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Chapter 1:
Trigonometry

Section 1.1:Angles

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Section 1.1: Angles

❑ Objectives
❑ Define and classify angles
❑ Recognize the measure of an
angle
❑ Convert between the measures of
an angle
❑ Calculate the length of an arc for
a given central angle

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1.1 Angles

A line is the straight path connecting two points (A and B) and

extending beyond the points in both directions .
Line 𝐴𝐵
A B

The portion of the line between the two points (including the
points) is called a line segment .
Segment 𝐴𝐵
A B

A ray is the portion of the line that starts at one point A and
extended to infinity (beyond) B. A is called the endpoint of the ray
A B
Ray𝐴𝐵
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1.1 Angles

• An angle consists of two rays with a common

endpoint.
• These two rays are called the sides of the angle.
• The common endpoint of the two rays is called the
vertex of the angle.
෣ or
Denoted by 𝐴𝐵𝐶
A ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 or ∠𝐵 or 𝐵෠

“Angle ABC”.
Angle
Vertex
B C

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Sign of Angle

Counterclockwise Positive angle

Clockwise Negative angle

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Definition : Degree Measure of Angles

An angle formed by one complete counterclockwise rotation has

measure 360 degrees ; denoted by 360°

One complete Revolution = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°

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Definition : Degree Measure of angles

Words Math

360°
360° represents 1 complete rotation =1
360°

1 180° 1
180 represents a
°
rotation =
2 360° 2

1 90° 1
90 represents a
°
rotation =
4 360° 4

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Classification of Angles

𝜃 = 180° 𝜃 = 90°

Straight Angle: half rotation Right Angle : quarter rotation

𝟗𝟎° < 𝜽 < 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

𝟎° < 𝜽 < 𝟗𝟎°
𝜽
𝜽

Acute Angle Obtuse Angle

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Classification of Angles

Try & Check:

Determine the type of the following angles

according to their measures.

a) 𝜃 = 40° b) 𝜑 = 170° c) 𝜎 = 180°

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Complementary Angles

If the sum of the measures of two positive angles 𝜶 and

𝜷 is 90° , the angles are called complementary .
We say that 𝜶 is the complement of 𝜷 (and vice versa)

Complementary angles
𝜶 + 𝜷 = 𝟗𝟎°

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Supplementary Angles

If the sum of the measures of two positive angles 𝜶 and

𝜷 is 180° , the angles are called supplementary.
We say that 𝜶 is the supplement of 𝜷 (and vice versa).

Supplementary Angles
𝜶 + 𝜷 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

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 Example 3: Supplementary and 12

Complementary Angles
a) Find the complement of 50°

Solution : The sum of the complementary angles is 90° .

So 𝜃 + 50° = 90°
Solve for 𝜃 𝜃 = 40°

b) Find the supplement of 110°

Solution : The sum of the supplementary angles is 180° .

So 𝜃 + 110° = 180°
Solve for 𝜃 𝜃 = 70°

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 Example 3: Supplementary and 13

Complementary Angles

c) An acute angle’s measure is twice its complement. Find the

measure of this angle.

Solution :
Let the angle’s its complement’s
measure be 𝒙 measure is 𝟗𝟎° − 𝒙
the angle’s
measure is twice 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝟗𝟎° − 𝒙
its complement
Solving this equation gives 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟎°.
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 Example 3: Supplementary and 14

Complementary Angles
d) An angle’s measure is 30° more than its supplement. Find the
measure of this angle and determine whether it is obtuse or
acute.
Solution :
Let the angle’s its supplement’s
measure be 𝑥 measure is 180° − 𝑥

the angle’s measure is 30°

𝑥 = 180° − 𝑥 + 30
more than its supplement
Solving this equation gives 𝑥 = 105°.
Since the measure of the angle is more than 90°, the angle is
obtuse.
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Supplementary and Complementary Angles

Try & Check:

Assume that the measure of an angle’s supplement is
30° more than twice the measure of its complement.
Find the measure of this angle.

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Measuring Angles in Radians

• A central angle is an angle that has its

vertex at the center of the circle.

• The amount of the rotation of a central

angle is associated with the length of the
arc by which the angle is subtended.
• One complete turn equals to the circumference of the unit
circle, which is 2𝜋.

• We use the word “radian” as a unit of such measure of angle.

One complete counterclockwise rotation is equal to 𝟐𝝅 radians.

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Example 5: Measuring Angles in Radians

Find the measure of the

central angle 𝜃, inside the
unit circle by using the
length of the arc by which 𝜃
is subtended.
Solution:
Since the radius of the circle is 1 unit, it is a unit circle.
The measure of the central angle 𝜃 is equal to the
𝜋 𝜋
length of the arc, which is . Thus, 𝜃 = radians.
3 3
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Measuring Angles in Radians

Try & Check:

Find the measure of the central angle inside the
unit circle that is subtended by an arc whose
length is one third of its perimeter.

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Measuring Angles in Radians

Since one complete turn is 360° and 2𝜋 radians, we get:

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 180°.
Using this, we get the following conversion between degree and
radian:
Radian – Degree Conversion Tab
𝝅 𝝅∙𝒙
Degree to Radian: 𝟏° = 𝒓𝒂𝒅 or 𝒙= 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝟏𝟖𝟎
Radian to Degree: 𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔
𝝅

𝟏𝟖𝟎∙𝒙
or 𝒙 𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔
𝝅

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 Example 6: Converting Degrees to Radians 20

and vice versa

a) Write 75° in radians.
2𝜋
b)Write radians in degrees, determine whether it is
5

an obtuse or acute angle.

Solution:
𝜋 5𝜋
a) 75° = 75 × 180 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 12 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
2𝜋 2𝜋 180 2×180
b) 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = × = = 72°.
5 5 𝜋 5

Since 72° < 90°, this angle is acute.

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Converting Degrees to Radians and vice versa
Try & Check:
a) Write 30°, 45°, 90°, 180° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 360° in radians.
𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
b) Write 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑, 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3 4 3

in degrees.

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 Length of an arc subtending a central 22

angle in a circle

Formula for the length of the arc

subtending a central angle
The length s of the arc subtending the
central angle θ (in Radians) in a circle
with radius r is
𝒔 = 𝜽 ∙ 𝒓 (𝜽 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔)

Choosing 𝜽 = 𝟐𝝅, which corresponds to one complete rotation,

makes 𝒔 equal to the circumference of a circle with radius 𝒓,
which is 𝟐𝝅𝒓.
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 Example 7: Measuring the length of arc in a 23

circle

a) Find the length of the arc corresponding to the

central angle of 1.2 𝑟𝑎𝑑 on a circle with radius 2 cm.
Solution:

a) We recall the arc formula: 𝑠 = 𝜃 ∙ 𝑟 where 𝑠 is

the length of the arc, 𝜃 is the angle in radians
and 𝑟 is the radius. So,
𝑠 = 1.2 × 2 = 2.4 cm.
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 Example 7: Measuring the length of arc in a 24

circle

b) Find the length of the arc corresponding to the

central angle of 120° on a circle with radius 3 inches.
Solution:
b) We use the same formula as in part a, but need to
write the angle in radians. For this reason, we use the
120∙𝜋
conversion formula: 120° = radians.
180

120∙𝜋
So, 𝑠 = × 3 = 2𝜋 inches.
180
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 Example 7: Measuring the length of arc in a 25

circle
c) Find the degree measure of the central angle that is subtended
by an arc whose length is 3cm in a circle with radius 2 cm.
Solution: Let the measure of the central angle be 𝜃 in radians.
Using the length of the arc formula, we set 3 = 2 × 𝜃, which
3
yields to 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
2

180°
To write 𝜃 in degrees, we multiply it with and get
𝜋

3 180° 270°
𝜃= 2
× 𝜋 = 𝜋
≈ 85.944°.

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Measuring the length of arc in a circle

Try & Check:

a) Find the length of the arc corresponding to the central angle
𝜋
of 3 𝑟𝑎𝑑 on a circle with radius 1 inch.

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Measuring the length of arc in a circle

Try & Check:

b) Find the length of the arc corresponding to the central angle
of 200° on a circle with radius 1 inch.

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Measuring the length of arc in a circle

Try & Check:

c) Find the degree measure of the central angle that is
𝜋
subtended by an arc whose length is cm in a circle with
3

radius 2 cm.

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Angles in Standard Position

If the vertex of an angle is located at the origin and its

initial side is along the positive part of the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠,
we say the angle is in the standard position.

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 Example 8: Placing Angles in Standard Position. 30

a) Place the angle whose measure is 300° in standard position

Solution

c) Place the angle whose measure is 2𝜋

3
rad in standard position

Solution :

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END OF LECTURE
Week 1

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