University

of Puthisastra

Topic: Membrane and Transport

KIMSUN Dalin, Foundation year of Biology , Chhon Yanvary , University of Puthisastra

1.Introduction

3.Type of transport and their differentiation

In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the Passive Transport

collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of
solutes
such as ions and small molecules through Passive transport involves the movement of
biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that material along a concentration gradient (high
concentration > low concentration) Because
contain proteins embedded in them.
materials are moving down a concentration
gradient, it does not require the expenditure of
energy (ATP hydrolysis)
There are three main types of passive transport:
• Simple diffusion – movement of small or
lipophilic molecules (e.g. O2, CO2, etc.)


• Osmosis – movement of water molecules

(dependent on solute concentrations)

• Facilitated diffusion – movement of large
2.Structure and functions of cell membranes
or charged molecules via membrane
proteins (e.g. ions, sucrose, etc.)

The primary function of the plasma membrane is to protect

the cell from its surroundings. Composed of a phospholipid
bilayer
with embedded proteins, the plasma membrane is
selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and

regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells.

 Active Transport
4.Active transport (primary and secondary active transport)

Active transport involves the movement of
materials against a concentration gradient (low
• Primary active transport
concentration ⇒ high concentration) Because
k;nn
materials are moving against the gradient, it requires Primary active transport utilizes energy in form of ATP to

the expenditure of energy (e.g. ATP hydrolysis) transport molecules across a membrane against their
concentration gradient. Therefore, all groups of ATP-
There are two main types of active transport:

powered pumps contain one or more binding sites for ATP,
• Primary (direct) active transport – Involves which are always present on the cytosolic face of the
the direct use of metabolic energy (e.g. ATP membrane.

hydrolysis) to mediate transport
Based on the transport mechanism as well as genetic and

• Secondary (indirect) active transport – structural homology, there are considered four classes of
Involves coupling the molecule with another
ATP-dependent ion pumps:
moving along an electrochemical gradient
• P-class pumps

• F-class pumps

• V-class pumps

• ABC superfamily

The P-, F- and V-classes only transport ions, while the ABC
superfamily also transports small molecules.

The energy expended by cells to maintain the
• Differentiation process concentration gradients of some ions across the plasma
and intracellular membranes is considerable:
Differentiation from visibly undifferentiated precursor
cells occurs during embryonic development, during In kidney cells, up to 25 % of the ATP produced by the cell
metamorphosis of larval forms, and following the is used for ion transport;
separation of parts in asexual reproduction. It also takes
In electrically active nerve cells, 60-70 % of the cells’ energy
place in adult organisms during the renewal of tissues
requirement may be devoted to pumping Na+ out of the
and the regeneration of missing parts. Thus, cell
cell and K+ into the cell.
differentiation is an essential and ongoing process at all
stages of life.


Example
Transport Molecules moved Uses energy?
transporter/disease

Simple diffusion Small, nonpolar No Pulmonary edema
Example: Na+/K+ pump
Polar molecules, GLUT4 / Diabetes
Facilitated diffusion No
larger ions Mellitus
Type II

Molecules moving Sodium-potassium

Primary active against their gradient pump, proton pump /
Yes
transport coupled to the atrial fibrillation, acid
hydrolysis of ATP reflux

Secondary active Molecule going with

Sodium-calcium
+ molecule going Yes
transport exchanger, SGLT2
against gradient



 5. Disease cause from abnormal of either active or passive
transport

Transport proteins such as channels and transporters

play important roles in the maintenance of
intracellular homeostasis. Genes for transport
proteins have been cloned one after the other in
recent years, and mutations in these transport
protein genes have been identified in the
pathogenesis of a number of hereditary diseases.
These diseases include Liddle's syndrome, long QT
syndrome, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, cystic
fibrosis, myotonia congenita, nephrogenic diabetes
insipidus , glucose/galactose malabsorption,
cystinuria, and Wilson's disease. Gene mutations in
• Secondary active transport several receptors, including vasopressin V2 receptor,
dihydropyridine receptor, and Ca2+ -sensing
Secondary active transport, is transport of molecules across the receptor, also cause disorders of membrane
cell membrane utilizing energy in other forms than ATP. This transport, leading to diseases. Further advances in
energy comes from the electrochemical gradient created by basic science are expected to provide us with a
pumping ions out of the cell. This Co-Transport can be either via detailed understanding of the abnormality in the
antiport or symport. 3rd/4th structure of mutated transport proteins.
Example : Na+ / glucose co-transporter

The formation of the electrochemical gradient, which enables the

co-transport, is made by the primary active transport of Na+. Na+
is actively transported out of the cell, creating a much higher
concentration extracellularly than intracellularly. This gradient
becomes energy as the excess Sodium is constantly trying to
diffuse to the interior. This mechanism provides the energy
needed for the co-transport of other ions and substances. This is
evident in co-transporters such as the Sodium-glucose co-
transporter. The Na+ gradient created by the Na+/K+ ATPase is
used by the Na+/Glucose co-transporter to transport glucose and
Na+ back into the cell.