCMP staff has undergone proper training on TCMP

 Presence of a permanent TCMP staff to supervise the program and conduct the
various activities
 The TCMP staff will not be transferred to other jails until properly covered by
another TC trained staff
 There is proper shift turn-over of TC trained staff on a daily basis
 TCMP staff can be utilized to handle other tasks but puts priority to TCMP
 Regular meetings are held by staff to discuss progress, issues and concerns about
the program
 All the jail staff are involved in the TCMP and are contributing members
 The staff works as a team in delivering services to inmates

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  The staff serves as role models and treats inmates with respect and dignity
 Incentives are given to TCMP staff in terms of awards and commendations

C. The Therapeutic Environment -The Inmate /Residents

 The residents treat each other with respect at all times regardless of age, religion,
cultural diversity, etc.
 The residents practice a culture of honesty and openness in discussing thoughts
and feelings, providing and receiving feedbacks
 Confidentiality is respected and practiced
 The residents are involved in decision making and planning in TCMP activities
 The participants of TCMP are change agents in bringing about transformation
among peers e The residents comply with the cardinal and house rules and serve
as “watchdogs” for their peers with the aim of correcting erring members
 Absence or minimal incidence of jail violence/disturbance
 The residents respect the hierarchy and chain of command.
*************

BUREAU OF CORRECTION

The Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) is an agency of the Department of Justice that is

charged with the custody and rehabilitation of national offenders, who have been
sentenced to three years of imprisonment or more. Under Section 4 of Republic Act
No. 10575, the Bureau of Corrections shall be in charge of safekeeping and instituting
reformation programs to national inmates sentenced to more than three years.

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REHABILITATION PROGRAM OF BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS

Rule IV Section 4(c) of RA 10575

c) Reformation of National Inmates. The circumferential reformation programs which will

be institutionalized by BUCOR for the inmates shall be comprised of the following:

This refers to the administration of skills

Work and Livelihood development programs on work and
livelihood to achieve self-sufficiency of
inmates in the prison community and for
income generation of the agency. This shall
be institutionalized by the Directorate for
Work and Livelihood (DWL). Volunteer
participating agencies, Non-Government
Organizations and individuals shall be
regulated and managed by DWL.

The Bureau offers a variety of inmate work programs, from agricultural to industrial.
The purpose of the inmate work program is to keep the inmates busy, and to provide the
money for their personal expenses and their families as well as help them acquire
livelihood skills; so that they may become productive citizens once they are released and
assimilated back into the mainstream of society.

      Different prison and penal farms provide institutional work programs for inmates. At
the Davao Penal Colony, inmates work on the banana plantations of Tagum
Development Company (TADECO) which has a joint venture agreement with the
Bureau. Similarly, the vast tracts of land at the Iwahig Penal Colony are developed and
tilled by inmates to produce various agricultural products, thereby generating income
for the Bureau. The Sablayan Prison and Penal farm also provide agriculture and
aquaculture programs for inmates.

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      To this end, the Bureau under the present Director has encouraged agricultural and
industrial production by providing farming implements, tractors, fertilizers, and other
inputs to sustain this area of rehabilitation for inmates.

This refers to the administration of formal

and non-formal education, and skills
development of inmates which shall be
institutionalized by the Directorate for
Education and Training (DET).
Participating volunteer teachers, professors,
instructors, and trainers shall be regulated
and managed by DET.

Rehabilitation can be facilitated by improving

an inmate’s academic and job skills. Records show that many prisoners are poorly
educated. A majority are elementary school dropouts or have not even finished primary
school. Prison education amounts to remedial schooling designed to prepare inmates to
obtain basic skills in reading, writing, and mathematics.

    In most correctional facilities, vocational programs are incorporated into job
assignments and serve as on-the-job training. The goal is to provide inmates with skills
that will improve their eligibility for jobs upon release. Most prison vocational training
is geared toward traditional blue-collar employment in areas such as electronics, auto
mechanics, and handicrafts. At the Reception and Diagnostic Center, a basic computer
literacy course with typing as a support course is available for inmates who have
finished at least high school level.

    Vocational training and social education focus on job readiness. The concern in these
areas is life skills. If inmates are to reenter society and abstain from criminal activity,
they must be employable and have the basic tools necessary to function as responsible
citizens.

    The National Penitentiary has a college degree program and a tertiary degree
correspondence course, in addition to the regular secondary and compulsory basic
literacy classes. Prisoners are strongly encouraged by the BuCor authorities to enroll
while serving their sentence and to advance their academic skills.

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 This refers to the administration of proper
Reformation Program: nutrition, hygiene, sanitation, cleanliness and
promotion of good health to inmates. This
Healthcare Services also includes appropriate provision of
medical care or hospitalization of the sick,
mentally impaired, old aged, and disabled
inmates. This shall be institutionalized by the
Directorate for Health and Welfare Services
(DHWS). Volunteer participating agencies,
Non-Government Organizations and
individuals shall be regulated and managed
by DHWS.

Upon his initial commitment to the Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC), the
inmate’s medical history is recorded and properly documented by the Medical
Specialist. Medical information and mental status examinations are given to ascertain
his overall physical/mental fitness and whether he would be fit for work. This forms part
of the diagnostic process which will eventually determine the most appropriate
rehabilitation program for the inmate.

The principal medical care of inmates is provided through a 500-bed capacity hospital at
the New Bilibid Prisons and six (6) other mini-hospitals or clinics in the six (6) other
prison and penal farms. All correctional facilities have a full and competent staff of
medical practitioners in charge of clinics, infirmaries, and hospitals. These centers are
capable of minor surgical operations, laboratory examinations, radiology, psychiatric,
rehabilitation, and dental treatment.

Other governments and private hospitals are also tapped in the implementation of
standards on nutrition and protective health services for the prison community. Medical
services also include a wide range of counseling techniques and therapy programs that
address the psychological problems of inmates, including suicidal thoughts and feelings
of rejection which may lead to disruption of peace and order within the prison
compounds. When an inmate’s ailment is beyond the competence of the in-house
medical doctors, the inmate is referred to a government hospital in accordance with
prison rules and under proper security escorts.

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 This refers to the administration of physical
and recreational engagement to achieve
mental alertness and physical agility in the
spirit of sportsmanship. This shall be
institutionalized by the Directorate for
Sports and Recreation (DSR). Volunteer
participating agencies, Non-Government
Organizations and individuals shall be
regulated and managed by DSR.
The inmates enjoy sunrise by participating
in daily calisthenics. There are various
indoor and outdoor sports activities,
programs, tournaments and leagues all
year round, to include basketball,
volleyball, billiards, table tennis and chess.

These sports competitions promote camaraderie among inmates, good sportsmanship,

and team-building. The latest addition is the newly constructed indoor sports
center/gymnasium at the Maximum Security Compound which boasts of competition-
standard flooring, sound system, locker rooms, and bleachers.

      All prison and penal farms have adequate recreational facilities for inmates, both for
outdoor and indoor sports. Mini-bodybuilding gyms are available in most prison
facilities, including the Muntinlupa Juvenile Training Center and the Therapeutic
Community Center for inmates with drug cases.

For music lovers and musically-inclined inmates, numerous "videoke" centers are
available. Musical instruments are available for practice or use in a variety of shows.

This refers to the moral and spiritual

values-formation of inmates which shall be
institutionalized by the Directorate for
Moral and Spiritual Welfare (DMSW),
which include the practice of one’s religion
and beliefs. Participating Religious
Volunteer Organizations (RVO) and
individuals shall be regulated and
managed by DMSW.

Inmates enjoy freedom of religion. All

inmates are free to observe the rituals of
their faith, with orderly conduct supervised
by prison authorities. A religious guidance
adviser or chaplain is assigned in every
  prison and penal farm.

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The prison chaplain sets the stage for every regular spiritual activity. He is an officer of
the institution who oversees the operation of the prison chapel. He is not only the
spiritual leader but also a counselor and adviser. Prisoners may be baptized or given
other sacraments. Religious Volunteer Officers or RVOs belonging to different church
groups provide weekly religious activities ranging from bible studies, devotions, prayer
meetings, or praise and worship. With a predominantly Roman Catholic prison
population, a Catholic Mass is a regular feature in the spiritual activities of the prison
communities. Restrictions, however, are imposed if, in the course of religious activities,
security is compromised or a program is too expensive.

This refers to the administration of

programs for the character formation of an
inmate necessary for effective interpersonal
relationship in the prison community. This
program also includes Therapeutic
Community. This shall be institutionalized by
the Directorate for Behavior Modification
(DBM). Volunteer participating agencies,
Non-Government Organizations and
individuals shall be regulated and managed by
DBM.

The Therapeutic Community (TC)

Program represents an effective, highly
structured environment with defined
boundaries, both moral and ethical. The
primary goal is to foster personal growth.
This is accomplished by reshaping an individual’s behavior and attitudes through the
inmates to the community working together to help themselves and each other,
restoring self-confidence, and preparing them for their re-integration into their families
and friends as productive members of the community.

      Patterned after Daytop TC, New York which is the base of the Therapeutic
Community movement in the world, the BuCor TC program was adopted as part of the
Bureau's holistic approach towards inmate rehabilitation. It is implemented primarily
but not limited to drug dependents.

The TC approach has been continuously proven worldwide as an effective treatment and
rehabilitation modality among drug dependents and has been noted to be effective in
many prisons. By immersing a drug offender in the TC environment, he learns why he
had developed his destructive habits, which led him to substance abuse. The program
modifies negative behavior and or attitudes while restoring self-confidence and
preparing inmates for their re-integration into their families and friends as productive

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members of the community. This behavioral modification program gradually re-shapes
or re-structures the inmate within a family-like environment, wherein every member
acts as his brother’s keeper.

 As TC family members go on with their daily activities, a strong sense of responsibility
and concern for each other’s welfare are developed. They are constantly being
monitored for their progress and are regularly being evaluated by the TC-trained staff.
The TC Process allows for genuine introspection, cultivation of self-worth, and positive
rationalization that move the individual towards assuming a greater sense of personal
and moral responsibility.

The efforts of the Bureau of Corrections to rehabilitate Drug dependents under its care
using the TC approach are in line with its commitment to creating a Drug-Free Prison.
Worldwide developments in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug offenders using
this therapeutic community approach have been noted to be effective in many prisons.

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D. ACTIVITIES/EVALUATION

Module 5-THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES

NAME: ____________________ DATE: _____________
SECTION: __________________ SCORE: ____________

MODULE 4: Different Therapeutic/Treatment Models.

1. explain the purpose of Therapeutic modalities (10pts)

2. Comapare and contrast the therapeutic modality programs of Parole and

Probation Administration, Bureau of Jail Management Penology and
Bureau of Corrections. (20pts)

3. discuss the phases of treatment under the Therapeutic Cmommunity

Modality Program of the BJMP. (20pts)

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4. conduct a research on the current development/practice of therapeutic
modality in global and national settings. 5 literatures from Philippine
Settings and 3 literatures from Global Setting. Use extra paper if needed.
(50pts)

Ex.
TITLE: Effectiveness Of Therapeutic Community Modality Program
Implemented In Batangas City Jail, Philippines

AUTHOR: Ederlina B. Escabel, Raymar D. Dimaano, Prince Joseph M. Abliter, Reymond A.

Villavicencio, Anna Marie G. Seco, Ronalyn G. Asi
ABSTRACT:
This study aimed to determine the demographic profile of the inmates, their perception to the
effectiveness of the program and the significant relationship between the profile of the
inmates and their responses to the effectiveness of the program implemented in Batangas City
Jail. Descriptive type of research was utilized in the study. Result showed that the majority of
the inmates are male, 26-33 years old, single, high school undergraduate with the prison
sentence of below 1 year and with involvement in drug related cases. Therapeutic
Community modality Program was perceived by the inmates as effective specifically the
Work and Educational Therapy Services, Livelihood Skill Training, Counseling and
Religious Services and Medical Services. There are significant relationships between the
profiles of the inmates in terms of age, civil status and length of prison sentence and their
responses to the effectiveness of the program implemented in Batangas City jail.
Conclusion/Recommendation:
Most of the inmates in Batangas City Jail have demographic profile of 26-33 years old,
single, high school undergraduate with prison sentence of below one year and mostly
involved in drug related cases. The Therapeutic Community Modality Program is perceived
by the inmates as effective specifically the work and educational therapy services, livelihood
skill training, counseling & religious services, and medical services. There are significant
relationships between the profiles of the inmates in terms of age, civil status and length of
prison sentence and their responses to the effectiveness of the program implemented in
Batangas City Jail.

Strengthen the Alternative Learning System since most of the inmates were High School
Undergraduate, this program will help them attain good economic status after release in jail.
Continuously monitor the effectiveness of the program currently implemented to determine if
it is still appropriate and responsive for the inmates. Maintain well updated records of
inmates under custody to determine development and improvement of their condition in jail
and provide necessary action and intervention in arising problems. Further study of the same
kind to be conducted every year in order to evaluate the program and prioritize the needs of
the inmates.

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TITLE:The Impact of Prison-Based Therapeutic Community Programs on
Motivation for Treatment

AUTHOR:Jessica Tabor

ABSTRACT:

The sentencing and use of mandated treatment policies throughout the country have

heightened the number of inmates incarcerated for drug related offenses. The purpose
of this quasi-experimental, archival, correlational descriptive study was to determine
whether motivation changes during therapeutic community (TC) treatment among a
group of incarcerated adult male offenders, as measured by differences in pre and post
levels of motivation. The hypothesis that was tested was that there would be significant
differences between levels of motivation as measured upon entry and discharge from
treatment. The theoretical framework that guided the study was the stages of change
theory. Data were collected from archived pre and post treatment Texas Christian
University, Treatment Motivation scale (MOT) scores. The target population comprised
adult males, who were incarcerated in the state of New Jersey between January 1, 2014
and December 31, 2016, and had completed a TC program. A paired sample t test was
completed, which indicated that there was a significant difference between levels of
motivation from admission to discharge in the TC program. Discharge MOT scores for
motivation were determined to be higher than admission scores, which answered the
research question regarding levels of motivation change during a TC program. The study
findings lend support to the utility of TC programs in changing offender behavior,
thereby making inmates more productive members of society and strengthening public
Safety

CONCLUSION/ R ECOMMENDATION:
The sentencing and use of mandated treatment policies throughout the country
have heightened the number of inmates incarcerated for drug related offenses. One
variable related to TCs that has had minimal research conducted, which is why my
research was important, was motivation for change across a timespan in the inmate
population was minimally examined. The gap in the research that my study addressed
was the effects of the TC program on motivation as measured by archived admission and
discharge data. The study determined, based on the paired sample t test that was
completed, that there was a significant difference between levels of motivation from
admission to discharge in the TC program. Specifically, that motivation increased from
admission to discharge. The results solidify the need for continued research related to
motivation and in-prison treatment models. By continuing to evaluate motivation, as well as
expanding on the relationship between motivation and recidivism, this would allow for

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continued development of the knowledge base for motivation and tailored treatment
approaches.

TITLE:Assessment on the Therapeutic Community Modality Program in Parole and

Probation Administration Office in Iligan City, Philippines

AUTHOR: Hearty Joy Chan

ABSTRACT:
This study assessed the implementation of therapeutic community modality

program in Parole and Probation Administration Office in Iligan City, Philippines

during the calendar year 2016-2017 through the lens of the 70 parolees and

probationers. Survey questionnaires were used to assess the therapeutic community

modality program of the office by treatment category in terms of relational or

behavior management, emotional and psychological aspects, vocational or survival

aspects, and intellectual or spiritual aspects. Results revealed that the

implementation of the therapeutic community modality program was effective and

most of the rehabilitation activities engagements of the parolees and probationers

had a strong influence on their perspectives and notions in the pursuit of changing

their lives for a brighter future with their families. Therefore, recommendations

were focused on hiring additional Parole and Probation Officers and the provision

of ample support from Department of Justice to the office in all operational aspects

and due recognition and appreciation of the national and local government officials.

CONCLUSION/ R ECOMMENDATION:

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This study highlights how the parolees and probationers assessed the

rehabilitation programs of the Parole and Probation Administration Office in Iligan

City, particularly the therapeutic community modality program implemented by the

office for the reformation of the clients. Based on the results of the study, the said

program was effective and most of the rehabilitation activities engagements of the

parolees and probationers had a strong influence on their perspectives and notions in

the pursuit of changing their lives for a brighter future with their families.

In relation with the findings and conclusions of the research, the following are the

recommendations:

The Department of Justice – Parole and Probation Administration should

maintain its good relationship and partnership with the volunteer religious

groups. Regular bible study sessions may be conducted. The Department of

Justice – Parole and Probation Administration may also request the continued

assistance of academic institutions and other non-government organizations

to impart formal and non-formal education to the clients.

The focal person of Department of Justice – Parole and Probation

Administration may develop more partnerships and linkages with other

government and non-government organizations to help them improve

vocational training for parolees and probationers. Also, they may link with

other organizations that can assist the clients in job placement upon

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termination of the program.

The government may hire additional numbers of parole and probation officers

who will implement the rehabilitation programs and supervise the clients.

Future studies may be conducted which would focus on other factors affecting

the assessment on the parole and probation rehabilitation program in terms

of therapeutic communities’ modalities.

Further studies may also be conducted by comparing the efficacy of TC

program and other types of treatment settings for parolees and probationers.

Finally, future studies may include include other group of probationers and

parolees based on various possible factors that could strengthen the

community-based corrections.

TITLE:Assessing the Efficacy of a Modified Therapeutic Community on the Reduction of

Institutional Write-ups in a Medium Security Prison

AUTHOR: Lee Maglinger

ABSTRACT:
This study explored the impact a modified Therapeutic Community (TC) had on

reducing institutional disorder as documented by institutional write-ups. Substance abuse

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treatment programs are typically evaluated in terms of their ability to prevent relapse and

reduce recidivism. The current study examined the efficacy of a modified TC in relation

to these parameters but also explored its overall impact on prison safety and security for

both the inmates and staff of a medium security prison located in Kentucky. Specifically,

the number of institutional write-ups exhibited by clients participating in a modified

Therapeutic Community was compared with the number of write-ups exhibited by

inmates in five non-treatment units from March 2001 through October 2005. ANOVA

revealed that the number of write-ups exhibited by clients in the TC were significantly

lower than the number exhibited by inmates in the other five dorms [F (4, 24) = 5.61, p <

0.005]. Further, when examined by category of offense (major/minor), it was found that

the write-ups of clients in the TC generally were not as severe as those exhibited by

inmates in the general prison population. The implications of these findings for

corrections administrators are discussed and specific recommendations are provided.

CONCLUSION/ R ECOMMENDATION:

Prison-based TC programs have become widely accepted as the most effective form of

treatment for inmates with severe substance abuse diagnosis (Wexler et al., 1991). As the

DOC and correction administrators are faced with budgets and mandates to “do more

with less”, programs that demonstrate efficiencies while providing mandated treatment
will be sought after. Empirical support has demonstrated the effectiveness of TC

programs in reducing relapse and recidivism. As a result, taxpayers, DOC,

administrators, and inmates are bettered served in terms of saved dollars, increased

security and the return of inmates to becoming contributing citizens in society. This study

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

points out an additional benefit to the administrators of the DOC. The TC program is an

effective tool for the control and management of inmates within the prison. The reduction

of institutional disorder (write ups) will save money due to reduced need of staff to

investigate and adjudicate the write ups. More important, because of reduced behavioral

problems and the violence that is associated with it, the TC program may save the lives of

inmates directly and staff indirectly.

This study also describes the framework for understanding how and why the TC

program at GRCC provides effective treatment to inmates in a medium security prison.

The framework is unique in that it attempts to show the dynamic ongoing processes

occurring among the different elements of the program. These elements combine to

produce a global change in clients that become the basis for their being able to return to

society and live drug free lives.

TITLE:Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

Implementation of the Therapeutic Community

Modality Program in the Province of Nueva Ecija:

An Assessment

AUTHOR: MA. Virginia Cristina Bondad

ABSTRACT:
The study sought to assess the implementation of Therapeutic Community Modality Program
(TCMP) by the Bureau of Jail

Management and Penology (BJMP) in the province of Nueva Ecija. It used the Descriptive

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

Survey Method. The study was conducted in

selected municipalities, cities, and district jails situated in the Province of Nueva Ecija within
Academic Year 2018-2019. Jail personnel

and inmate respondents were identified through simple random sampling with the consent
of their respective Jail Wardens. Selfprepared and validated questionnaire-checklist was the
main gathering supported by interview. Data were statistically treated through

weighted mean. The study revealed that Jails in the Province of Nueva Ecija strictly put into
practice TCMP activities for the benefit of

the inmates; BJMP personnel are fully aware on the activities concerning TCMP and inmates
are quite involved in the implementation

of TCMP activities; also Jail Personnel-respondents viewed their problems as Slightly Serious
only.

CONCLUSION/ R ECOMMENDATION:
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that

city or municipal jails in the Province of Nueva Ecija

actively follow the Directives of the BJMP National Office

particularly in the realization of TCMP. However, BJMP

Personnel in the Province cannot effectively and efficiently

achieve the very objective of TCMP due to limited

participation or involvement of inmates which is much

needed. Hence, the inadequate involvement of inmates to

TCMP activities would certainly lead to half-done or partial

rehabilitation of released inmates which would result to

possible re-incarceration. Lastly, the occurrence of various

problems in the implementation of TCMP programs or

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

activities show that absolute reformation of inmates in the

BJMP in the Province of Nueva Ecija is not viable unless

identified problems are properly addressed. Consequently,

the purpose of TC (TCMP) which is to help promote change

inmates specifically on relational or behavior management,

affective, emotional or psychological, cognitive, intellectual,

spiritual, and psycho-motor or vocational-survival skills

would not become achievable.

TITLE:
Effectiveness of therapeutic Communities: a

Comparison of Prison-Based and CommunityBased therapeutic Community

AUTHOR:Nicole R. Roybal

ABSTRACT:

This study was conducted to determine whether therapeutic communities can be used as a

restorative justice policy to lower recidivism rates. Particularly, it investigated the effectiveness

of two Colorado Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Therapeutic Communities (RSAT TC)

as treatment to reduce recidivism for male inmates with substance abuse addiction. The first,
the

Crossroad to Freedom House Therapeutic Community at the Arrowhead Correctional Center

(ACC TC), is a prison-based program. The second, Peer I Therapeutic Community (Peer I), is a

community-based program. The object of this study was to examine these two Colorado

therapeutic communities and whether or not they should be mandated as a recidivism

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reduction

initiative for a more cost- effective crime control strategy. This study incorporates the social

learning theory and differential learning association theory as concepts for a therapeutic

alternative to support the offender. It relies on secondary, quantitative data

CONCLUSION/ R ECOMMENDATION:
Policy makers, practitioners and scholars alike are beginning to focus attention on the

challenges presented by the record number prison inmates returning to communities. Many

criminal offenders have a limited education, poor employment skills, substance abuse problems

and other deficits that are well known risk factors for a return to crime. Without treatment and

assistance during the transition to community life, many offenders are likely to fail and return
to

pnson.

With no treatment, inmates typically return to their former lives with a high probability of

re-offending and continued drug and alcohol use. There is a need to develop new strategies to

deal with the increasing rate of prison growth. Research consistently shows that longer
duration

of treatment is associated with positive recidivism outcomes. Future studies must also look at

motivation and readiness in order to increase retention. Even the best treatment programs will

not reduce recidivism if the offender is not willing to participate in them.

Based on the results of this study and the literature review incorporated in this analysis, it

is determined that therapeutic communities decrease recidivism rates. The best case scenario is

if the offender has consecutively completed both, a prison-based TC and a community-based

TC.

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It is concluded that the longer the duration of treatment, the more successful the outcome of

reducing recidivism. Researchers have found that in order to increase the likelihood of success

after treatment, clients should remain in treatment for at least ninety days before the benefits
of

treatment can have an impact. This way, the client receives more time to develop stronger

control mechanisms, before being introduced back into the community where there will be

unavoidable adversity (Zavaras, 2011). The results of this study prove this statement to be

accurate. By modeling suitable behavior for a period of time in a therapeutic community,

offenders were capable of using self-control methods after they were released into the

community.

TITLE:The Impact Of Therapeutic Community In The

Perception Of A Probationer In Quirino Province,

Philippines

AUTHOR:Jordan L. Mariano

ABSTRACT:
The study aimed to determine the impact of therapeutic community in the perception of
probationers in the Province of Quirino. It determined

the impact of therapeutic community of probationers under therapeutic community along with
the behavioral management, social, emotional, intellectual,

spiritual, vocational and survival category. The case study research method was used to test
theoretical models by using them in real world situations of

the probationers. Result showed that the impact of therapeutic community in the perception of
probationers improved their social skills, behavioral

change, positive outlook, spiritual growth, livelihood programs which led to employable
technical skills. It is recommended that the probation office may

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request additional fund to the Department of Justice or at their own initiative may provide
solution to acquire additional fund. It will be used for the

materials during trainings and for capital in the livelihood program. Future work may be added
to introduce a new knowledge on therapeutic community

for probationers.

CONCLUSION/ R ECOMMENDATION:

Based on the data through interview, probationers’

experiences revealed that impact of therapeutic community in

the perception of probationers improved social skills,

behavioral change, positive outlook, spiritual growth, livelihood

programs which led to employable technical skills. It is

recommended that the probation office may request additional

fund to the Department of Justice or at their own initiative may

provide solution to acquire additional fund. It will be used for

the materials during trainings and for capital in the livelihood

program. Future work may be added to introduce a new

knowledge on therapeutic community for probationers.

Your conclusion/ comments:

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)