MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS
THEORIST NURSING
1. MARILYN ANNE RAY;
● holistic, relational, spiritual,
THEORY OF BUREAUCRATIC and ethical caring that seeks
CARING the good of self and others in
complex community,
organizational, and
bureaucratic cultures.
● Love is the foundation of spiritual
caring.
● Caring is cultural and social
● TBC encompasses beliefs and
values of compassion or love and
justice or fairness
2. KARI MARTINSEN; ● Care goes beyond nursing
- Caring is fundamental to
PHILOSOPHY OF CARING nursing
- Caring involves having
consideration for
● Trinity of caring:
- Caring must be
relational, practical, and
moral
1. Relational - means that caring
requires at least two people.
2. Practical - about concrete and
practical action.
3. Moral- must relate to the other
from an attitude
● Caring and professional judgment
are integrated in nursing
PERSON
● a spiritual and cultural
being.
● created by God, the Mystery
of Being
● engage intentionally,
consciously, and co-
creatively in human
organizational and
transcultural relationships to
find meaning and value
● It is the meaning-bearing
fellowship of tradition that turns
the individual into a person
● There is parallel between the
person and the body
● It is as bodies that individuals
relate to ourselves, to other,
and to the world
● The body is a unit of soul,
flesh, or spirit
● The person is bodily, and as
bodies we both perceive and
understand
HEALTH
● Health is related to the way
people in a cultural group or
organizational culture or
bureaucratic system construct
reality and give or find
meaning
● Health is discussed from a
sociohistorical perspective
● “Health does not only reflect
the condition of the organism,
it is also an expression of the
current level of competence in
medicine.
● If one has an unnecessary
‘defect’ or an organ which
‘could’ be better, one is not
completely healthy
ENVIRONMENT
● complex spiritual, ethical,
ecological, and cultural
phenomenon
● patterns are transmitted
historically and are preserved or
changed through caring values,
attitudes, and communication
● social structure or
bureaucracy play a role in
facilitating understanding of the
meaning complex
organizational environments
● embodies the elements of the
social structure and spiritual and
ethical caring patterns of
meaning
ENVIRONMENT: SPACE AND
SITUATION
● The person is always in a
particular situation in a
particular space
- In space are found:
time, ambience, and
power
● Architecture, interactions among
individuals, the use of objects,
words, knowledge, one’s being-
in-the-room - all set the tone
and color of the situation and
the space.
● The sick-room is important as
physical, material and
constructed lace, but it is also a
place we share with other
people.
3. ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE; ● Nursing as a basic Science
- Nursing is a basic
HUMAN BECOMING science and that nurses
require theories that are
different from other
discipline
● Unique service to humankind
- Means that nurses
primarily rely on and
value the knowledge of
nursing theory in their
practice and sciencing
activities
● A learned discipline
“Nursing is a science, the practice of which
is performing arts”
● Viewed as humanuniverse, living quality, humanbecoming
- Views the concepts: human and universe as inseparable and irreducible.
- To emphasize this inseparability, she specified humanuniverse and and humanbecoming as one word.
- Living quality- Is becoming visible- invisible becoming of the emerging now as humans
-Conveys the idea that people are constantly changing
-Refers to the person’s core whatness,the stuff of a life
Living quality has three core knowings: fortifying wisdom, discerning witness and penetrating silence
1. fortifying wisdom- persons choose ways of being according to their value priorities. It dwells with the individual’s
explicit-tacit knowings.
2. discerning witness- a person chooses certain pattern preference that creates both opportunities and restrictions all
at once.
3. penetrating silence- an individual ponders in silence the illimitable opportunities available to him or her for creating a
new. It is piercing quiet in solemn stillness

KARI MARTINSEN
SACRED
● We have cultures that understand that everything can be reduced to social construction; there may be something sacred in the sense of not created by human beings.
● In the encounter with another vulnerable human being, and in relation to nature, there is something sacred.
● The sacred can be understood and experienced in a busy hospital room, and literary and practice-based examples can illustrate how experiences of the sacred can be interpreted, described, and analyzed
from a phenomenological perspective