LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
COURSE CODE:MIC210
COURSE TITLE:MICROBIAL CYTOLOGY
LECTURER NAME:MR. SHITTU
GROUP 21:ACTIVE TRANSPORT
 GROUP MEMBERS
ZACCHEAUS MAUGBE PRECIOUS:200561203
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● OBUH DARLINGTON AGHOGHO:200561211

● SHOBERU TAIWO CHRISTANIA:200561215
● DOSU PRECIOUS MAUTIN:200561216
AMINU-ABDULKABIR ABDULWAJUD:200561217
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● ADETOKUNBO MARYAM MOTUNRAYO:200561219

AIGBE OSAGIE AYOMIDE:210561017
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PASAN-AJE AISHAT OLUWABUKOLA:210561091

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MBEREDE DANIEL:
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 TOPIC OUTLINES:
DEFINITION OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT

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TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT
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PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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TRANSPORTERS OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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QUIZ
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 WHAT IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT?

●Active transport is a kind of cellular transport where substances move against a

concentration gradient. This means that the direction is from an area of lower
concentration to an area of higher concentration. Hence, this process will
require the expenditure of energy, and the assistance of membrane proteins,
such as carrier proteins.
●Active Transport is defined as a process that involves the movement of
molecules from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher
concentration against a gradient or an obstacle with the use of external energy.
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT VS. PASSIVE TRANSPORT

●Passive transport is another form of cellular transport. It is one of the

mechanisms employed by a cell to move substances across a biological
membrane. It differs from active transport in the way that the substances move
not against but along the direction of their respective concentration gradient.
The movement of substances in passive transport is in the direction opposite to
that of active transport.
●In the active transport, substances (e.g. ions, glucose, and amino acids) move
across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of
their higher concentration. Thus, they move against the direction of their
concentration gradient. Because of this, cellular energy (e.g. ATP) is used in
active transport in contrast to passive transport which utilizes kinetic and natural
energy. ATP can be generated through cellular respiration.
 TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT.
●There are two types of active transport namely – Primary active transport and
secondary active transport.
●Primary active transport: is the one that uses chemical energy in the form of
ATP whereas a secondary active transport uses potential energy often from an
electrochemical potential difference. In primary active transport, there is a direct
coupling of energy such as ATP. Substances moved in primary active transport
are Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+.
●An example is an active transport involving the sodium-potassium pump. It is a
transport system in a biological membrane where three Na+ ions are taken out
while two K+ ions are taken into the cell against their respective concentration
gradients. Another example is the active transport driven by the redox energy of
NADH when it moves protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane against
the concentration gradient. Photon energy can also drive primary active
transport such as when the protons are moved across the thylakoid membrane.
 TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT(CONTD)

●Secondary active transport:there is no direct ATP coupling. Rather, the transport

is powered by the energy from electrochemical potential difference as the ions
are pumped into and out of the cell. In secondary active transport, one ion is
allowed to move down its electrochemical gradient. This results in increased
entropy that can be used as a source of energy.
●For example, Na+ ions moving down the electrochemical gradient across the
plasma membrane power up the transport of a second ion against its gradient,
e.g. H+ ions. Thus, secondary active transport is also called coupled transport or
cotransport.
●Coupled transport:is defined as the simultaneous transport of two substances
across a biological membrane. It may be a symport or antiport depending on the
direction of movement of the two substances. If both move in the same
direction it is a symport type of coupled transport. Conversely, if their
movements are in opposite directions it is called antiport.
 PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT DIAGRAM

Primary active transport: the energy from hydrolyzing ATP is directly coupled to the movement of sodium ions across a biological membrane
 SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT DIAGRAM.

Secondary active transport: where one substrate moves down its concentration gradient while the other moves against the concentration gradi
 PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT VS. SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Primary active transport Secondary active transport

Synonym(s): Direct active transport Synonym(s): Coupled transport or cotransport

Direct coupling of ATP No direct coupling of ATP

Energy used: Energy used:

-Metabolic energy (ATP) -Electrochemical gradient
-Redox energy
-Photon energy
 TRANSPORTERS OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT

●In primary active transport, membrane protein transporters include the ion
pumps, ion channels, and ATPases. ATPases, in particular, include the P-type
ATPases, such as sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump, and proton pump, F-
ATPases, such as mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP synthase, and V-
ATPases, such as vacuolar ATPase. ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC
transporters), e.g. MDR, CFTR, are also involved in primary active transport. All
of them are ATP-driven
●In secondary active transport, the transporters are the antiporters and the
symporters. An example of an antiporter is the sodium-calcium exchanger in the
membranes of cardiac muscle cells. This antiporter allows three Na+ ions to
move down the concentration gradient into the cell and then actively transport
one Ca+ ion out of the cell. (1) The movements of Na+ ions and Ca+ ion are in
opposite directions.
As for the symport mechanism, an example is the glucose symporter SGLT1
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 BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

●Active transport is essential in multifarious biological processes. It is employed

in many biochemical pathways (e.g. proton gradient generation in chloroplasts
and chemosynthesis in mitochondria). In plants, ABC transporter PhABCG1 is
responsible for the active transport of volatile organic compounds across the
plasma membrane.This is vital to plants since volatile organic compounds entice
pollinators and seed-dispersal organisms. Plants also use ABC transporters,
particularly NtPDR1, to actively transport antimicrobial metabolites.Plants also
employ active transport when they absorb nutrients (e.g. chlorine and nitrates)
from the soil into the vacuole. In humans and animals, active transport is
employed in many metabolic activities, e.g. glucose absorption.
 REFRENCES.
Yu, S. P. & Choi, D. W. (June 1997). “Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange currents in cortical
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neurons: concomitant forward and reverse operation and effect of glutamate”.

The European Journal of Neuroscience. 9 (6): 1273–81.
Dyer, J., Hosie, K. B., & Shirazi-Beechey, S. P. (July 1997). “Nutrient regulation
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of human intestinal sugar transporter (SGLT2) expression”. Gut. 41 (1): 56–9.

doi:10.1136/gut.41.1.56.
Zhou, L., Cryan, E. V., D’Andrea, M. R., Belkowski, S., Conway, B. R., &
●

Demarest, K. T. (1 October 2003). “Human cardiomyocytes express high level of

Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT2)”. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 90 (2):
339–46.
●Poppe, R., Karbach, U., Gambaryan, S., Wiesinger, H., Lutzenburg, M., Kraemer,
M., Witte, O. W., & Koepsell, H. (July 1997). “Expression of the Na+-D-glucose
cotransporter SGLT1 in neurons”. Journal of Neurochemistry. 69 (1): 84–94.
 QUIZ.
Choose the best answer.
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1. What is an active transport?

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●A. The movement of substances from an area of lower to an area of higher

concentration
●B. The movement of substances from an area of higher to an area of lower
concentration
C. The movement of substances in a random fashion
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2. Two substances moving on the same direction

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A. Uniport
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B. Symport
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C. Antiport
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 THE END
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