Topic: Membrane and transport

Subject: Biology
Lecture: Chhon Yanvary
Student’s name: KIMSUN Dalin
Class: Bio-G4
Year: 2022-2023
 Ø Content
◦ Introduction to membrane and transport
◦ Structure and functions of cell membranes
◦ Type of transport and their differentiation process
◦ Active transport (primary and secondary active transport)
◦ Disease cause from abnormal of either active or passive transport
◦ Reference
Introduction to membrane and transport

In cellular biology, membrane transport

refers to the collection of mechanisms
that regulate the passage of solutes such
as ions and small molecules through
biological membranes, which are lipid
bilayers that contain proteins embedded
in them.
Structure and functions of cell membranes

The primary function of the plasma membrane

is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins, the plasma membrane is
selectively permeable to ions and organic
molecules and regulates the movement of
substances in and out of cells.
TYPE OF TRANSPORT AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS
• Types of Membrane Transport
Passive Transport
Passive transport involves the movement of material along a concentration gradient (high
concentration ⇒ low concentration)
Because materials are moving down a concentration gradient, it does not require the
expenditure of energy (ATP hydrolysis)
There are three main types of passive transport:
•Simple diffusion – movement of small or lipophilic molecules (e.g. O2, CO2, etc.)
•Osmosis – movement of water molecules (dependent on solute concentrations)
•Facilitated diffusion – movement of large or charged molecules via membrane proteins (e.g.
ions, sucrose, etc.)
TYPE OF TRANSPORT AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS
• Types of Membrane Transport
Active Transport
Active transport involves the movement of materials against a concentration
gradient (low concentration ⇒ high concentration)
Because materials are moving against the gradient, it requires the expenditure of
energy (e.g. ATP hydrolysis)
There are two main types of active transport:
•Primary (direct) active transport – Involves the direct use of metabolic energy
(e.g. ATP hydrolysis) to mediate transport
•Secondary (indirect) active transport – Involves coupling the molecule with
another moving along an electrochemical gradient
 TYPE OF TRANSPORT AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS
• Differentiation process

Differentiation from visibly undifferentiated precursor cells occurs during embryonic

development, during metamorphosis of larval forms, and following the separation of
parts in asexual reproduction. It also takes place in adult organisms during the
renewal of tissues and the regeneration of missing parts. Thus, cell differentiation is
an essential and ongoing process at all stages of life.
 Example
Transport Molecules moved Uses energy?
transporter/disease
Simple diffusion Small, nonpolar No Pulmonary edema
Polar molecules, GLUT4 / Diabetes
Facilitated diffusion No
larger ions Mellitus Type II

Molecules moving Sodium-potassium

Primary active against their gradient pump, proton pump /
Yes
transport coupled to the atrial fibrillation, acid
hydrolysis of ATP reflux

Molecule going with

Secondary active Sodium-calcium
+ molecule going Yes
transport exchanger, SGLT2
against gradient
ACTIVE TRANSPORT (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT)

• Primary active transport

Primary active transport utilizes energy in form of ATP to transport molecules across a membrane
against their concentration gradient. Therefore, all groups of ATP-powered pumps contain one or more
binding sites for ATP, which are always present on the cytosolic face of the membrane.
Based on the transport mechanism as well as genetic and structural homology, there are considered four
classes of ATP-dependent ion pumps:
•P-class pumps
•F-class pumps
•V-class pumps
•ABC superfamily
• Primary active transport (cont.)

The P-, F- and V-classes only transport ions, while the ABC superfamily also transports small
molecules.
The energy expended by cells to maintain the concentration gradients of some ions across the
plasma and intracellular membranes is considerable:

•In kidney cells, up to 25 % of the ATP produced by the cell is used for ion transport;
•In electrically active nerve cells, 60-70 % of the cells’ energy requirement may be devoted to
pumping Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.

Example: Na+/K+ pump

ACTIVE TRANSPORT (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT)

• Secondary active transport

Secondary active transport, is transport of molecules across the cell membrane utilizing energy in other
forms than ATP. This energy comes from the electrochemical gradient created by pumping ions out of the
cell. This Co-Transport can be either via antiport or symport.
Example : Na+ / glucose co-transporter
The formation of the electrochemical gradient, which enables the co-transport, is made by the primary
active transport of Na+. Na+ is actively transported out of the cell, creating a much higher concentration
extracellularly than intracellularly. This gradient becomes energy as the excess Sodium is constantly
trying to diffuse to the interior. This mechanism provides the energy needed for the co-transport of other
ions and substances. This is evident in co-transporters such as the Sodium-glucose co-transporter. The
Na+ gradient created by the Na+/K+ ATPase is used by the Na+/Glucose co-transporter to transport
glucose and Na+ back into the cell.
Disease cause from abnormal of either active or passive transport

Transport proteins such as channels and transporters play important roles in the maintenance of
intracellular homeostasis. Genes for transport proteins have been cloned one after the other in recent
years, and mutations in these transport protein genes have been identified in the pathogenesis of a
number of hereditary diseases. These diseases include Liddle's syndrome, long QT syndrome,
hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, cystic fibrosis, myotonia congenita, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus ,
glucose/galactose malabsorption, cystinuria, and Wilson's disease. Gene mutations in several
receptors, including vasopressin V2 receptor, dihydropyridine receptor, and Ca2+ -sensing receptor,
also cause disorders of membrane transport, leading to diseases. Further advances in basic science
are expected to provide us with a detailed understanding of the abnormality in the 3rd/4th structure of
mutated transport proteins.
 Reference
◦ Https://en.Wikipedia.Org/wiki/membrane_transport
◦ Https://courses.Lumenlearning.Com/boundless-biology/chapter/components-and-structure/
◦ Https://ib.Bioninja.Com.Au/standard-level/topic-1-cell-biology/14-membrane-transport/types-of-
transport.Html
◦ Https://www.Britannica.Com/science/cell-biology/the-process-of-differentiation
◦ Https://www.Khanacademy.Org/test-prep/mcat/cells/transport-across-a-cell-membrane/a/passive-
transport-and-active-transport-across-a-cell-membrane-article
◦ https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Primary_and_Secondary_Active_Transport
◦ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8904208/
THANK YOU…J
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